C I T Y M A R K E T s u s t a i n a b l e u r b a n l i f e s t y l e h u b i n j o h a n n e s b u r g [ ] A dynamic hybrid that captures the authenticity of our food and market culture [ C l a u d i a M e l a 2 0 1 0 ] C I T Y M A R K E T s u s t a i n a b l e u r b a n l i f e s t y l e h u b i n j o h a n n e s b u r g D e c l a r a t i o n I, Claudia Mela 0404440F, am a student registered for the course Master of Architecture [Professional] in the year 2010. I hereby declare the following: I am aware that plagiarism [the use of someone else?s work without permission and/or without acknowledging the original sources] is wrong. I confirm that the work submitted for assessment for the above course is my own unaided work except where I have stated explicitly otherwise. I have followed the required con- ventions in referencing thoughts, ideas, and visual materials of others. For this purpose, I have referred to the Graduate School of Engineering and the Built En- vironment style guide. I understand that the University of the Witwatersrand may take disciplinary action against me if there is a belief that this is not my unaided work or that I have failed to acknowledge the source of the ideas or words in my own work. _____________________ Claudia Mela November 2010 This document is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree: Master of Architecture [Professional] at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, in the year 2010. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the Mela family, parents and amazing brother Mauro for the infinite support and encouragement throughout my Wits Archi years. A very special thanks must go to my supervisor Lone Poulsen whose insight has been invaluable, always putting things into perspective, giving me fantastic advice and leading me in the right direction throughout my thesis. To Prof. Randall Bird and Melinda Silverman, thank you for facilitating this year and to Gerald Chungu for assisting me with laser cutting. Brett you are someone that truly understands me, thank you for standing by me through the best and the worst. Your love and support has just been incredible :) ! Team Harem, Sergio, Kay and especially my Julie thank you for all the studio madness, late nights, noodles, laughs, encouragements and priceless advice. Thanks to my archi friends Tim, Jonathan, Ilona, Raf, Danielsun and Broni. My friends, Gina, Dani, Dana, Vincenzia, Debs, Julz, Candice and the amazing home of 67 3rd Ave, Simon and Tyrone, thank you for reminding me of reality and for just being wonderful. DOCUMENT STRUCTURE C I T Y M A R K E T s u s t a i n a b l e u r b a n l i f e s t y l e h u b i n j o h a n n e s b u r g P A R T 1 THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION P A R T 2 MAPPING + CONCEPT P A R T 3 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT P A R T 1 THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION .01 ABSTRACT 001 .02 SETTING Painting a picture... 003 .03 INTRODUCTION City Market 005 .04 HISTORICAL CONTEXT Discovery of market origins 007 The rise of formal markets The rise & decline of informal trade .05 CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT Current formal market 029 Learning from the informal traders Metro Trading Company (MTC) Periodic markets .06 SITE ISSUES Proposed Setting 069 City Market proposed intervention & viability Site selection Newtowns proposed developments .07 MAPPING Urban mapping 083 Contextual mapping City Market as a Theatre .08 PROGRAM Market users 111 Existing urban form Programmatic arrangement .09 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Concept development 119 .10 STRUCTURAL CONCEPT Form + structure 123 Sun study Developing form .11 DESIGN DRAWINGS Plans, sections, elevations, details, site plan 135 Events programme Perspectives .12 REFERENCES 209 .13 APPENDIX Interviews 213 Market Details 1 A B S T R A C T 01 The essence and feeling of any city around the world may be experienced by discovering the local markets and exploring the cities rich histories, food and culture. Johannesburg is unique in the way traders have adapted to the ever changing social and political situation of our country. This thesis will deconstruct the new era of markets, revealing the very social and political issues that consume and surround them. Exploration of the topic will initiate by understanding the historical context and learning from the contemporary trading system in order to ultimately plan a contemporary mar- ket set within a historical environment. Explorations of markets and trading within the Gauteng region will reveal the divide that occurs between the various trading typologies and the effect it has on our society. Through re- thinking spatial environments the contemporary market has the potential for narrowing the cultural divide, providing new systems and spaces for public interaction and revitalising the urban environment. Research will reveal the important role markets play in the lives of people and the importance of the need to provide fresh products and revitalise the urban frame- work in order to enhance a healthier lifestyle. Evidence based design research will provide the tools and contribute to the architectural response of the topic and the creation of the proposed market intervention which aims at creating a dynamic hybrid that captures the authenticity of our food and market culture. 2 3 124 years ago Johannesburg was characterised by a population of largely male inhabitants going about with their daily activities in the dusty streets of the city. The highlight of the entire environment was the grand Market Square around which the city had built itself. It provided a social framework for interactions amongst the Johannes- burg citizens who purchased their day to day groceries from the market. Today no similar space exists within Johannesburg; yet alternative market types have developed over the years according to the city?s transformations. Public involvement and participation within our city needs to be strengthened and centralised within a shaped focal point. This thesis explores the possibility of reinstating a scheme that will provide a suitable and adequate space to meet the demands of current society, allowing the vital ingredient of food to be the draw card for a place of congregation and further amenities. Bill Gates stated ?in order to achieve great success one needs to recognise when there is a paradigm shift and take advantage of it? (Evan Carmichael n.d). Thomas Kuhn in his article ?The Structure of Scientific Revolutions? (1962) uses the term ?Paradigm shift? which describes a transforma- tion, a sort of metamorphosis, driven by agents of change. The shift representing the idea of change in a complex system or organisation, replaces the way of organising with a radically different way of think- ing. Instead the concept of a ?social paradigm? focuses on the social circumstances that alter the shift; such as Johannesburg?s transfor- mations over the past decades, which have affected the social condi- tions of our city. The paradigm shift occurred when the system of Market Square dis- sipated and today?s markets act as a decentralised form of this old in- stitution throughout the city of Johannesburg and its suburbs. As our society is progressing, priorities are changing. The importance and up-keep of a healthy lifestyle is becoming more and more predomi- nant in our lives. Peoples perspectives are changing due to outside influential factors such as new concepts and approaches to market types. European and African urban market type environments and shaping of their society have become an influencing factor in the de- sign of markets together with the failure and functionality of existing Johannesburg markets. The notion of growing food is a new one to Johannesburg?s urban and suburban lifestyle; people harvest at supermarkets and shopping centres, buying food that is pre-packaged and branded. The idea of going to the local food market and buying fresh produce has disap- peared from the lives of our society as this is considered to be an in- convenience. In this thesis I will propose how City Market can gener- ate a more sustainable urban lifestyle that benefits the value systems of our society and how it can revive the vision of Johannesburg as a place of conviviality. In essence this means reviving the existing local lifestyles within the city, focusing on the concept of the urban village within the City of Johannesburg (CoJ), where community living can be improved. S E T T I N G 02 4 5 I N T R O D U C T I O N 03 Markets are considered to be the heart of any city that you may go and visit. The market is a location that captures the essence of a city and its population. Moreover in my opinion it is also the arena where investment will achieve the greatest returns . City Market will need to be strategically placed in order to have a positive impact on the City of Johannesburg (CoJ), positioning it in relation to the business district, commercial hub, residential areas, and transport routes and where the traders would benefit the most from it. The conception of these factors will contribute in outlining the market as a destination hub in the urban environment of Johannesburg. City Market?s site selection will be based on an effective use of exist- ing facilities and amenities, a better use of financial resources, com- munity involvement and management. In essence a healthy, sustain- able, durable and flexible space needs to be created. There needs to be a focal point within CoJ, a reason and purpose for going there. For architects, the City Market proposal becomes an increasingly rich and viable space to address the issues of programming, security and urban markets. The newly re-interpreted marketplace will serve as a threshold offering opportunity and connectivity, serving as a catalyst for vibrant cultural and urban exchange in and around the selected site. Private sector investors and government organisations would affix to the proposed concept by developing the newly created nodal inter- face. With rippling effect, the market node, together with transport systems, residential, and commercial densities, would all be given the opportunity to expand. The nature and success of the proposal is underpinned by economic growth, job creation and the quality of life of the city?s inhabitants. The CoJ is the heart of the national economy and its overall success and development affects the performance of individual enterprises and the growth of the economy. South Afri- can public urban areas are the country?s political flashpoints in which protests, riots, festivals and events occur. The proposed City Market would alter the city?s landscape. The development as a destination point would need to be managed effectively, be affordable to the ten- ants and clients, and involve community participation, private sec- tor investment and an increase in housing development. City Market needs to be culturally sensitive, meeting the needs of the constantly growing demands of our society and contributing to the City and its visitors. Johannesburg?s? Inner City urban environment has undergone much change and revitalisation of particular areas. There have been many attempts to amend the way in which trader?s operate from the pub- lic pavement and market spaces assigned to them.In my research I will outline various ways in which I can find a solution to this prob- lem from the perspective of the government, authorities and trad- ing companies as well as from the specific types of traders that exist within the CoJ parameters. Heritage is vital in the conceptual realisation as it does not only come in the form of built matter but there is an underlying aspect that translates as the ?unwritten story?. The memories passed on from one generation to another are losing their value as we are constantly evolving into this era of technology. As our society progresses, many aspects of our lives are facilitated and improved by technological ad- vancements, to such an extent that we rely upon them and are slowly forgetting our ancestors. Our grandparents? stories will become myths of the past unless recipes, histories and stories are passed down. City Market would incorporate these memories and would create an open and accessible epicentre which will be the culmination of culture, tradition, festivals, creativity, dynamic enterprises, markets, trade, food and beverage, interactions etc. Activating the CoJ with the proposal would revive the passion for food, culture and tradition memorialising our identity and pride. By re-vitalising a cultural and economic tradition such as the market that was once destroyed, a cultural criteria will be enforced and appreciated through the view of the public. The aesthetic importance and usage of the market will determine and sustain the design as a destination building as it will be placed on a major artery of public transport so that there is easy access for visitors as well as traders. City Markets proposal will place the market amongst the grand statements and destination points of Johannesburg, dominated by public space for events, pedestrian friendly streets, and a space in which people want to be; the hub of Johannesburg. In accordance with the Inner City SDF (Spatial Development Frame- work), the Inner City is recognised as an important node of city-wide significance, with a high concentration of people living and working together. It is the largest city centre in South Africa and historically the core of the CoJ. It is the primary business, financial and commer- cial anchor of the wider urban system (SDF 2007). In accordance with the Inner City?s framework and development planning, the aim of the proposed intervention will be to provide and promote the following: creating a safe environment; economic regeneration of the area of the site selected; densification, diversification and intensification of land uses; the integration, efficiency and upgrading of the area, also related to traffic and pedestrian movement; the development of housing, consolidating the social facilities in the area; linking to an appropriate urban management system promoting a quality urban environment. In this thesis I will illustrate the discovery and investigation of markets in the past up until today?s urban trading framework and the need to provide the City of Johannesburg with a destination point, where large amounts of people could flock into the city on a regular basis. The proposed design intervention of City Market, will impact not only on the site selected within Newtown, but on the larger urban environment of the CoJ, outlined in research that follows. 6 7 SETTING DISCOVERY OF MARKET ORIGINS MARKET RELOCATION THE RISE OF FORMAL MARKETS THE RISE AND DECLINE OF INFORMAL MARKETS Informal trade and Mobile Markets Eateries Ama Washa MARKETS, FORMAL AND INFORMAL TRADE TIMELINE DEVELOPMENT H I S T O R I C A L 04 C O N T E X T 8 9 Image: Plan of Johannesburg 1897 (Beavon 2004, p.4) Image: Johannesburg and its suburbs 1890-1914 (C.Van Onselen 1982, p.58) Image: Johannesburg Farms at the time of the discovery of gold (Grant & Flin 1992, p.8) The following section of the thesis proposal will illustrate a brief outline of the formation of Johannesburg jointly with the growth and decline of formal and informal markets within the city. In order to be able to develop City Market within Johannesburg?s urban environment of Region F, an investigation process needs to be undertaken analysing previously successful and failed market types of the past and present. The discovery of minerals restructured the social, economic and po- litical landscape of South Africa. This ?mineral revolution? altered South Africa?s largely agricultural economy. Workers, most of whom were local labourers who abandoned their farms in order to search for work within the mines. ?Agrarian capitalism?, encouraged by the demands of the growing urban areas for fresh produce, saw the consolidation of larger commercial farms, replacing subsistence-level smallholdings. In 1886 the CBD of Johannesburg was characterised as flat, inconsistent grassland with rocky outcrops. There were no major rivers passing through it, instead only the occasional Spruit and farmhouse. S e t t i n g Regional Map A ? Fourways, Sunninghill, Midrand, Diepsloot B ? Rosebank, Randburg, Cresta, Langlaagte, Brixton C ? Roodepoort D? Soweto E ? Alexandra, Sandton F ? Johannesburg Inner City G ? Lenasia, Kliptown, Eldorado Park, Orange Farm Image: Regional Locations (Joburg Regional Spatial Development Framework 2009) Image below: Regional Spatial Development Framework 2008/9 10 11 Discovery of M a r k e t O r i g i n s Through research I have discovered Johannesburg?s historical evolution of markets. In 1886 gold was found in Johannesburg and a town was born, taking shape from the central focus of the town, Market Square. Known today as the Beyers Naude Square, the Square defined the town with amenities encompassing it, from financial, governmental to personal endeavours. It comprised of six blocks, stretching from Rissik Street in the east to Sauer Street in the west, bordered by President and Market streets. The form of transport throughout the city of Johannesburg was by horse and ox drawn wagons. The eastern portion of the Square became a produce and general dealers? market, whilst the western half was a cattle market. Johannesburg experienced its first building boom with the construction of shops, offices and banks along the Square?s perimeter, therefore aiding in Johannesburg?s population growth which rose to 3000 inhabitants. In 1888 the town?s first government building on Market Square was built on Rissik Street on the eastern edge, with the post office occupying the one wing. A market house was built, and together with a shelter housing the town?s first fire-fighting apparatus, it was the first building in the space later to become the central library. Due to the ongoing urbanisation and industrialisation of the City of Johannesburg in 1896, a large gap in the social sectors started developing. This was characterised by a prominence in poor whites as well as a large sector that had began to advance socially and financially, highlighting the inequality between the growing middle class and poorer classes in the city. Poverty therefore increased, giving birth to illegal activities, the rise of informal businesses and outbreaks of plagues such as the Rinderpest epidemic (C.Van Onselen 1982). In 1906 the city council took over control of the market house, with the aim of eventually building government and municipal buildings on the square. As a result, an area north-west of the town, known as Brickfields, was identified as a suitable site to relocate the market, to be called Newtown. Image: The town?s first government building, on Market Square (Davie 2004) Image: East end of the original Market Square, viewing South 1889 (Museum Africa Archives) Image: CBD of Johannesburg surveyed in 1887 (Adopted from Leyds, A history of Johannesburg, 1964) Image: Routes of Johannesburg?s? horse-drawn trams (C.Van Onselen 1982, p.166) 12 13 M a r k e t R e l o c a t i o n Newtown originally started out as a racially mixed working class district where bricks were manufactured. In the 1880s, dozens of bywoners (Afrikaans-speaking peasants), came to Johannesburg in search of work. These peasants were unskilled and unable to find work on the gold mines, so in 1887 they acquired and settled into the marshy site along the Fordsburg Spruit west of Harrison Street (today Brickfields). The site had no gold deposits but was rich in clay which gave the opportunity of earning an income by producing bricks for the rapidly growing settlement of Johannesburg. In 1890s, Brickfields was replaced with the first railway Kazerne Marshalling Yard (Netherlands Railway Company), used for the loading and unloading of goods for transport to the goldfields. About 7 000 working class people of all races continued to live in the area up until 1906, as brick making became the third largest industry after mining and farming. Afrikaaner brick making came to an end when the workers were called to fight in the Anglo Boer War in 1899. During this time Brickfields, Burgersdorp and Fordsburg were identified as sites for redevelopment in the city. According to a site survey in 1902, the results showed that there were 5651 people living within 172 acres in Locations alongside ?White? Brickfields. The entire area was called ?Poverty Point? with locations officially known by derogatory racial tags (Beavon, 1982) as follows: ?Coolie Location? (Indian or Asians who had come from Natal to work in the city), ?Malay Location? (636 Muslim Cape Coloureds), and an adjoining ?Kaffir Location? (2206 Black people). The slum ?Poverty Point?, ?The Dark Side of Johannesburg? or ?The Fly in Johannesburg?s Honey Pot? after the Anglo-Boer South African War had intensified in poverty. This lead to the development of illegal businesses, prostitution and beer brewing on the site, as well as the increase in the number of informal traders found operating along the routes to the stations. In 1904 there was an outbreak of Bubonic plague, and for this reason residents of Brickfields and the ?Coolie Location? (Maud, 1938, pp. 70, 134-135) were removed, the area was fenced off and the buildings doused with paraffin and torched by the city?s fire department. The black inhabitants were moved to Klipspruit (Soweto), Afrikaaners moved to Vrededorp and Indian residents moved to Pageview (West of Newtown, the previous Malay Location). Today?s existing Newtown was the first sign of urban regenera- tion within Johannesburg city, replacing Brickfields and the ?Coolie location?. The area became home to the town?s fresh produce and livestock markets, relocated from the original Market Square in 1913. In addition to the market, the first coal fired power station, turbine hall and cooling towers, the electric workshop, and a shed to house and repair the city?s trams were constructed in Newtown which became not only a hub of agricultural trade, but also the producer of much of Johannesburg?s power. In front of the market building was a wagon site which was renamed by the Council in 1939, as Mary Fitzgerald Square. This space was of vital importance to the city as many protests and gatherings occurred here. Image to the right: 1955 functional zones and racial divisions of the residential areas in the Witwatersrand (Redrawn from Urban and Regional Research Unit, The Witwatersrand, Second Report, Part Two, 1973) Image: Johannesburg by 1898 (adopted from City Engineer, Central Area Johannesburg 1976.Beavon 2004)The positions of early key suburbs and black ?locations? in Johannesburg 1904 (Beavon 2004, p.18) 14 15 The Market There are 6 auctioneers selling every morning. This is where you will see some business people, and there are quite 1000 people in the market every morning from 6 to 8:30 o?clock. There are about 20 bullock wag- ons and the same number of donkey wagons, each with 10 to 14 bullocks and donkeys in them, and you will find all nations in the world there buying and selling. They sell flour, potatoes, oats, hay, chaff, pigs, fowls, onions, vegetables of all descriptions, and fruits of all kinds. The whole provisions to keep Johannes- burg going are sold in the market ev- ery morning. There are no Chinamen or men carting the goods to your door. If you were in Johannesburg you would just have to go to the market like every other person and march home with your cabbages, onions, or carrots under your arm, and there would be no jibbing that you would not do it. The people march every morning with their vegetables under their arms and, think nothing of it. You will see the Dutch Boer there in the morning. He has got a wagon with 10 to 12 bullocks in it. The wagon is a great length, something like the length of a house ? a tremendous looking affair. The front part is full of goods (produce) for the market; the back part of the wagon is like a hawkers van. This is his dwelling house, for in it he always carts his wife and children round with him. N e w s p a p e r A r t i c l e The Star, 20 March 1903 Image: Original Market Square 1896 (Museum Africa Archives) Image: Original Market Square 1901 (Museum Africa Archives) Image: Morning Market 1893 (Museum Africa Archives) 16 17 R i s e o f F o r m a l M a r k e t s The Market Building, located on Mary Fitzgerald Square, became home to the town?s fresh produce and livestock markets during the gold rush, relocated from the original Market Square in 1913. The market was of vital importance to the South African economy and the public it served. The newly constructed Market hall was situated on the western end of Bree Street in a 27 acre area, two blocks in length. The existing tramway system extended from the towns centre to Newtown, with its maintenance yard behind the hall. The Market Hall designed solely by engineers was conceived as a monolithic volume under a single steel roof. The design and structural elements were imported from Britain. The steel design incorporated a long half-moon shaped building, with large striking, domed-topped corner columns, and an unrestricted interior space of over 200m in length and 37m in width. There were 3 mainentrances with its main entrance to the market hall, located on the south face of the building, opened onto what is now Mary Fitzgerald Square. The entrance is proclaimed by two flanking towers and a large semi circular window over the doorway. The south elevation also opened out onto the square through smaller service openings to allow for loading of goods and produce. The structure shows advances in building techniques and on urban (industrial) architecture. The interior of the Market Hall was lit naturally by fenestration at the apex of the roof as well as a series of roof lights running along the length of the structure, allowing for the ingress of north and south light. - ?Considered to be one of the most superb pieces of organic architecture in South Africa, it formed the eastern portion of the sprawling building which housed the city?s produce market ? a massive steel structure shipped from Britain and constructed on the site? Pat Schwartz (Schwartz, 1988: p13). As we today go to our nearest Checkers, Pick ?n Pay or Woolworths, in the past people purchased their weekly supply of fruit and vegetables from the market. The new market building was divided into 2 sections ? out-of-hand sales on the top level and municipal auctions on the lower level. The retail market contained the main hall (now Museum Africa), 262 table spaces for market gardeners and farmers, 44 fruit and vegetable stalls, 28 food shops and 12 Indian fruit markets. Behind the main hall were a grain and forage section, a poultry market and a meat market annex. The complex also contained a restaurant, bank, post office and railway office. South of the building was an open space where a wagon market was conducted (today a parking area), with farmers being provided with accommodation for their wagons and stock. Crowds up to 8000 people attended the market on a Saturday morning. The aim was to provide a market in direct contact with the railway, served by the tramway system and cheap enough so that the producer could place his goods on the market at the minimum of cost while the consumer was able to obtain supplies with ease and convenience. Produce was delivered to the market catering for wholesale (east- ern end of market) and retail customers (auction sales in the current main theatre). In 1974 the large volumes of traders had outstripped the Market Hall, forcing the authorities to move the market to better facilities. The market was relocated to the JFPM (Johannesburg Fresh Produce Market) in City Deep further south of Newtown. The market buildings were then converted into the Market Theatre Complex (56 Margaret Mcingana, formerly Wolhuter Street) in 1976 by Barney Simon and Mannie Manim. Today the square houses the restaurants Moyo and Gramadoelas, the theatre and shops, and the market buildings were converted into the Museum Africa. Across from the Museum, the power station was relocated and museums and coffee shops were established. In 1984 the Market Theatre initiated a flea market on Mary Fitzgerald Square which became a huge success as people from all over Johannesburg would come and trade their goods. Image: Mary Fitzgerald Square and the East front on the Market Theatre Complex 1925 (Museum Africa Archives) Image: Original Market Square 1907 (Museum Africa Archives) Image: Mary Fitzgerald Square and Market Theatre 1937 (Museum Africa Archives) Image: Trading in the Original Market Square 1901 (C.Van Onselen 1982) 18 19 Images: Loading area for Newtown Market Building 1914 (Museum Africa Archives) Images: Interior of Newtown Market Hall depicting the daily trading (Museum Africa Archives) 20 21 I N F O R M A L T R A D E & M O B I L E M A R K E T S As history repeats itself, a plunge in the economy causes an increase in lower class working sectors, resulting in an increase of people needing to provide themselves with their own form of income. A resourceful method to sustain people during these periods of decline is through informal trade. In 1944 after the war, Johannesburg?s inhabitants responded to the destitution by creating a new form of trade; Mobile markets. These operated within the suburbs until 1952 when informal traders saw a gap in the market and started delivering house to house and giving credit. E A T E R I E S During the existence of Brickfields, shops and eating-houses were also set up on the streets throughout the neighbourhood and specifi- cally close to the Railway Station. Brickfields was located close to the centre of Johannesburg and the railway line, so many businesses and immigrants bought stands or occupied areas on the pavements and streets. Soon, trading companies, banks, brick companies, a brewery, and fisheries moved into the area as it became so densely populated. Many Indians also set up shops and eateries along the Location (now known as Carr Street), which led to the station. A M A W A S H A Another form of informal trade developed in Johannesburg and its surroundings. The Ama Washa (Zulu washermen) developed and thrived upon the exploitation of a new economic opportunity that arose in Johannesburg during the Gold Rush. These Washermen recognised and took advantage of a gap in the market as there were very few women in the city during Johannesburg?s gold rush; the opportunity arose for this group of men to do the laundry services for the cities inhabitants. The initial locations of the Ama Washa sites in 1890?s were, Auckland Complex (Braamfontein Spruit, Lady Dunbar?s Property, Landau and Eastwood) to the North, Booysens and Concordia Spruit to the South and the Elandsfontein site to the East. During this period the 1200 Ama Washa, according to a strict regiment and time schedule, peri- odically collected and delivered washing on Mondays from the city homes and spent the rest of the week on their sites cleaning and dry- ing washing. As they went on their journeys of delivery and collec- tion, they took advantage of the travelling distances from their sites to town, and an allocated amount of men spent time gathering fresh produce sold from the surrounding farms of Johannesburg. R i s e + D e c l i n e o f I n f o r m a l M a r k e t s Image: The table represents the history of the uprise and dissolution of the Ama Washa compared to the development of formal laundries (drawn by author) Images: Washermen and the Joburg Washtubs 1900 -1910 (Museum Africa Archives) The sale of the fresh merchandise collected in the Market Square together with the sale of items produced by artisans and craftsmen guaranteed the Ama Washa with an extra form of income. In the late 1890?s the spirit of capitalist venture came into play within Johannesburg and formal laundries developed as competitors to the washermen. Crystal, August Fossati, Melrose and Auckland Park Steam Laundries were businesses that developed within the city, causing a decline in business amongst the Ama Washa as prices were too competitive and they offered a better service. The depression caused by the unem- ployment and the success of the new laundry services was the ba- sis on which washermen opened illegal beer breweries, disregarded health regulations on site and moved away from the business. City Council in response to the deterioration of the washing sites and out- breaks of plague sent the washermen to Klipspruit farm to continue the service they were offering to the city. Many took advantage of this and still continued to collect and sell fresh produce in the streets and markets, others started stealing the clothing and selling it in Market Square as second hand merchandise. The sale of clothing in the streets became a profitable business within Johannesburg and increased the informal trading business. Market Square became this place in which you could acquire the freshest produce and at the same time find an item of clothing that you had sent for laundering. In summary the Ama Washa had spotted an economic opportunity that was absent in the mining city of Johannesburg and kept it alive for as long as possible. A factor contributing to the group?s dissolution other than Laundries was the constraints which were enforced by urban segregation during the Apartheid era. The washermen were considered to be informal traders as they never traded on a fixed site and moved around the city to find the best clientele and more chances of a better income. A"M"A""W"A"S"H"A""S"I"T"E""L"O"C"A"T"I"O"N"S" 1. 1890 200"Ama"Washa"in"the"Braamfontein"Spruit 1893e95 700"e 1200"Ama"Washa"on"site 2. 1895 NORTH"".Braamfontein"Spruit"(Sans"Souci) .Lady"Dunbar?s"Property""" .Landau Auckland"Complex .Eastwood" SOUTH"".Booysens Booysens"Spruit .Concordia EAST"""""".Elandsfontein Jukskei"River 3. 1896 Jhb"Sanitary"Board"e Ama"Washa"move"to"Klip"River 4. 1897 Ama"Washa"ordered"to"move"to"Witbank" 5. 1898 Ama"Washa"return"to"Johannesburg (Laundries"cause"unemployment) 1899 War"was"declared,"120"washermen"remain"on"site 1900 Expulsion"of"illegal"beer"brewers"on"sites" Legal"control"is"established"by"moving"urban"Africans to"a"consolidated"location. 6. 1900 Jumpers and"George"Gosh"sites"are"closed"down 7. 1901 Sans"Souci"washing"site"closes 8. 1902 Washermen"move"to"Concordia"site" 9. 1904 May.""Outbreak"of"plague"in"Jhb.""Acquisition"of"" Klipspruit"farm."" Ama"Washa"are"sent"to"Klipspruit 10. 1904 August.""Ama"Washa"move"back"to"Johannesburg 11. 1905 Claremont,"Craighall"and"Langlaagte sites 12. 1906 Washermen"move"to"Klipspruit (100"concrete"tubs,"drying"site"and"ironing"room) 13. 1907 75"washermen"move"to"Elandsfontein farm" 300"washing"bays.""Transport"from"Nancefield"Station to"Klipspruit"laundry Rietvlei site"closes"down 14. 1953 Klipspruit laundry"is"closed"by"the"City"Council L"A"U"N"D"R"Y""S"I"T"E""L"O"C"A"T"I"O"N"S" 1. 1895 August"Fossati"Steam"Laundry"on"the"Fordsburg""Spruit 2. 1896 ."Crystal"Steam"Laundry"on"the"Richmond"Estate next"to"Lady"Dunbar?s"property ."Auckland"Park"Steam"Laundry"Company 3. 1897 Melrose"Steam"Laundry"on"the"Jukskei"River"banks" 4. 1898 6"Laundries"in"Johannesburg Auckland"Park"Laundry"becomes"Palace"Steam"Laundry 5. 1902 Rand"Steam"Laundry"develops 6. 1903 Lorentzville"Steam"Laundry"in"Doornfontein 7. 1910 Rand"Steam"Laundries"had"13"branches"along"the"reef 8. 1914 46"Laundries"in"Johannesburg" (Fordsburg,"Vrededorp"and"Jeppe) 22 23 Images: Maps, adopted from the Regional SDF 2005/6, representing the sequential formation of formal laundries and the AmaWasha washing sites in Region F 24 25 Markets, formal & informal trade T i m e l i n e D e v e l o p m e n t Image: Main hawking sites at railway stations and in and around Johannesburg CBD, 1980. (Adopted from Beavon, From Hypermarkets to Hawkers, 1982. Johannesburg: The making and Shaping of the city) Image: The eastern industrial quadrant 1950 (adapted from Beavon 2004, p.22) Image above: Principle washing sites on the Witwatersrand 1890-1906 (adapted from Charles van Onselen 1982, p.77) Images (Museum Africa Archives): _ Market Building exterior 1974 _ Interior sketch of the market Image: Timeline development of markets and trade (drawn by author, defined by previous research) 26 27 Images: Hawkers and mobile traders around Johannesburg (Museum Africa Archives) 28 29 CURRENT FORMAL MARKETS LEARNING FROM THE INFORMAL TRADERS PLAN OF THE INNER CITY TRADING SYSTEM METRO TRADING COMPANY (MTC) PERIODIC MARKETS MARKET CONCLUSION C O N T E M P O R A R Y 05 C O N T E X T 30 31 C u r r e n t F o r m a l M a r k e t s Johannesburg is a mere 124 years old, and is one of the youngest cities in the world with roughly 3,8 million inhabitants placing it among the 100 largest cities in the world together with the likes of Athens, Berlin, Milan and Rome. These foreign cities have a rich historical background which is far older than Johannesburg?s origins; and as a result they encompass a denser layer of traditions and heritage sites which defines the various cities social values. In most metropolitan cities abroad you will find public spaces with markets, food hubs, social gathering places which all give way to the possibility of celebrating cultural values with festivals, events and marches. Johannesburg instead is dispersed in its infrastructure and needs to be consolidated and densified. To accommodate our growing population, our city can?t just expand outwards, but needs to grow inwards and upwards. The Inner City?s residential population is expected to double within the next decade. Due to this phenomenal increase transport infrastructure, shops and markets all need to develop accordingly. The only form of formal food market that exists in the CoJ currently is the JFPM (Johannesburg Fresh Produce Market or Joburg Market). In an interview marketing assistant James Phaahla stated that the Joburg Market is the largest centre of its kind for the marketing of fresh produce in South Africa and in all of Africa, with turnover ex- ceeding R3.2 billion per annum. The market is located in City Deep, south of Johannesburg?s CBD. It trades in fruits and vegetables and was established on the present site in 1974. The Market is open from 5am to 11:30am. In this time the 15 000 farmers deliver their stock to the market and the 14 accredited Market Agents sell the product. JFPM was corporatised in 2000 and is an entity 100% owned by the CoJ. The farmers own the product until the product is sold off, with charges of 7.5% directed to CoJ and a market commission fee of 5%. Within the markets premises there are 5 warehouses, comprising of vegetables, fruits, wholesale, onions and potatoes (placed together due to the odours). There is also a new world class ripening facility which contains 45 rooms in which currently bananas are stored. These bananas come from Mozambique, are ripened and then sent to Woolworths and Pick n Pay for sale. There is also a separate cold room facility which comprises of 40 cold rooms each able to contain up to 34 palettes in height. These cold rooms contain apples, oranges, peaches and grapes which all need to be stored at specific temperatures. The cost of holding a palette in the cold room is R 14.50 per palette excluding the 7.5% fee. The largest buyers who buy directly from the Joburg Market halls are Woolworths, Pick n Pay and Fruit and Vegetable City who make daily purchases of up to R1m. Registered buyers who make daily purchases from the market, form relationships with the Market Agents in order to negotiate the best prices for the products. Accord- ing to James Phaahla ?the more you buy the more you can negotiate?. Informal traders contribute 30% to the markets daily intake. They purchase palettes of various products to either sell in the inner city or to sell in the Mandela People?s Market which is situated within the Joburg Markets premises. The traders buy directly from the halls and sell from the market which is open from 5am to 6pm. According to James Phaahla, ?it is cheaper to buy from the Mandela market than from our halls?. The Mandela Market traders pay rent directly to the Property Section of the Joburg Market, which is on average R 600 per month and according to their documents the traders can make from R 500 up to R 10 000 a day in profit. When entering the Joburg Market site, you feel like you are in a major harbour or airport terminal with trucks, bakkies, fork lifters, taxis and pedestrians all rushing around. The entrance is currently used as an exit whilst construction is being completed on the new exit, which adds to the congestion and business of the market. Security is extremely tight around the site, with camera surveillance and armed guards due to the amounts of cash exchanged. Trucks which enter the facility in the morning only, offload the products directly onto raised platforms which are then taken into the warehouse for sale. Smaller vehicles also make use of these platforms which are full of trolleys, fork lifters, market personnel and transport machinery. Inside the halls, the various products are divided by steel caged fencing, allowing the sales agents to control and sell the merchandise in a structured manner. Large buyers, small retailers and informal traders walk through the aisles of the fruits and vegetables selecting their purchases. The Joburg Market has departments which work together in keeping the facilities clean and secure, recycling palettes and selling them as second hand material. There is adequate parking situated between all the warehouses as well as 24 hour toilet facilities. A taxi rank, bakkie loading bay and small movable post office facility are situated directly opposite the Mandela People?s market. The vicinity of these small transport nodes facilitates informal traders in purchasing their merchandise and being able to walk a short distance before catching a taxi. The market also includes a butchery, fish and drinks outlet situated next to the administration building which overlooks the whole facility. Future plans for the market include turning the Market into a Food Hub, selling a wide range of fresh produce including meat, poultry and fish. This plan will have a large influence on bulk buyers as it will facilitate them in acquiring produce from a single place. The R 650 million investments into the business facilities, due to an increase in the consumerism sector, will include processing and packaging plants, a banking mall, restaurants and accommodation facilities for truckers. According to the Joburg Market, everyone is allowed to buy from them but from a site investigation many informal traders are turned away and the area of sale is not inviting and discourages the public consumer. Through investigations I have deducted that even though the JFPM does not have a focus on sale to the general public, it has programmes focusing on empowering small scale farmers and giving them the opportunity to trade within the city. As JFPM focuses on bulk trade, there is a need to develop a point of outlet, other than the Joburg Market and shops, for the general public and in particular informal traders to purchase merchandise on a daily basis. This thesis proposal anticipates the need for development to occur within the Inner City in close proximity to transport hubs, amenities and residential areas, where the clientele will be at its largest. Image: Typical section through a shed and Site Plan of the Joburg Market 32 33 Learning from the Informal Traders Image: Bree Street informal trading, Johannesburg (by Author) According to the Informal Policy for the CoJ, informal trading is a positive development in the micro business sector as it contributes to job creation, poverty alleviation, and has the potential to expand further the City?s economic base. In addition, the Johannesburg Growth and Development Strategies (Joburg GDS) vision read as follows: ?In future, Johannesburg will continue to lead as South Africa?s primary business city, a dynamic centre of production, innovation, trade, finance and services. This will be a city of opportunity where the benefits of balanced economic growth will be shared in a way that enables all residents to gain access to the ladder of prosperity, and where the poor, vulnerable and excluded will be supported out of poverty to realise upward social mobility. The result will be a more equitable and spatially integrated city, very different from the divided city of the past. In this world-class African city for all, everyone will be able to enjoy decent accommodation, excellent services, the highest standards of health and safety, access to participatory governance and quality community life in sustainable neighbourhoods and vibrant urban spaces?. The definition of informal trading according to the Trading Policy refers to the sale of legal goods and/or services by individuals and/ or groups, in locations designated for informal trading and which requires little more than the actual goods and/or services to commence. The designated area(s) means an area designated for the purposes of informal training after having followed the process for designation in terms of the Businesses Act 71 of 1991. Within the CoJ and its surrounding suburbs, there are traders who are classified in various forms. Informal traders registered to the Metro Trading Company; survival traders who operate without a trading license and at various locations; traders in linear markets (trading area designated for street trading in a ?pedestrianised? environment); and those who trade as a hobby in periodic markets located in Johannes- burg?s surrounding suburbs, operating on weekends or public holidays. The CoJ is characterised by informal traders operating on the pavements and streets, earning a living. Although they have existed since the early days of the Gold Rush (Van Onselen, 1982), these traders are constant- ly being targeted by authorities who police trading in prohibited and restricted areas in an attempt to clean up the streets. They are per- ceived to be unfair competition to retailers, an obstruction to motorists, unsightly, and unhealthy. This perception is counterbalanced by the views of their many customers, for whom they are a convenient and cost-effective way to get goods cheaply and in small quantities. According to the Metro Trading Company (MTC) there are currently an estimated 10 000 street traders within the city, most of whom are either self-employed or dropped off at street corners by employers, like farmers, seeking to bypass middlemen by selling their products directly to the customers. Informal traders, whether selling fruits from the back of their vans, milk, vegetables, bread or clothes from pavements or muti from taxi ranks, have been part of the Johannesburg city landscape for a century now and this fact must not be underestimated as traders exist for a reason and have successfully lived through all historical events. 34 35 During the Apartheid era the Government tried in vain to get rid of the informal trading sector. In an attempt to remove the traders from the streets, the traders simply adapted their methods of sale and conducted their businesses from train stations, taxi ranks, the backs of their trucks, and other unobtrusive spaces. They tended to be mobile, selling goods that they could carry. The persecution of informal traders was intensified in the 1950s, when law enforcement agencies embarked on a concerted campaign to rid the city of street traders. The traders proved resilient and continued trading until the 1980s, when the authorities relaxed the regulations, allowing even traders to obtain licences to trade from designated spots. The lifting of restrictions in the late 1980s gave rise to rapid and uncontrolled growth, whilst the South African economy was experiencing a major slump; many retrenched workers joined the informal sector, becoming survivalist traders. The early 1990s were a period of rapid unplanned growth for the informal trading sector. Most blame the relaxation of influx control regulations that resulted in many economic migrants flocking into the city. The Business Act 71 of 1991 which makes specific provision for the licensing of businesses, now allowed informal traders to trade freely. This became a catalyst for the uncontrolled expansion of the sector and ?overnight, there was an explosion of street traders from about 300 licensed traders to 10 000, just in the Johannesburg CBD. There were no management tools, legislation or infrastructure to accommodate this flood,? says Li Pernegger (manager of economic empowerment and business support in the city from 1994 to 1999). The South African Chamber of Business complained back in 1993 that ?the activities of the informal sector, particularly in respect of retailing in an uncontrolled manner, affect formal business interests and in broad terms such activities are seen as a threat not only from a competitive point of view but also from the point of adversely affecting the ambience of the trading environment.? Today the CoJ is trying to regulate the sector whilst regenerating the Inner City to make it more attractive for large businesses. According to the most recent figures from Stats SA, informal trading contributes as much as 4.5% to the national Gross Domestic Product, benefiting millions directly and indirectly, contributing towards job creation and thereby helping in the labour-market absorption of many who would otherwise be economically idle. This in turn has a positive benefit on the alleviation of poverty in the country. The 2009 Trading Policy states, ?the City aims to create an environment within which the informal trading sector and its participants can become commer- cially viable and dynamic. Such an environment would be an integrated and holistic one, which includes progressive policies, strategies and laws, integrated spatial planning, development of appropriate infrastructure and support services, organisation and management of public trading spaces, and growth and development of informal traders?. The COJ?s spatial planning and development approach encourages decentralisation and development in previously neglected economic nodes. Areas are to be prioritised and designated for trading areas such as economic nodes of the City, spaces adjacent to public transport facilities, public open spaces, areas with high levels of pedestrian and vehicular traffic and within close proximity to formal trading. Xolani Nxumalo, a project consultant in the City?s economic development department explained that when traders operate in markets allocated by the CoJ, it?s easier for the City to manage, promote and con- trol this growing sector. He also believed that moving traders to assigned markets would help them to manage and sustain their businesses better. From various interviews I found that traders in the CoJ know that they obstruct pavements and could get arrested for this, but some are willing to take the chance in order to attract more clientele. Some have access to water, electricity, and overnight storage but the most important aspect of street trading is the fact that traders don?t need to pay rent, which is the main reason why they do not want to register with MTC and move into Metro Mall. The trader?s acquire their daily products from wholesalers or farmers, transported to the point of sale via taxi, or else obtain the products from the Joburg Market or retailers within the Inner City (refer to model images in the site analysis chapter). The traders are constantly being raided by police authorities who are increasing their patrols. By-law infringements include selling from those areas that were declared restricted by the council in 1999, such as Braamfontein, Constitution Hill and Newtown, and requires hawkers not to impede pedestrian movement, display goods on buildings without permission, store property in a manhole or storm water drain, trade outside a place of worship. From research deductions, informal traders should be mentored through appropriate policies and legislation; business legalities; regulations and by-laws; health by-laws and the issuing of certificates of acceptability, as well as through street trading by-laws to efficiently regulate street trading activities. Learning from the Informal Traders 36 37 Images: Vibrant City Markets, Johannesburg 38 39 Images: Survival Traders on pavements and streets, Johannesburg 40 41 Images: Informal traders on the pavements of Johannesburg 42 43 Plan of the Inner City T r a d i n g S y s t e m _Gautrain Precinct _Shopping Centre _Markets run by MTC _Street Traders (registered with MTC) _Street Traders (mobile, not registered) _Newtown Boundary _Public Parks 44 45 The Metropolitan Trading Company (MTC), a service utility of the CoJ, manages the facilities and spaces that the City has set aside for micro retailers (informal traders) and taxi operators. In an interview with Nhlanhla Makhoba, communications and marketing manager of MTC, she stated that MTC controls 12 markets and taxi ranks. She said that their aim is to be the leading provider and manager of quality infrastructure and business support services to market traders and taxi operators operating in the CoJ. According to Nhlanhla Makhoba, MTC has 4500 registered traders on their data base, but with roughly 10 000 traders within the Inner City. The Smart Card system has already been initiated, assisting the MTC in managing the informal trader?s data and controlled by program officers. The cards are issued for free enticing traders to be registered on the system. The cards contain the trader?s identity number, photograph, trading area, product of sale and other related information. MTC has also initiated a ?block cleaning? programme which is a joint effort between the informal traders and cleaning companies, specifically Pikitup, to deal with cleanliness and waste management. Makhoba commented that the programme has worked so far in some areas of the city but needs to be intensified as it is not sufficient. A ?Baseline study? compiled earlier this year by the Department of Economic Development and MTC, highlights the number of informal traders currently trading in and around the inner city. The purpose of the study was to identify possible interventions which may be more viable for the trading environment and will ensure that traders grow and move into more formal businesses. Linear markets are possible alternatives to street trading but their locations have not been defined yet. Makhoba explains that the steel framed stalls erected in the inner cities pavements cost between R60 for a 1x1m stand up to R500 p/m for larger stand positioned in a prime area. MTC is trying to learn and see where the street stalls are not working in specific areas. Vasco Ndebele is the research and development manager, and he suspects the reason for this is due to the street trading by-laws of the 2m wide pavements which are not found throughout the inner city. He also emphasised the need for spread of the market. A concept that MTC is still investigating are Periodic markets. Fordsburg has been a prime precedent for this market type, as traders? livelihoods depend on the success of it and there is an increasing demand for it. As mentioned by Ndebele, there is a need for market development and review of by-law processes. Areas also need to be designated and prioritised for this in zoning schemes. Metropolitan Trading Company - M T C The markets and taxi ranks mentioned earlier by Makhoba are to be considered as part of a research methodology that will enrich this thesis proposal in understanding the various forms of trade within Johannesburg, their functional programs and operating systems. MTC manages the following 12 markets and taxi ranks: The Hillbrow Market (located between Claim and Twist, and Pretoria and Kotze Street a densely populated area of Johannesburg); Park Centre Market (located in Noord Street, Joburg CBD); Lenasia Market; Kliptown Market; Cosmo City Market; Midrand taxi rank; Faraday Market and Taxi Rank (located on the corner of Wemmer Jubilee and Eloff Street, Joburg CBD); and Roodepoort Flea Market (located on Hendrik Potgieter drive in Weltevreden Park on the grounds of what was formerly the Hillfox Drive-In. This vibrant flea market has been operating since 1995, offering clothing, furniture, crafts and food, open on weekends and public holidays). The following markets (also managed by MTC) are described in more detail as analysed as precedent studies: Yeoville Rockey Street Market is a formal trading place for informal traders on the corner of Bedford and Rockey Streets. Rockey/Raleigh Street is the hub of cosmopolitan Yeoville where the suburbs hotspots, shops, formal and informal trading and recreation areas are located. The market, 89% occupied with renting spaces available at costs as low as R2.75, has a clothing section as well as a food section with fruits and vegetables. Most of the traders adhere to the City Health by-laws enforced by environmental officers and health inspectors. Metro Mall Taxi Rank located on the congested Newtown edge on Simmonds, Sauer, Ntemi Piliso and Gwigwi Mrwebi streets, opened in 2003 as a transport and retail hub developed around Johannesburg?s public transport users (160 000 commuters daily). The 3 000m? Mall and taxi depot designed by Urban Solutions has an integrated transport facility for 30 000 vehicles and operates over 3 levels, with facilities including formal retail shops, food court, and over 600 informal trader stalls. This public transport nodal interchange for buses and taxi and shopping complex displays many forms of public art, ranging from life-size sculptures, murals, mosaic and installations, all enhancing the users experience. The corner entrance towers are emphasised with corroded slats for natural ventilation, designed for the architects by artist Andrew Verster. Inside the building, commuters have a wide variety of stalls from which to make their purchasers, with music blaring from each, enhancing the atmosphere and sense of modernity-township. The food on offer in the food hall, located on the second level, is traditional local cuisine and is a well frequented space with cultural flexibility. Metro Mall, managed by Metro Trading Company (MTC) incorporates the Bree Street taxi rank and is open daily from 6am to 10pm. Metro Mall is incorporated within the Greater Park Station precinct, Gautrain Station and together with long distance bus and taxi facilities. It is essential that the Park Station Precinct and Gautrain Station be well integrated into the rest of the Inner City fabric so that the energy and activity it generates is continued throughout the CoJ. Kwa Mai-Mai Market was relocated to its current position in Jeppestown, corner of Anderson and Berea Streets in 1930?s. It is the oldest African market in Joburg dedicated to traditional healing boasting a rich concentration of traditional herbs and healers. ?Ezinyangeni? the place of healers, dedicated to traditional medicine, or ?muti?. In spite of the 1934 Slums Act, which ordered the mass eviction of Africans from the city centre, the market was moved into the heart of industrial Johannesburg. Council adopted the market, seeing it as a tourist destination and a place to house migrant workers in transit. The market grew into an overcrowded, 24-hour hub of activity, as more and more migrant traders moved into the stables with their families. Despite government attempts to close the Mai Mai Bazaar, council insisted it should stay as it would become a thriving tourist attraction. Today Mai Mai is home to over 600 residents and is celebrated and sustained by both black and white communities. The site adjacent to the market has evolved into a busy taxi rank with a direct link to KwaZulu Natal, which facilitates informal traders in bringing their goods into the city from nearby farms. The market, operating as an open muti pharmacy, is tucked away under a highway in downtown Johannesburg. The stalls are packed with animals skins and herbs used to ward off evil and bring good health. The ill and unlucky come to consult its herbalists or ?Inyangas? and its ?Sangomas? who communicate with ancestral spirits and read the future by throwing bones. Skins and skulls line the eaves above your head as you walk along the rows of red-bricked buildings. Bones, bark and roots frame the windows and doorways of the little shops. The traditional healers are a tight-knit community who mostly speak Zulu and the Department of Health estimates that 70% of South Africans use traditional African medicine. Fordsburg Square Flea Market is located on the corner of Mint and Commercial Roads. People from all cultures and ages are attracted to Fordsburg Square, which permeates an eastern atmosphere. The stalls sell a range of products with many restaurants, confectionaries and food stalls selling traditional Indian cuisine. To understand the importance of the Square you can look back at its origin, its downfall and its revival. Prior to 1922 it was a popular market frequented by white people during the segregation era. After the violent miners? strike in 1922, the Square fell into decay and became home to the homeless. The flea market concept only flourished in 1990, with informal traders trading on the pavements of Mint Road, adding to the attraction for shoppers in the area, and tourists. Fathima Jani describes the market as ?a discovery of a jewel in Fordsburg filled with diverse experiences, traditions and history?. The street is buzzing with people day and night. Stalls are bursting with colours and unique smells. ?There is no place quite like the Fordsburg Square Market, it is home to an eclectic, cosmopolitan community? says Ahmed Pojee. The establishment has developed into the only night flea market in Johannesburg. The venue?s atmosphere is vibrant, friendly and safe and accounts for 50% of the traders who live in the outskirts of the city. According to the Chairman of the Oriental Flea Market Committee ? Ahmed Pojee ? There are close to 100 stall including well known food franchises. Images of Metro Mall (by Author) 46 47 Images of Metro Mall (by Author) _Entrance _Interior shopping corridor _Overlooking the street pavement _Eastern facade 48 49 Images of traders (by author): _ Hillbrow Market, Johannesburg (opposite and below) _ Noord Street Taxi Rank, Johannesburg _ Midrand Taxi Rank 50 51 Images of traders: _Mobile traders in the Inner City (Andrew Bell) _ Below, trader in Yeoville (by author) Opposite page: _Union Street Market, Kliptown, Soweto (by author) _Walter Sisulu Square, Kliptown, Soweto (by Andrew Bell) 52 53 Image: Mai Mai shop, Johannesburg (by Rogerson Archives 1991 & Jerome Delay, Association Press 2009) Images on opposite page: the Mai Mai Bazaar (by author 2009) 54 55 Images: Fordsburg, Johannesburg (Fordsburg Market Life 2009 & by author) 56 57 Images: The Mill periodic market in Cape Town (by author) Periodic markets are not permanent markets, but occur daily, weekly, monthly or on an annual basis during public events, music concerts, festivals and fairs, religious celebrations and public holidays. Flea markets, antiques and bargain markets, arts and craft markets, tourist markets, organic and fresh produce markets are included in the definition of periodic markets (refer to periodic market location and typology map on the following page). A large part of the traders in these markets were once established in Mary Fitzgerald Square, where they rented a 3x3m space with a table and traded every Saturday morning. Due to past historical events, these traders gradually moved into the more affluent suburbs and established their own community markets, complying with the CoJ?s spatial development approach which encourages decentralisation. Many traders complain as these new market spaces have steep rent- ing prices (average of R300 per table) and strict regulations that they must abide to, restricting their products on sale due to the fact that they are situated in upmarket shopping centres or privately owned spaces, eliminating the value of free trade. Markets should be places known for their versatile variety of goods at reasonable prices. Today frequenting certain periodic markets in the suburbs has become a fashionable trend and pastime for the weekends, bringing communities together and appreciating the fresh products that are available. Imagine the possibility of merging all market types, formal and informal into one public space in the Inner City and creating this unique market which becomes a focal point of the City of Johannesburg? P e r i o d i c M a r k e t s 58 59 ARTS & CRAFTS MARKET CRAFTERS MARKET Clearwater Mall, Clearwater ARTISTS UNDER THE SUN Zoo Lake, Parkview KILLARNEY MZANSI MARKET Killarney Mall, 60 Riviera Road, Killarney ETHIOPIAN QUARTER Medical Arts Building, 220 Jeppe Street, CBD ORIENTAL PLAZA Bree and Main Streets, Fordsburg ROSEBANK ROOFTOP MARKET Rosebank Mall rooftop, Rosebank ZASEKHAYA MARKET The Craft and Design Centre, Nelson Mandela Square BOKKIE PARK MARKET Southvale Road, Parkdene Boksburg LITTLE CRAFT WORKSHOP 3 Daffodil Street, Brackenhurst, Alberton, Ekurhuleni NGWENYA GLASS VILLAGE Shady Lane, off Diepsloot R114, Muldersdrift ANTIQUES & COLLECTABLES ANTIQUES FAIR Sandton, Voortrekker Monument, Wanderers, Benoni HOSPICE CHARITY MARKET Corner 9th and Louis Botha Avenues, Orange Grove FLEA MARKETS DRAGON CITY Renaissance Drive, Western outskirts in Crown Mines MARKET THEATRE Newtown Cultural Precinct, Bree Street THE MARKET PLACE Brightwater Commons, Republic Road, Randburg BRUMA LAKE FLEA MARKET Corner Ernest Oppenheimer & Marcia Avenues, Bruma EAST RAND FLEA MARKET North Rand Road, Boksburg PANORAMA FLEA MARKET The old Panorama Drive-in, Klipriver Drive, Mulbarton ORGANIC MARKETS MEDITERRANEAN MARKET Melrose Arch Piazza, Melrose BLUBIRD WHOLE FOOD MARKETBlubird Shopping Centre, Corlett Drive, Birnam BODY, MIND, SOUL FAIR Alternatively hosted in Blairgowrie, Edenvale & Pretoria BRYANSTON ORGANIC MARKET Culross Road, Bryanston FRESH PRODUCE MARKETS FRENCH MARKET Morningside Shopping Centre, Rivonia Road MANDELA PEOPLE?S MARKET 1 Heidelberg Road, City Deep MELVILLE FARMER?S MARKET Bamboo Centre?s roof, 53 Rustenburg Road, Melville MULTIFLORA FLOWER MARKET 3 Marjorie Street, City Deep THE JOBURG MARKET 1 Heidelberg Road, City Deep FRIDAY NIGHT FOOD MARKET 44 Stanley Avenue, Milpark JOZI FOOD MARKET Parktown Quarter, cnr 7th & 3rd Ave, Parktown North MIDRAND URBAN MARKET 64 Main Road (corner of Maud), Crowthorne, Midrand NORTHCLIFF ORGANIC, NATURAL AND ECO-FRIENDLY MARKET Matabele Street PARK CITY TAXI RANK Opposite Park Station, Johannesburg RIETVLEI FARMER?S MARKET Rietvlei Farm, 101 Swartkoppies Road, Alberton THE BRIDGE TAXI RANK Corner Noord and King George street, Johannesburg Periodic Market location & typology map (Refer to the Appendix ? MARKET DETAILS) _Arts & crafts market _Antiques & collectables _Flea markets _Organic markets _Fresh produce markets Image: Regional Locations (Joburg SDF 2009) Periodic Markets in Jhb 60 61 Macro Trade _ Production to Sale In order to understand trading in a mar- ket scenario I needed to investigate the trade movement and production to sale scheme on an urban scale and then move from the urban macro to the mi- cro street trader. To differentiate between the variety of typologies I applied a hierarchy of space allocating a rigid material to the formal functions and a more organic material to the informal trade. FORMAL FARM PRODUCE DELIVERY Long distance lorries and trucks deliv- ering goods to the Johannesburg Fresh Produce Market (JFPM) on a strict scheduled itinerary MONTHLY / WEEKLY / DAILY DELIVERIES Bakkies and small scale trucks delivering goods to the periodic markets around Johannesburg such as the Bryanston, Killarney and the East Rand market (red pins and thread); as well as deliv- eries to the street traders in the Inner City (metal pin with a red thread knot) whose delivery points vary according to verbal agreements. OWN COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT OF PRODUCTS Informal traders purchasing goods from their own found sources via taxi. By in- terviewing and researching routes of a number of traders I observed that the Inner City traders would purchase their merchandise predominantly from sur- rounding farms, Kliptown, Diepsloot and other markets and finally transport them to the CoJ via major taxi routes from Randburg, Fourways, Soweto to Metro Mall and other immediate stops. INFORMAL NETWORKING Informal traders purchasing goods from markets, stalls, shops, the JFPM, etc. within the CoJ. This networking system is informal and viewed at a street level with deals and purchases that are not monitored, similar to the running of taxi routes. In the initial stages of design I utilised massing, prototypes and concept mod- els together with precedent models to understand spaces and routes within a market. Materiality played a vital role in determining levels of rigidity and flexibility. 01. Taking into consideration the current characteristics of the informal trader within the CoJ, and their tendency to trade on busy pavements, I have placed the informal trader/survival traders along pavements on the outside of the market and along adjoining streets. 02. The black pins represent major street crossing routes in which pedestrians are drawn towards, and therefore cre- ate nodes and natural access points to the market. These entrances vary by the density and movements of the us- ers as points where major transport nodes would occur such as a BRT sta- tion or taxi stop would create greater traffic/pedestrian flow. 03. The intensity of the gathered material shows the level of functionality and ac- tivity which determines the variety in heights and volumes. 01. 02. 03. 4am - 8am. Deliveries to the market and traders setting up their stands with their merchan- dise on display. 24hr MARKET FUNCTIONALITY The running of the market from the perspective of back of house functions combined with the operative market 8am - 4pm. Large influx of market users. 4pm - 8pm. Traders dismantle and clean up their allocated areas. Certain traders will remain open during the weekend for night trade as well as the early evening trade in which market goers can purchase goods or use the markets cooking facilities whilst on their way home from work. 8pm - midnight. Due to the flexibility of the space, a night market can be opened as well as the provision of entertainment functions. 62 63 PERIODIC/SURVIVAL TRADERS + demarcated floor area + provision of rentable storage space TRADERS + assigned tables + storage facilities + washing area FOOD ON THE GO + rentable braai stand + cleaning + prep area STREET FOOD BAR + preparation + store + counter + seating space for clients SHUTTER STALLS + 8 sq.m shops + lockable shutters SHOPS + 7.5 / 10 / 12 / 24 sq.m rented out on various leasing contracts DELI COUNTERS + preparation + storage + coldroom + counter space Micro Trader _ Trading Typologies Research and analysis of the trading system within the Inner City provided me with evidence based design as well as elements and characteristics that each trading typology would require in order to trade efficiently. In essence City Market needs to incorporate the various trading forms providing them each with adequate space and services and allowing the market to be flexible to their needs. 64 65 M a r k e t C o n c l u s i o n In conclusion to the research analysed, the informal trading sector is a positive activity which contributes to the creation of jobs and the alleviation of poverty. The City aims to provide a managed environ- ment in which a positive relationship with the formal sector will be nurtured so that the sectors can operate effectively alongside each other in an environment that fosters sustainable economic growth. Only a small percentage of the informal traders are accommodated in markets and designated trading areas, whilst the survivalist traders are dispersed throughout the city, in need of viable poverty allevia- tion programmes or jobs in the formal sector. From investigations of informal traders and the MTC, I have deduced that problems arise when informal trading is not well managed or monitored. These include litter, congestion affecting road and pe- destrian traffic, grime, hygiene and safety risks, fire risks associated with open fires and stoves, and blockages of storm water drains due to the illegal dumping of garbage. Johannesburg urban regeneration schemes and MTC are trying to provide the informal traders with a well managed and equipped environment other than the street in which traders can trade in improved conditions providing a better service for clients. The proposed City Market thesis would therefore be a viable proposal for such a scheme. Interviews show that informal traders are open to the idea of markets in which they must pay rent for so long as they are well equipped and advertised so that they don?t lose their clientele. Recently, traders in both Yeoville and Hillbrow have been up in arms, denouncing the state of the markets as there are no advertisement boards directing customers to the market and no storage space and water. The Yeoville and Hillbrow markets both have market committees to involve traders in the running of the infrastructure and in the reso- lution of disputes. Future Trading Forums would facilitate commu- nication between traders and the authorities, without resorting to protests and raids. Due to the growth of the informal trading sector and the lack of fa- cilities for the remaining non registered traders, a space needs to be designed to accommodate this vibrant sector. There is a need to bring about organised and well-managed trading throughout Jo- hannesburg and audit the informal traders sector by registering their businesses with MTC with the use of Smart cards. Moreover, research has provided guidance in the manner in which the eating and food sales areas in the proposed City Market need to be designed and managed. All the traders need to adhere to the by- laws of health regulations, controlled by health inspectors. Stalls in which cooking and selling of food occurs need to have access to wa- ter, have an adequately clean environment with stainless steel tables for food preparation, good ventilation and lighting, storage facilities and before opening food stalls of any type the trader is required to have a health certificate. The proposed City Market will comprise of 2 sections, one will be an established space open every day to the public and the other section will comprise of a periodic market. City Market shall have or make use of nearby facilities already installed by the City such as toilets, water and storage and in order to make the system effective, the rentals need to be viable. Traders will have Smart cards, a system that will help the management of the market and eliminate police harassment, and a hierarchy of traders will also be initiated in order to provide space for all types of traders from deli owners to traders selling sweets on the sidewalk. This will provide a system and space in which business growth can occur and the proposal will need to incorporate a support mechanism which links traders directly or in close vicinity to transport nodes in order to have easy access to sup- ply and purchasing points. In Johannesburg there is a common language that emerges in the city; this is the language of security. Crime and fear have evolved into codes or signifiers that denote the use, the reading and the nature of public space. The accessibility of smuggled merchandise to the poor has encouraged theft among not only between the poor and the rich, but also among the poor as well (Bremner 1998). Therefore crime can be seen as a common thread binding the ?parallel worlds? in our divided city. In the case of this market proposal there is much relevance in analysing the principles of crime prevention and particu- larly strategies for passive security that emerge in these dense trad- ing conditions. In some parts of inner city of Johannesburg, areas are dominated by a security of indirect surveillance, of ?eyes wide shut surveillance?, in the form of security guards and cameras. Alterna- tive security systems can be explored such as the use of community surveillance, almost the ?yard surveillance? system you would find in Alexandra. Maximising visual connectivity between the inside and out of the market together with the notion that the physical environment can thwart opportunities for crime, will ensure a 24-hour surveillance of the grounds. City Market will also have the advantage that it will run on a 24-hour cycle, with periods of delivery, daily and nightly trade enhancing security on site. ?One final trend I would like to highlight is the concept of multiple options. This is the tendency to acknowledge there is no one ?cor- rect? way to do things and, in fact, we may have to combine multiple alternatives in order to achieve a successful solution? (Success in the Information Age: A Paradigm Shift, 1995). This City Market thesis will attempt at combining various market types into one space within the Inner City. All types of traders have a desire to improve their per- sonal and socioeconomic conditions and this feature will aid in the looking after of the facility as well as adding a sense of pride to the ownership of space. 66 67 P A R T 2 MAPPING + CONCEPT .01 ABSTRACT 001 .02 SETTING Painting a picture... 003 .03 INTRODUCTION City Market 005 .04 HISTORICAL CONTEXT Discovery of market origins 007 The rise of formal markets The rise & decline of informal trade .05 CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT Current formal market 029 Learning from the informal traders Metro Trading Company (MTC) Periodic markets .06 SITE ISSUES Proposed Setting 069 City Market proposed intervention & viability Site selection Newtowns proposed developments .07 MAPPING Urban mapping 083 Contextual mapping City Market as a Theatre .08 PROGRAM Market users 111 Existing urban form Programmatic arrangement .09 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Concept development 119 .10 STRUCTURAL CONCEPT Form + structure 123 Sun study Developing form .11 DESIGN DRAWINGS Plans, sections, elevations, details, site plan 135 Events programme Perspectives .12 REFERENCES 209 .13 APPENDIX Interviews 213 Market Details 68 69 PROPOSED SETTING CITY MARKET PROPOSED INTERVENTION VIABILITY OF CITY MARKET SITE SELECTION SITE 01 _ THE OLD STATION BUILDING SITE 0 2 _ NIKI?S OASIS BLOCK NEWTOWN?S POTATO SHED PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS S I T E I S S U E S 06 70 71 P r o p o s e d S e t t i n g Market Square was an incredible place when Johannesburg originat- ed, bringing people together and experiencing the city and its culture in one place. Due to historical events such as the Apartheid, the mar- kets in Johannesburg disappeared and slowly came back to surface in suburbs around the city and through informal trade. From investigations of various trading types, new trading spaces are required for the informal traders within the Inner City, integrated with the suburban periodic markets. These typologies combined in a structured manner could amalgamate the social divide that exists in our society today, and the culture of exchange which differs in many ways could form a new methodology for the type of design of the proposed City Market. Lindsey Bremner describes Johannesburg as the most ?extraordi - nary conflation of time, space, power and culture . . . a place where businessmen carrying briefcases and taxi industry hit men carrying AK47s exist side by side? (Bremner 1998: 58). Periodic markets remain in the hands of refined and elite suburban operators, who trade in upmarket malls. To the contrary, Bremner states that the streets of downtown Johannes- burg remain in the hands of impatient commuters, rowdy taxi drivers and informal traders. Is there a common ground; a place for productive negotiation between these opposing and unyielding economic forces? Clues for positive integration can be found in the markets of MTC and the informal traders who have managed to survive on the streets of the Inner City for many decades. City Market proposal should benefit Johannesburg as a whole, as the new market culture typology would add to the dynamics of the existing society. Consequently a destination point would be generated. The historical background of market developments in Johannesburg mentioned in previous chapters has given me substantial knowledge and understanding to develop a substantial design that would be well integrated with the ever transforming Inner City. Site and locations become important factors that will be analysed in the following chapters, as the viability and feasibility of the market will contribute in determining a site and the usage of it. Image: Original Market Square 1907, Johannesburg (Museum Africa Archives) Image: Mary Fitzgerald Square 2010, Johannesburg (by Author) 72 73 City Market Proposed Intervention Newtown is in need of public open-space. Both to make dense resi- dential space more liveable, and to anchor large new metropolitan- scale developments. Investors will be attracted to the area if there are more activities and attractions, which will in turn densify the area. The rationale is to optimize development (economic and residential) around the large-scale public infrastructure investment and upgrad- ing that is currently being undertaken in the Inner City (Gautrain, BRT, Park Station and ITSC). The BRT routes and stops within the city are important physical and economic structural nodes around which de- velopment will take place. The higher densities of pedestrians from the BRT and Gautrain Sta- tions will become the focus of mixed-use development to provide a range of amenities to public transport users in the Inner City. It?s important that Stations become a focus area around which a range of land uses are encouraged to stimulate economic development and provide employment opportunities for a range of user groups. With this higher residential density around the station, precincts will de- velop in order for people to have access to their housing and trading within walking distance of the public transport facilities. The ques- tion will then be, if City Market were to be a feasible intervention, would future developments occur around the market in a nodal fash- ion and how would this grow? In order for City Market to be successful and able to sustain itself, it is necessary to ensure there are well managed and appropriately planned informal trading areas that respond well to the needs of the informal sector, whilst at the same time enhance the experience of the Inner City. The structure and design of the market will support the environment for the development of micro-retailers. A hierarchy system will enable traders to grow within the market. City Market will attract a diversity of target markets and offer a range of goods and services to various income groups. As mentioned earlier, by using the public transport systems, econom- ic development will increase on the routes and stops and places of consumption and food sale will increase. The Market could be part of this system, dedicating a section solely to the sale, preparation and consumption of food of all cuisines. City Market will benefit the investment in retail and residential space within the city. The streets will not be overcrowded with traders, allowing shop front development to happen. The proposed market is a specialty node and will increase the attraction of the Inner City on a city-wide and even national scale making it a destination of choice. The Newtown Cultural Precinct is testament to the City?s determina- tion to maintain heritage. Heritage, which does not come only in the form of built structure, will be revived when a successful market that once existed, reinvents itself within Newtown. The City Market inter- vention will hopefully let the user experience the cities vibe, and the informal, formal and periodic traders will share a space that is unique to the city. The recently refurbished Old Kippies Jazz Club by the JDA with GAPP Architects and Urban Designers, has been reopened as a heritage and cultural space adding to the vibe of the arty precinct. ?This addition to the cultural landscape will increase the cultural of- fering available in Newtown in the form of theatre, dance studios, museums, performance space, retail, office and residential spaces?, said Lael Bethlehem, CEO of the JDA. V i a b i l i t y of City Market The following table will aid in defining the site location of City Market and assessing its viability. Table: adapted from the Urban Development Framework of Johannesburg CITY CONTEXT ASSESSMENT SITE SPECIFIC ASSESSMENT CONSTRAINTS & OPPORTUNITIES DETAILED DESIGN OBJECTIVE The impact of the develop- ment on the urban structure needs to be considered. The Market must demonstrate the impact it has on surrounding neighbourhoods. Recognising the positive effect the Market will have. Developing the Market within urban design guidelines. ASPECTS TO CONSIDER Movement Nodal development Densities Open Spaces Sustainable neighbourhoods. Development must be with- in the Urban Development Boundary Need to assess the availability of infrastructure (physical and social) and the impact the market will have with future development. Access is vital to this project. Site topography. Natural features. The market must be directly linked to the public transport system (Taxi ranks, BRT and Gautrain Station). The positive impact of increased densities around the nodes. There needs to be a provi- sion for open/public space. Developments that can happen on the site. Arrangement of spaces. Promote frontage development. Pedestrian links and public space must be provided. Developments need to be focused on major routes. Storm water treatment. PLANS & RESTRICTIONS IDP/SDF (Spatial Development Framework) SDF/RSDF (Regional Spatial Development Framework) Current Precinct plans and development proposals. Urban design guidelines. Site development Plan. According to the Regional Spatial Development Framework (RSDF) and the Spatial Development Framework (SDF) the proposed City Market needs to subscribe to the vision, planning principles, strate- gies, policies, and by-laws of the CoJ. City Market therefore, whilst accommodating informal traders, must make a meaningful contribu- tion to the city?s strategies. Understanding the potential impact of the proposed market and its location is key to determining a future city that is sustainable, efficient and accessible to all. The establish- ment of City Market may impact significantly on the traffic patterns and these effects will be felt city wide, which will call for planning of adequate parking and traffic routes. Physical and social infrastruc- ture, should have positive effects on the spaces created adding to the usage of the environment. The Urban Development Framework (UDF) 2007 states that ?the as- sessment framework compels a prospective developer to consider the bigger picture by assessing and demonstrating the contribution of a new development to the City?s strategies and desired urban structure?. The proposal of City Market investigates and considers ?the bigger picture? of Johannesburg, a city that aspires to be sustainable, ef- ficient and accessible to all. 74 75 Newtown, situated in the Inner City has a population of 198 143 (2006 statistics). The rapidly growing population within Johannesburg has throughout the past decade, led to overcrowding, illegal occupation of buildings, and associated poverty and crime. This therefore increased the demand for infrastructure such as housing. Joubert Park, Hillbrow and Berea are all densely populated areas north of Newtown, whereas to the south there are some of Johannesburg?s oldest working-class suburbs, with newer residen- tial developments spreading outwards towards the periphery. The region is an energetic area, undergoing changes and revitalisations by the Johannesburg Development Agency (JDA), which aims to deliver strategic economic infrastructure to catalyse sustainable economic growth. The Inner City is the most significant economic node in Johannes- burg with its historical value and functions as a regional employment and shopping node for residents throughout South Africa and other African countries. It has a vibrant street life, with an estimated one million commuters passing through daily. Informal trade, as previously mentioned has responded to the demand for goods and services and the formal business sector is increasing in the amount of small businesses that are attracted to more affordable rentals on offer in the centrally located Inner City. Due to the City street trading by-laws, Newtown has restricted traders from trading within the area. Accord- ing to Nhlanhla Makhoba from MTC, these by-laws need to be revised and areas within Newtown should be prioritised for trading. I therefore need to investigate and question the possibility of the proposal of City Market concept and site selection within Newtown?s Cultural Precinct. Newtown, with the large amount of social housing developing, lacks in the development of social amenities and facilities such as com- munity gathering points and green spaces. The Inner City SDF aims at creating 50 000 to 70 000 new housing units by 2015 of which 20 000 for affordable housing. These housing opportunities in the Inner City have led to the development of resident communities which is a positive aspect in cities social development. Mary Fitzgerald Square, in Newtown?s Cultural Precinct and the old station, situated alongside the Nelson Mandela Bridge, are public spaces within Johannesburg that have not been utilised to their full potentials and are sites which I will investigate as possibilities for City Market. According to the Inner City Charter of 2007, ?Johannesburg must identify opportunities that can be used to develop the city as a world class destination serving a range of users, a place where people want to stay because it offers a high quality urban environment with available social and educational facilities, public open space, and en- tertainment opportunities?. In essence the opportunity and develop- ment of City Market will attempt at resolving the issues of informal traders whilst creating an intervention that revitalises the concept of market within public spaces. The new market environment should be favourable to investors, tour- ists and businesses in the creation of new economic opportunities. Newtown could now have the possibility of incorporating a formal and periodic market, generating additional attractions and activities to city dwellers and tourists. City Market would also be supported by Metro Mall and the newly developed Gautrain and BRT transport sys- tem nodes. From deductions and analysis of my research, historical backgrounds and studies of markets, I have selected two sites within the Cultural Precinct of Newtown that I find compatible with the de- sign intervention of a market and which I will explore. Site S e l e c t i o n Aerial view: Newtown Cultural Precinct with proposed site interventions _ O l d S t a t i o n B u i l d i n g & N i k i ? s O a s i s 76 77 S i t e 0 1 _ Old Station Building The Old Station building was part of the Amsterdam Exhibition in Holland and was imported and erected in 1897. Once the new complex of Park Station was completed in 1932, the 154m long structure was relocated to Esselen Park and later moved and re- constructed in Newtown. The steel framed structure is currently situated on the grounds north of the Brickfields Housing project. Currently the Old Station building is used as a venue for fashion shows, parties and events occurring on particular evenings of the year. During the day, the dusty derelict site adjacent to the station is used as grounds for a driving school whilst the station itself provides illegal shelter to the homeless. The northern side of the structure overlooking the railway tracks is inhabited by squatters who have created their own washing area, religious gathering area and sleeping facilities below the structure. Apart from being a magnificent and iconic structure, the station building is a heritage structure which should be utilised. According to the JDA, proposals are in the pipeline for the refurbishment and maintenance of it. Assuming its future revitalisation, City Market would then play a vital role of activating the surrounding area. The proposed Market would be viable, not only for the sole purpose of a trading venue and public space but as a place for communities to interact and appreciate the heritage value of the area. Another contributing factor to the intervention is the close proximity of the site to the Gautrain Station, Park Station, Metro Mall taxi rank and a BRT stop as well as residential developments such as Brickfields. There are future plans for the development of more affordable accommodation in the area and upgrading of buildings to continue to absorb the poorer section of the population and enhance the quality of living. This future development will increase the number of inhabitants in the area who will subsequently need more services, amenities and social facilities, justifying the need for the development of City Market. The location of City Market within the grounds of the Old Station building would place the intervention along two major arterials, namely Nelson Mandela Bridge and Carr Street, as well as being within walking distance of the Metro Mall Taxi Rank, which makes the site highly accessible to vehicular and pedestrian traffic. Major public transport transfer ranks (inter-nodal transport hubs) such as Metro Mall, Park Station, Ghandi Square, Joubert Park, Faraday, Westgate and Jeppe, play a major role in the distribution of passengers to destinations such as Randburg and Fourways. If City Market were to be located on the Old Station site, there would be a need to improve movement connectivity, traffic flow, parking facilities and address congestion, especially on the north-south connections of Nelson Mandela Bridge and Carr Street. According to MTC, as 22% of all taxi routes start in the Inner City, with 66% of all Soweto taxis routed to the Inner City, transportation routes will have to be analysed and improved in such a way that commuters can easily access the market as well as facilitating routes for traders whilst carrying their produce to the market. Images: _The original Johannesburg Station 1895 (Museum Africa Archives) _ Site plan of the Old Station building in Newtown 2010 78 79 The alternative location for City Market is overlooking Mary Fitzgerald Square. The specific location in which to place the intervention is the block in which Niki?s Oasis is situated between Bree and Jeppe Street, and Gerald Sekoto and Margaret Mcingana. To the north of the site is the Market Theatre, an art complex which houses three theatres (the old eastern trading section) and MuseumAfrica (opened in 1994). To the south the Cultural Precinct with many more facilities such as bus parking lot, Workers Museum, Dance Factory, Sci Bono, restaurants and Bassline. Opposite the site, overlooking the square, is the highway overpass, beneath it is parking and toilet facilities. Niki?s Oasis is placed directly on the eastern perimeter of Mary Fitzgerald Square, which was renamed in 1939 in honour of the first woman trade unionist who played a key role in the 1910 miners? strike. The square was a former wagon site which was used as a place of protest for many strikers? meetings at the turn of the 20th century. The square lies at the heart of Newtown and is used currently for public performances and gatherings, festivals, concerts and exhibitions with the capacity for 50 000 people. The lighting found in the square, took its influence from the original cooling towers that were once dominant in Newtown. The carved heads, visible throughout the square and the surrounds, were sculpted by artists from disused railway sleepers. The windows of the block of Niki?s Oasis are bricked up and barbed wire covers all points of entry. The only form of activity happens on the wall of one of these buildings on Miriam Makeba Street, where artists are commissioned or are free to do artwork on it. These buildings need to be revamped as they are situated in a cultural arena of international standard. Every day in the Market Theatre, there is a small flea market which is at its busiest on Saturday mornings. Traders sell unique African crafts, clothing, antiques, printed fabrics, sculptures, beads, and finely crafted curious. If City Market were to be situated on the Niki Oasis block it would revive Mary Fitzgerald Square as all the market goers could spill out onto the square after having completed their shopping. Transport routes within Newtown have already been developed from the taxi?s that frequently pass through the area as well as the newly developed BRT system. The reactivation of the square would mean that visitors would not solely go to Newtown, park their cars, and visit the Museums and heritage sites. Instead they could appreciate and use the new space that is provided. The Market could regenerate the area, bringing in a vast amount of people. People could circulate around the market, enjoy the Square, and then walk through the Market Theatre or other roads on to return to their residential nodes or convenient method of transport. S i t e 0 2 _ Niki?s Oasis Block Images: _Newtown Market Square stalls and mobile traders (Museum Africa Archives) _ Site plan of Niki?s Oasis and proposed intervention area, Newtown 2010 80 81 Newtown?s Potato Shed Proposed Developments In my investigation process I discovered that there are develop- ments planned for nearby sites within Newtown. I will assume these will follow through and include this information throughout the investigative and design process of this thesis. The Potato Shed is one of the developments that could influence the City Market proposal. The Potato Shed and maintenance yard were built in 1914, located behind the Museum Africa and Market Theatre complex, west of Kippies, and cover an area of 2.2 hectares. The old Potato Sheds were converted into an arts centre, focusing on the needs of children and young people. ?The Afrika Cultural Centre launched in 1980 is a not-for-profit educational, cultural and developmental Non Govern- mental Organisation which was formed to promote, produce, research and develop cultural, artistic, educational and vocational programmes for the encouragement and advancement of community development?. The centre focuses on community-driven programmes for the creation of employment and economic opportunities through arts and culture. Future plans for the site include a R1 billion Atterbury commercial de- velopment consisting of shops, offices and a 180-room hotel. The 60 000 m? project, ?The Majestic Development? will take over the Potato sheds, the building south of Carr Street and the open space directly north of the sheds. According to Atterbury?s project manager, the facades will be retained for the mixed-use development which will feature predominantly corporate office space with some retail and residential, making it a great opportunity for investors in these sectors. Another development in the pipelines for this site includes ?Newtown Junction?. The Atterbury project overview states that the site behind the Market Theatre complex will be converted into a vibrant, modern mixed-use and arts centre. It will be another opportunity for inves- tors as it?s located in the vibrant and growing cultural hub of New- town. The 21 000 m? development, comprises of basement parking, retail space (5 106 m?), gymnasium (3 729 m?), conference centre (1 445 m?) and hotel (10 727 m?). The outcome of the projects will increase Newtown?s residential, of- fice and retail outlets, increasing the vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The newly densely populated area would give reason for the idea of City Market and the creation of a public space. Although previously banned, traders will increase in the area of Newtown and with the newly revised by-laws; traders would be allowed to trade within City Market. This new hub would become a destination in Johannesburg comprising of new residential developments, offices, hotels, public spaces with the intervention of City Market. Image: The market and abattoirs of Johannesburg 1913 (Museum Africa Archives) Images opposite: _The Potato Shed (Museum Africa Archives) _Atterbury Investments Newtown development proposal S I T E C H O I C E To conclude on all the research accumulated regarding site choice, the block of Niki?s Oasis overlooking Mary Fitzgerald Square would be a most adequate and compatible setting for my thesis. The location, surroundings, safety issues, street facades, distance to transport, pedestrian activity, height of surrounding buildings, zoning and density, traders convenience, historical value, existing street character and finally future development proposals are all core based design issues that lead to the conclusion of City Mar- kets site choice. Existing trade within Newtown overlaid with the future proposed developments provided evidence that a market and place for so- cial interaction is necessary. The larger volumes of residents will need to be catered for in terms of amenities and the basic need for shopping. City Markets concept should be designed for the cultural, social, historical and urban content of the area. It will pro- vide economic upliftment, jobs and urban regeneration, human interaction as well as trade and cultural exchange. Markets are places not only for the purpose of daily shopping but are aimed at creating a place of entertainment, social interaction for the masses of people who are out shopping on the weekends and who live within a close radius to the city centre. Markets at- tract not only shoppers but artists, dancers, and create a vibrant destination point within the city centre, increasing pedestrian friendly routes, landscaping, better use of the square, the creation of a landmark to aid orientation within the city, concentrating ac- tivity along the street edges and specifically on Mary Fitzgerald S quare. Images: _Future macro level plan _Existing trade within Newtown 82 83 M A P P I N G 07 URBAN MAPPING CONTEXTUAL MAPPING CITY MARKET AS A THEATRE DESIGN DETERMINANTS 84 85 Persons per hectare Image: CoJ_ Corporate GIS, February 2007 Census 2001, Statistics SA 2006 Population Distribution Image: CoJ_ Corporate GIS, February 2007 Census 2001, Statistics SA 2006 Persons Per Hectare (2001) _0 - 25 _26 - 50 _51 - 100 _101 - 500 _> 500 Population Distribution (2001) 1 D o t = 1 0 P e o p l e Urban Mapping _Density + Distribution The diagrammatic maps that follow indicate the use of urban spaces within the Inner City of Johannesburg. The maps first and foremost illustrate zoning, infrastruc- ture, services and attractions showing that the west quad- rant of Johannesburg is dominated by the Newtown Cultural Precinct with heritage destinations, businesses and industrial warehousing. The maps however also reveal that the use of space in this area is highly segregated. The various different zoning areas have no connection and interaction with each other and seem detached from the buzzing Metro Mall. The vibrant Mall has no connection to Mary Fitzgerald Square. Some shops have began to creep up GwigwiMrwebi, Bree and Jeppe Street, indicating a possible spatial link to City Market City in the form of a trading hub. The conclusion from this urban reading is clear: this part of the city will expand in the near future with the development of accomodation, offices, hotels, etc. and is therefore in need of further development that will allow a scope for trading di- versity and provide grounds for social interaction where peo- ple meet and come together. This intervention should allow for the potential formation of more dynamic and progressive urban relationships. Table: Data retrieved from Statistics South Africa, highlighting the consistant growth in population and therefore the increasing demands of our society regarding provision of services and trade. Provinces Census 1996 Census 2001 % Change CS 2007 % Change Eastern Cape 6 147 244 6 278 651 2,1 6 527 747 4,0 Free State 2 633 504 2 706 775 2,8 2 773 059 2,4 Gauteng 7 624 893 9 178 873 20,4 10 451 713 13,9 KwaZulu-Natal 8 572 302 9 584 129 11,8 10 259 230 7,0 Limpopo 4 576 133 4 995 534 9,2 5 238 286 4,9 Mpumalanga 3 124 203 3 365 885 7,7 3 643 435 8,2 Northern Cape 1 011 864 991 919 -2,0 1 058 060 6,7 North West 2 936 554 3 193 676 8,8 3 271 948 2,5 Western Cape 3 956 875 4 524 335 14,3 5 278 585 16,7 South Africa 40 583 573 44 819 778 10,4 48 502 063 8,2 86 87 Urban Mapping _Zoning _Business _Educational _Industrial _Public Open Space _Residential (low density) _Residential (high density) _Special _Government & Municipal _General 88 89 Urban Mapping _Existing Infrastructure _Formal Taxi Ranks _Informal Taxi Ranks _BRT Routes (existing) _BRT Routes (future construction) _BRT Stations _Parking (Surface & Basement) _Park Station & Gautrain Precinct 90 91 Urban Mapping _Services + Attractions _Parks _Public Space _Museums/Heritage/Theatre _Education/Training _Clinics _Services (library, post office, government offices, places of worship) _Park Station & Gautrain Precinct 92 93 _Residential _Cultural _Business _Industrial _Commercial The Proposed City Market Urban Considerations _improve efficiency of internodal interchange _build upon the BRT _provision of parking and signage _improve accessibility to the area by both pedestrians and motorists _implement safe pedestrain routes _improve safety and security in the area _create special places, activities and experiences _promote social integration and inclusion _create jobs and economic opportunities in the area _upgrade existing and provide new social amenities _upgrade the streetscape _conserve and develop the heritage of the area _develop public open space in the area _balance the interests of land uses and users _develop ?crucible? spaces _diversify retail mix _formalise informal trade along busy pedestrian routes _coordinate building facades _encourage active street edges and vertical mixing of uses _incorporate and celebrate heritage Contextual Mapping _Clothing/Fashion _Food Outlet _Computers/Cellphone/ Internet Cafe _Take Aways/Restaurants _Hair Parlour/Beauty _Motors/Spares/Tyres _Bar/Liquor Store Pedestrian Street Edge of City Market Block The pedestrian street edge of Miriam Makeba is lined by trees and gives priority to pedestrians with large walkways and safe crossing points. Together with Margaret Mcingana, these streets will form key through routes between different areas of the framework and will be those most often used by pedestrians and BRT passenger users. These edges will be characterised by: _ Entrances and shops to make the streets more inviting to users. _ The edges of the streets will be seen from close to (rather than in wide expansive views). For this reason the detail, shelter, activity and robustness of the edges will be important in terms of how successful they are and how well they are used. Shelter provided by canopies or the edges of buildings will also be useful to make these streets more comfortable and it may be appro- priate for some of them to be covered with open glazed structures. _ Lighting and daylighting down to ground level will need to be consid- ered. The setting back of upper storeys of development and the cre- ation of a strongly articulated ground floor level may be an option. _ A clear demarcated outdoor zone in areas along the street will pro- vide for informal trade. This will be a temporary space for traders. _N E W T O W N T R A D E _N E W T O W N Z O N I N G 94 95 Images: Current pedestrian movement and densities (morning above & evening below) Images: Illustration of the effect that City Market would have on the urban setting (morning above & evening below) with future developments taken into consideration. Contextual Mapping _P E D E S T R I A N M O V E M E N T 96 97 Contextual Mapping _S T R E E T E D G E Cnr M.Mcingana & Jeppe Cnr M.Mcingana & Jeppe Cnr M.Makeba & Jeppe Cnr G.Sekoto & Jeppe Cnr G.Sekoto & Bree Cnr M.Mcingana & Bree Cnr M.Makeba & Bree Cnr M.Mcingana & Bree 98 99 Contextual Mapping _I M P E R M E A B L E U R B A N E D G E S The traditional successful pattern of building usage in Johannesburg has been retail on the ground floor, topped by offices or apartments. Streets should be safe, comfortable, interesting places for people to walk and meet. Windows and doors facing the sidewalk make streets safer and more interesting. In certain places crime or lack of customers has caused the ground floor to become boarded or bricked up. Street traders, while bringing activity to the sidewalk, have often been responsible for the decline of the rent paying shop owners. The perception of streets as uncontrollable ?rivers of crime? has led to the unfortunate erection of inward-looking single storey shopping centres which further compound the problem on the street. Successful trading in the city occurs as ?formalised informal? which is retail set into the facades of buildings, and spilling in a controlled manner onto pavements where there is enough width for the passage of pedestrians. This should be encouraged as a conversion to existing derelict buildings with ?dead? facades. Within the City Market block, pedestrain movement not only needs to follow the existing west to east direction but instead needs to filter north to south. Building and pedestrain permeability needs to be created allowing free flow. The walled off block needs to be broken down allowing pedestrain access and movement. _Impermeable Wall _Fence _Traffic Flow _Empty Sites _Proposed Movement ?encourage active street edges and vertical mixing of uses? MIRIAM MAKEBA BREE STREET JEPPE STREET GERARD SEKOTO M1 QUEEN ELIZABETH MARY FITZGERALD SQUARE NTEMI PILISO 100 101 Contextual Mapping _R E A D I N G H E I G H T U R B A N I N F O R M A N T S S N In the urban environment of Newtown, light and sight lines become key design devices. A reading of surrounding building heights en- sures that any new intervention communicates with its context in terms of scale and natural day lighting. Visual connections and urban informants between City Market and its surrounding buildings are explored in a reading of horizontal lines (streetscape above) in con- junction with the influential surroundings of the Cultural precinct, its design detailing and heritage value. 102 103 Contextual Mapping _H E R I T A G E + P R O P O S A L A A B B AA BB MIRIAM MAKEBA BREE STREET JEPPE STREET GERARD SEKOTO MARY FITZGERALD SQUARE South Africa has entered a period of transformati on; around the country, urban centers are being transformed with the vi- sion of integrated social and economic development. Old build- ings are being reclaimed and redefi ned in visionary ways. The success of this transformati on is already tangible in numerous urban nodes throughout Johannesburg?s Inner City. The Bus Factory, the Drum Caf? and the Hillbrow housing programmes are just a few admirable architectural examples. Yet the space of City Market within Newtown, overlooking Mary Fitzgerald Square, is not uti lised to its full potenti al. An interventi on is required , one which breaks down the existi ng blocks, whilst sti ll conserving the fragile and heraitage value of the origainal early 1900?s market warehouses. 104 105 Contextual Mapping _C O M P A R A T I V E S C A L E S T U D Y YEOVILLE MARKET _ Johannesburg BRYANSTON ORGANIC MARKET _ Johannesburg THE MILLS MARKET _ Cape Town JOBURG FRESH PRODUCE MARKET _ Johannesburg In order to acquire a sense of scale I overlayed existing local and international markets on the Newtown proposed site. The markets though consist of differing programming. An analysis was made of each market addressing location, purpose, specific trading type, allocated space per trader and the extent of community involvement. I also looked at movement within the space such as access points, circulation, back of house functionality and the activity levels created by traders and shoppers. BRICKLANE BACKYARD MARKET _ London CAMDEN MARKET _ London COVENT GARDEN MARKET _ London SPITAFIELDS MARKET _ London FEDERATION SQUARE _ Melbourne LAU PA SAT _ Thailand SANTA CATERINA MARKET _ Barcelona WEST SIDE MARKET _ Ohio 106 107 The City Market proposal is conceptualised around the model of a theatre. The Back stage will comprise of the back of house facilities such as deliveries and storage; the theatre?s stage will in essence be the merchandise on sale to the public, the showing off and trading of the spectacles, products and various entertainment activities; the front of house encompasses the audience, the user of the market; and lastly, the theatrical lobby reminiscent of City Markets entrances, facades and overall integration of the users with the space within the City of Johannesburg. Users of the market will respond diversely to the assortment of spaces. The user types are defined as the following: Passive User The passive or public user would meander through the market and experience the exhibition areas, eating facilities, variety of stores and merchandise on display, utilising the market in a non transforming manner, in which only purchases will be made. Reactive User A reactive user would include the traders themselves who are in- volved in the process of acquiring and selling merchandise. Their trading spaces would be dictated but the product on sale, thus vary- ing their space usage. Traders would adapt and alter their designated space in order to satisfy their needs. Creative User Another user that can be classified in the market context is the creative user, who would create a completely new space within the new market environment and its amenities. An example of these would be people such as artists or exhibitionists, people who have the opportunity to develop their skills and talents within the market premise, encouraging creativity and community participation. Subtle creative users would occur in situations where architecture encourages reactions and responses from the users, and does not limit their creativity. Flexibility will be essential in the markets design as traders tend to move away from rigid and inflexible modules. Traders need to trans- form their own space in order to be satisfied. ?Movement plays an important role in all human endeavours? (Moore 1988: 105). Movement is one of the aspects that allows the public and the user to experience an architectural space. Different transitions and thresh- olds will be used within the design intervention to alter the way in which users move around the space. City Markets design intervention will cater for the various function types of the different users, and will be an active space experienced both during the day, night, and especially on the weekends. Spaces will be allocated in a hierarchical system to allow for growth and development amongst the traders. Corridors of market stalls will lead to open areas in which there will be provision for seating, eating and playing. The food court type arrangement will allow the user to enjoy their fresh food just purchased or perhaps make use of the designated cooking facilities where the user can buy or bring products, cook and consume them. Washing spaces and toilet facilities will be essential in the design as well as recycling areas. An open space will allow for exhibitions showcasing the historical development of markets in Johannesburg, reminiscing the users of the memory of what was the old city. As B. Tschumi ar- gues: ?Architecture is as much about the event that takes place in a space as about the space itself? Experience is an important aspect to consider. Experience may be divided into various fields such as sensation, perception and conception which are all interconnected to human emotions and thoughts. The space created needs to be tied closely to the user?s experience. Touch, smell, hearing and sight all form sensations which culminate in the experience of the market environment. Space begins to be shaped into the idea of place, becoming a place when people use the space lit up by natural lighting. The concept of place emphasises the importance of the sense of belonging which describes an emotional attachment to a place (Carmona 2003:97). ?Public spaces are characterised by the presence of people, in an often self-reinforcing process. Public spaces are essentially discretionary environments: people have to use them and conceivably could choose to go elsewhere. If they are to become ani- mated, they must offer what people want, in an attractive and safe environment? (Carmona 2003, p.99- 100). Market places have the presence of large volumes of people in which there are various activities such as greetings, conversations, trading and communal areas, making City Market function as a com- mon ground for social interaction, intermingling and communication. In order to make the market a successful concept, the location needs to be within a transport network and the site needs to be both physically and visually accessible as mentioned in previous chapters. The surrounding streets need to be pedestrian friendly to become part of the social space and public seating needs to be provided. The design of the edge will play a vital role as this will influence the activation of the space. Movement will therefore need to be analysed and will influence the design. ?Movement through a public space becomes the heart of an urban experience. Movement becomes an important factor in generat- ing life and activity within the space? (Carmona 2003, p. 169). City Market will essentially be a place of trading diversity providing grounds for social interaction where people meet and come together in a sustainable urban lifestyle. This intervention should allow for the po- tential formation of more dynamic and progressive urban relationships. City Market as a Theatre Design Determinants Informal traders will be a large part of City Market and will therefore need to consider their spatial distribution in relation to transport routes, their product types and stock values, as well as shift rotation schedules as the market will most likely be open on a 24hr basis. From trading by-law analysis, implementation of certain types of regulations need to be based on three central pillars: the establish- ment of three different grades of markets with differing services and infrastructural offerings, based on affordability of vendors and purchasing patterns and choices of the main consumers; support (e.g. provision of shelters, toilets, electricity, water) and training; and by-laws enforcement (need to re-examine the system of confiscation of goods). Key determinants for the spatial planning of the market will include concentrating the market along natural lines of movement and creating density in and around the transport hubs in the market vicinity. Nodes are locations of concentrated activity often associated with the presence of employment opportunities and high density residential development located on or adjacent to mobility roads and spines, and as such act as destinations for public transport (Spatial Development Framework). The dense surrounding residential areas will benefit directly from the market with property values escalating due to high demand. It is vital that all new development of informal trade take into account the overall impact upon the identity and character of the Inner City and respect it?s history and the value of its tangible and non-tangible heritage. In order to develop City Market as space for informal traders the proposal would incorporate the knowledge and research gained from my studies, including the Informal Trading Policy, which lays the foundation for the exercise of informal trading in a manner that is beneficial to the traders, property owners and customers. The policy shows that the government is committed to implementing a legitimate regulatory framework for this dynamic sector with the purpose to create a well managed informal trading sector that is well integrat- ed into the economic, spatial and social development goals of the City. A sensitive architectural and urban intervention could see City Market design and its surroundings merge and grow into an integrated, innovative and vibrant sustainable lifestyle hub which would establish this interactive node between current culture and reflection of past heritage. 108 109 P A R T 3 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT .01 ABSTRACT 001 .02 SETTING Painting a picture... 003 .03 INTRODUCTION City Market 005 .04 HISTORICAL CONTEXT Discovery of market origins 007 The rise of formal markets The rise & decline of informal trade .05 CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT Current formal market 029 Learning from the informal traders Metro Trading Company (MTC) Periodic markets .06 SITE ISSUES Proposed Setting 069 City Market proposed intervention & viability Site selection Newtowns proposed developments .07 MAPPING Urban mapping 083 Contextual mapping City Market as a Theatre .08 PROGRAM Market users 111 Existing urban form Programmatic arrangement .09 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Concept development 119 .10 STRUCTURAL CONCEPT Form + structure 123 Sun study Developing form .11 DESIGN DRAWINGS Plans, sections, elevations, details, site plan 135 Events programme Perspectives .12 REFERENCES 209 .13 APPENDIX Interviews 213 Market Details 110 111 USERS + PROGRAM CONNECTIONS EXISTING URBAN FORM PROGRAMMATIC ARRANGEMENT P R O G R A M 08 Images: Fifa Coca Cola Man, Newtown (Credit Flicker User CCSA 2010) 112 113 _USERS _PROGRAM CONNECTIONS TRADERS Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat Sun Public Holidays Newtown Events Survival traders Periodic traders Night traders Contract traders Food on the go Street food bar Braai stalls Shutt er stalls Shops Deli counters Butchery Specialty shops FUNCTIONS Niki?s Oasis Restaurant Workshops + Studios Day Care Internet Cafe + Library Cooking School Restaurant City Bar Outdoor Theatre + Events Exhibiti ons + Fashion shows BOH + SERVICES Preparati on + cleaning up TRADERS 04h00 06h00 08h00 10h00 12h00 14h00 16h00 18h00 20h00 22h00 24h00 Survival traders Periodic traders Night traders Contract traders Food on the go Street food bar Braai stalls Shutt er stalls Shops Deli counters Butchery Specialty shops FUNCTIONS Niki?s Oasis Restaurant Workshops + Studios Day Care Internet Cafe + Library Cooking School Restaurant City Bar Outdoor Theatre + Events Exhibiti ons + Fashion shows BOH + SERVICES Preparati on + cleaning up Trading typology and a producti on to sale analysis has provided insight for the operati onal ti mes of City Market. The following tables represent users in the market on an hourly and weekly basis. Programmati c connecti ons and the understanding of the back of house and servicing functi onality defi ne the spati al design arrangements. EATINGPRODUCT DISPLAYDELIVERY MEANDERINGPURCHASE LOADING BAYS CLEANING UP OF DELIVERIES MAINTANENCE/REFUSE 114 115 N _heritage refurbished S _heritage refurbished _E X I S T I N G U R B A N F O R M MIRIAM MAKEBA BREE STREET JEPPE STREET GERARD SEKOTO M1 MARGARET MCINGANA MIRIAM MAKEBA GERARD SEKOTO MARGARET MCINGANA 116 117 _P R O G R A M M A T I C A R R A N G E M E N T STREET LEVEL DINING/DINING BAR COURTYARD OUTDOOR SEATS BOH + KITCHEN WC CIRCULATION ARTISTS CORNER STUDIO SPACE SHOPS CIRCULATION WC + STORE SALE COUNTERS SHOPS BOH CIRCULATION COLDROOMS WASHING + PREP CIRCULATION MEAT/POULTRY MEAT HOISTS BOH + PREP FRONT OF HOUSE MANAGEMENT SECURITY COFFEE SHOP LIBRARY/INTERNET KITCHEN OLD YARD WC 3x3 or 2.5x3 DISPLAY AREA BOH COUNTER SPACE BOH + STORE COOKING FACILITY SEATING AREA EATING AREA CRATE AREA BOH TABLE SPACE TABLE STORAGE WASHING + PREP FLOOR SPACE STORE (BASEMENT) REFUSE SORTING BINS + LOADING WC SERVICE LIFT PARKING RAMP CIRCULATION STAIRS + RAMPS N. BAYS BAYS + CIRC SERVICE AREA CIRCULATION FIRST LEVEL DINING BALCONY SEATS CRAFT WORKSHOP CRAFT SALES CIRCULATION WC + STORE BUTCHERY COLDROOMS STORE MANAGERS OFFICE WC CIRCULATION STAIRS + RAMPS SALE OUTLET RECEPTION LECTURE ROOMS COLDROOM/STORE COOKING AREA SERVICE LIFT SHOPS AREA SEATING IN POD SECOND LEVEL FIRST AID ROOM NURSE STATION QUIET AREA CIRCULATION WC CIRCULATION STAIRS + RAMPS RECEPTION AREA BAR LOUNGE DINING AREA BOH + KITCHEN SERVICE LIFT DELIVERY YARD ENCLOSED BAR AREA BOH BAR OUTDOOR BAR AREA FOURTH LEVEL ROOF GARDEN PLAY AREA STORAGE CIRCULATION THIRD LEVEL DAY CARE FACILITY SLEEPING AREA STORE CIRCULATION WC CIRCULATION OUTDOOR THEATRE FUNCTION NIKI?S OASIS JOZI?S SEED DELICATESSEN BUTCHERY OLD BANK SHUTTER STALLS FIXED DISPLAY 24hr STREET BAR BRAAI AREA FOOD COURT ARTS + CRAFTS CLOTHING SALES FOOD GOODS SERVICE AREA CIRCULATION COOKING SCHOOL SPECIALTY SHOP GREEN POD RESTAURANT CITY BAR OUTDOOR EVENTS PARKING sq.m 131 36 176 137 40 26 186 130 33 76 42 62 147 67 28 24 154 37 6 77 119 145 68 132 48 20 24 16 222 215 251 35 66 22 50 138 55 50 206 26 31 340 147 288 100 140 16 210 2442 53 98 3376 183 70 sq.m 177 54 101 125 25 32 158 21 21 66 83 327 198 82 28 85 27 167 16 90 51 TOT SQ.M 750 1980 483 439 453 222 466 101 72 138 105 232 518 594 406 90 51 594 175 564 3776 sq.m 122 105 120 75 26 63 4 37 44 90 230 164 16 28 77 26 72 sq.m 200 119 24 75 26 96 564 sq.m 150 223 18 50 N E W C O N S T R U C T I O N R E F U R B I S H E D B U I L D I N G S TRADE ENTERTAINMENT CIRCULATION RAMPS SERVICES GREEN PODS EDUCATION + WORKSHOPS N S N S N _heritage refurbished S _heritage N _program N _refurb + new 118 119 Program connections Circulation Refurbish existing heritage Flexible planning Service cores Visual connections D E S I G N D E V E L O P M E N T The objecti ve of City Market is to create an environment in which all the various trading typologies can amalgamate and interact cohesively. Creati ng fl exibility is key to the project. Spaces need to be able to contract and expand, accommodati ng all users and morphing in relati on to the functi on required. Vehicular circulati on surrounding the building defi ned cer- tain entrances and functi ons. Loading bays and delivery points are arranged according to the existi ng truck roots and extended so that they service the enti re City Market site. The ramp entrance to the basement parking was determined by the Bree Street West to East directi onal fl ow as well as the need to draw the parallel acti viti es of Jeppe Street across the site. One of the most important aspects of the project was keep- ing the original buildings as intact as possible, by refurbish- ing them in a manner of refl ecti ng the ever changing city and its historical importance. The impermeability of the existi ng buildings needs to be bro- ken down in order to increase pedestrian fl ow across the site and achieving a street like atmosphere internally whilst ap- preciated the heritage. The planning of the trading arrangement and public circula- ti on should be fl exible and allow for change of layout and functi onality depending on events and users needs. Produce variety is included in this analysis as wet and dry goods needed to be disti nguished and designed according to their relati ve requirements. Whilst maximizing fl exibility, certain programs such as the toilet cores of the building and verti cal circulati on remain permanent. Represented are the public circulati on staircases, ramps and elevator (green) as well as service lift and stairs that service the back of house functi ons of the restaurant kitchens, cook- ing school, storage and fi re escapes (blue). The diff erent level changes within City Market should be visible from all other fl oors and overlook each other, maxi- mizing the visual experience. Visual interacti on and ability to see acti vity from anywhere in the building establishes a dynamic environment through human visual connecti ons. The visual connecti ons not only establish a dynamic envi- ronment but refl ect the process of food preparati on from collecti ng the goods within the market to preparing and en- joying the fl avours within a unique space. 09 120 121 _C O N C E P T D E V E L O P M E N T City block with good pedestrian permeability on street level. Current impermeability with access only through shopfront entrances Breaking down the block and allowing for street level pedestrian permeability The City Market interventi on aims to break down the impermeable block. It seeks to convert the original heritage buildings into a living, breathing block that feeds from its surrounding context. The interventi on aims to shift the traditi onal city grid in certain parts of the markets so as to allow the street, and all its dynamism to bleed into the site. Where there was once one single door entrance to the buildings, this concept brings the street into the building and favors transparency, light- ness and community parti cipati on. BREE JEPPE MIRIAM MAKEBA MARGARET MCINGANA GERARD SEKOTO M a r y F i t z g e r a l d S q u a r e N e l s o n M a n d e l a B r i d g e parkingparking crafts fi rst a id day care coffee shop + managementbutchery studios shopsshops cooking schoolrestaurant restaurant bar deli C I R C U L A T I O N T R A D E S E R V I C E S R E F U R B I S H E D H E R I T A G E B U I L D I N G S Images: _Wakefi eld Market Hall, West Yorkshire (David Adjaye) _Metro Mall (by author) 122 123 S T R U C T U R A L C O N C E P T 10 124 125 _F O R M + S T R U C T U R E Previous page: Fabric, origami and installations representing shape, structure and lighting effects. Opposite Images: 01 & 02. Southern Cross Station Melbourne (Craig Abraham) 03. Nestle Chocolate Museum (Unique Rooftops 2007) 04. Mediacite Liege (Wilhelm & Co) 05. Terminal 5, Heathrow airport (Richard Rogers Designs) 06. Roofing Installation 07. Zhujiajiao Administration Centre (Architecture Design) 08. Wakefield Market Hall, West Yorkshire (David Adjaye Market) 09. Origami effect showing flexibility of structure 10. Southern Cross Station Melbourne (Craig Abraham) 11. Trans Bay terminal, San Francisco (Pelli Clark) 12. Authors adaptation of an origami structure and these images 13. Urban Umbrella (New York Urban Umbrella) 14. Origami model by author playing with roofing structure 15. Sketch by author representing the street edge Images: Sketches by author representing the thought process of the shaping development of the roofing structure. The focal point being the facade facing Mary Fitzgerald Square needs to be specifically dealt with as it will be the focal point of City Market. 01 0302 05 0706 08 09 10 1211 04 13 1514 126 127 Summer Solstice (21 December) Winter Solstice (21 June) _S U N S T U D Y Images: Solar Chart and sun study _R O O F C O N C E P T The diagrams from previous model studies, demonstrate how density, activeness of people and trade on the ground inform height diversities. Following the concept of building height variations, a solar study illustrates the need to maximise natural sun light with- in City Market. Tilting the roof panels to the correct angle allow direct winter light whilst protecting the traders from the harsh summer sunlight. In order to allow maximum light into the building, the struc- ture would raise in certain areas and drop at others. The deep overhangs will not only provide the traders with shade, but protect the market from rain and still let in low angled sunlight. The concrete column structure with steel roof framing will be broken above the public corridor in order for people to have direct vision of the sky, whilst creating a directional path way in the market. The use of light coloured eaves where there are large overhangs will optimise reflection into the building as well as the use of natural, texturally rich materials. Our visual world is made of light. We light to see and to com - municate and to create mood and atmosphere as well as to entertain. Light and shadow shape our visual experience and reaction to buildings. The design of the outer skin in the build- ing becomes critical in the channeling of natural light. Transparent and translucent materials refract light. The ap- pearence of a light roofing structure will be aided by the vi- sion of the sky as well as roofing panels with openings and patterns which will reflect on the ground. Light filters through the roof at different intensities and rainwater runs down the roof sheeting into downpipes running through the concrete columns and into a system that allows for the water to be re- used within City Market. SOLAR ROOFING SYSTEM City Market will comprise of a roof spanning a large area with vari - ous angled planes at different heights. As the roofing structure needs to provide solid, translucent and transparent elements, solar roofing would be ideal. Power Plastic is thin, light-weight and flexible, comprised of several thin layers: a photo-reactive printed layer, a transparent electrode layer, a plastic substrate and a protective packaging layer. Power Plastic can be manufactured up to 60? wide in virtually any length ? and panels can be combined for greater power output (konarka solar roofing). Solar roofing systems is an advanced triple junction thin film amor- phous-silicon photovoltaics on a 5 mil stainless steel substrate and en - capsulated in TEFZEL elastomer and other weather resistant polymers. Available in 3 models of roofing products: Structural Standing Seam, Architectural Standing Seam, or Shingles (Rose Street Labs). Easy to work with and install: Thin: Just .5mm thick Lightweight: 3oz per square foot Flexible: Roll it, wrap it, hang it Versatile: Apply it to structures, cars, awnings and more Organic: Power Plastic?s flexible thin-film photovoltaic technology uses 100% recyclable materials. Weatherproof: Operates from -20?C to 65?C Image: Multiple solar panel (Rose Street Labs) 128 129 _D E V E L O P I N G F O R M Site Refurshed heritage Market layout Column grid Level changes Roofing structure Market skin Vertical circulation + service cores 130 131 _D E V E L O P I N G F O R M City Markets creation as a landmark and destination point in the New- town Cultural Precinct should reflect Johannesburg?s cultural diversity as a city, with its different ethnic vendors and community-centric vibe. Beyond that, the market showcases a variety of local produce, gifts and events all that support our cities businesses, residential and social activities. In an attempt to maximize urban integration, the arrangement of the new proposed spaces will be informed by contextual spatial usages. The following images represent the conceptual development of City Market with views from all angles of the market. Design After taking into consideration contexual height differences, movement within the site, the existing and expected pedestrian movement informs spatail arrangement on the site. The in between space of the refurnished heritage and the the new market becomes the most dominant pedestrain movement route. This core aspect needs to be reflected on the roofscape. Site Contextual building heights inform the scale of the new development, as well as the large spanning of buildings such as Museum Africa, Turbine Hall, An- glo Gold and in close proximity Metro Mall. Circulation Circulation routes were conceptually placed on the site with the pinned areas representing entrance points to the market. Visual linkages are key to the market, not only in spaces within the market but between buildings, and in particular from Mary Fitzgerald Square and the M1 highway. Cover Various attempts at designing the roofscape proved that one single roof structure over the entire market could not be placed. Diversity in the roof treatment needs to reflect all the vibrant and diverse activities occurring below as well as the differentiation of the heritage and the new. Volumes need to maximize natural light and floor space. 132 133 EAST - GERARD SEKOTO STREETWEST - MARY FITZGERALD SQUARE NORTH - BREE STREET SOUTH - JEPPE STREET OVERVIEW 134 135 PLANS ELEVATIONS SECTIONS DETAILS WALK AROUND INTERNAL PERSPECTIVES EVENTS PROGRAMME PERSPECTIVES D E S I G N 11 D R A W I N G S 136 137 _S I T E P L A N 138 139 _S T R E E T L E V E L EATING AREA 24hr STREET BAR PREP & STORE S E LF C O O K IN G F A C IL IT Y R E N TE D B R A A I S TA N D S R E FU S E O R G A N IC R E FU S E KITCHEN NIKI'S OASIS SHOPS 2.5 x 3m SHOPS 3 x 3m MANAGEMENT OLD YARD SECURITY MANAGEMENT COFFEE SHOP SHOPS 4 x 5m ARTISTS EXPO CORNER MEAT SALE DELI POULTRY SALE STUDIO SPACE SHOPS 2.5 x 4m FOOD GOODS ARTS & CRAFTS CLOTHING CC - EE - BB - AA - BASEMENT PARKING INFORMAL RECYCLERS COLLECTION RECYCLING COLLECTION P LA S T IC G LA S S SORTING PODS INOUT COLDROOM STORE STORE SORTING PODS SORTING PODS SERVICE LIFT SERVICE LOBBY LOADING / REFUSE REMOVAL LO A D IN G / R E FU S E R E M O V A L SORTING SORTING ENTRY NEW KITCHEN STAFF WC MEAT HOIST CHICKEN RACK COLDROOMS 2 x 3m WASHING & PREP STRONG ROOM WASHING TABLE STORE PREP WASHING & PREP B.O.H SALE COUNTERS B.O.H SALE COUNTERS LIGHT WELL OUTDOOR SEATING SCULLERY LIGHT WELL LIGHT WELL LIGHT WELL LIGHT WELL DD - STOP FF - 0 10 15 205 MIRIAM MAKEBA BREE STREET JEPPE STREET GERARD SEKOTO 140 141 Pedestrian access Circulation Vertical Circulation _S T R E E T L E V E L Basement parking Trading outlets Periodic market 142 143 _S T R E E T L E V E L Deli + Butchery Consumption areas Back of house services Service yard/recycling Loading bays Table + Product store Lock up market Shutter stalls Trading outlets [deli] Trading outlets [butchery] 144 145 Niki OasisOld Bank Heritage Entrance Jozi?s SeedDeliButchery _P E D E S T R I A N A C C E S S 146 147 _BASEMENT LEVEL STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STORECOLDROOM REFUSE 0 10 15 205 MIRIAM MAKEBA BREE STREET JEPPE STREET GERARD SEKOTO 148 149 COOKING SCHOOL COOKING SCHOOL SALE OUTLET SERVICE AREA MANAGEMENT CRAFT WORKSHOP CRAFT SALES MEAT HOIST BUTCHERY PUBLIC CORRIDOR CC - EE - SPECIALTY SHOPS ARTISTS EXPO CORNER BB - NEW NIKI OASIS EXTENSION AA - + 4370 LECTURE ROOMS RECEPTION SERVICE LIFT SERVICE LOBBY COLDROOMSTORAGE + 4370 COLDROOM PACKAGING COLDROOM COLDROOM + 5000 + 3500 + 5100 + 4000 LIGHT WELL + 5800 RESTAURANT RAMP THEATRE & BAR RAMP GREEN POD SPACE OUTDOOR ENTERTAINMENT AREA DD - LIGHT WELL LIGHT WELL LIGHT WELL LIGHT WELL HANGING PLANTS OUTDOOR BALCONY DOUBLE VOLUME SERVICE AREA BASEMENT PARKING RAMP FF - 0 10 15 205 _FIRST LEVEL _COOK SCHOOL + SPECIALTY SHOPS MIRIAM MAKEBA BREE STREET JEPPE STREET GERARD SEKOTO circulation trade servicesschool + workshops 150 151 _FIRST LEVEL _COOK SCHOOL + SPECIALTY SHOPS 152 153 BAR ENCLOSED BAR AREA KITCHEN RESTAURANT + 4370 COOKING SCHOOL FIRST AID ROOM NURSE STATION LOUNGE PUBLIC CORRIDOR HANGING PLANTS CC - EE - RESTAURANT OUTDOOR BAR AREA QUIET SPACE COOKING SCHOOL SALE OUTLET RECEPTION AREA BB - AA - SERVICE LIFT SERVICE LOBBY STORE + 6570 + 5000 OUTDOOR DELIVERY YARD COLDROOM SCULLERY + 8570 + 5800 LIGHT WELL THEATRE RAMP STORAGE COLDROOM LIGHT WELL DD - LIGHT WELL LIGHT WELL LIGHT WELL LIGHT WELL FF - 0 10 15 205 +6800 _SECOND LEVEL _RESTAURANT + CITY BAR MIRIAM MAKEBA BREE STREET JEPPE STREET GERARD SEKOTO circulation restaurant + city bar first aid + nurse stationservices 154 155 DAY CARE FACILITY PLAY AREA SLEEPING AREA OUTDOOR THEATRE & EVENTS AREA CC - EE - + 12070 + 11300 EQUIPMENT DD - LIGHT WELL FF - 0 10 15 205 _THIRD LEVEL _OUTDOOR THEATRE + EVENTS AREA MIRIAM MAKEBA BREE STREET JEPPE STREET GERARD SEKOTO event area + day care 156 157 _FOURTH LEVEL _ROOF GARDEN + PLAY AREA MIRIAM MAKEBA BREE STREET JEPPE STREET GERARD SEKOTO roof garden 158 159 _ROOF PLAN _SUN STUDY Aft er designing the market spaces a basic sun anal- ysis was conducted during the summer and winter solsti ces and equinox. This was to ensure and show how the roofi ng structure would allow morning light in the market through the translucent panels and protect the traders from the harsh summer af- ternoon sun. It also highlights the shadows cast on the surrounding buildings and square. 08:00 10:00 12 noon 15:00 17:00 S u m m e r 0 10 15 205 0 10 15 205 0 10 15 205 0 10 15 205 0 10 15 205 0 10 15 205 0 10 15 205 0 10 15 205 0 10 15 205 0 10 15 205 W i n t e r 160 161 _ELEVATIONS _NORTH + SOUTH 0 10 15 205 0 10 15 205 1:500 _ B R E E S T R E E T O V E R V I E W 1:500 _ J E P P E S T R E E T O V E R V I E W 1:200 _ B R E E S T R E E T N O R T H E L E V A T I O N 1:200 _ J E P P E S T R E E T S O U T H E L E V A T I O N 162 163 SHOPSSHOPS COOKING SCHOOL SERVICE AREA MANAGEMENT OUTDOOR THEATRE & EVENTS AREA NIKI'S OASIS SERVICE AREA DINING AREA TABLE STORE DELICATESSEN CRAFT WORKSHOP & SALES FIRST AID ROOM & NURSE STATION DAY CARE FACILITY ROOF GARDEN & PLAY AREA HERITAGE ENTRANCE MEAT & POULTRY SALE LIBRARY BUTCHERY INTERNET CAFE SECURITY & MANAGEMENT BASEMENT PARKING RAMP RESTAURANTNIKI OASIS EXTENSION SHOPS COLDROOM COLDROOM 0 10 15 205 SHOPSSHOPS COOKING SCHOOL & SALE OUTLET WC DISABLED WC SERVICE AREA MANAGEMENT OUTDOOR THEATRE & EVENTS AREA NIKI'S OASIS SERVICE AREA ARTISTS WALL ARTISTS WALL TABLE STORE DELICATESSEN CRAFT WORKSHOP & SALES FIRST AID ROOM & NURSE STATION DAY CARE FACILITY ROOF GARDEN & PLAY AREA HERITAGE ENTRANCE MEAT & POULTRY SALE LIBRARY BUTCHERY INTERNET CAFE SECURITY & MANAGEMENT BASEMENT PARKING BASEMENT PARKING RAMP BASEMENT PARKING RESTAURANT BAR RAMP TO THEATRE 0 10 15 205 SHOPS STUDIO ENTRANCE NIKI'S OASIS EXTENSION WC SHOPSSHOPS COOKING SCHOOL & SALE OUTLET WC WC SERVICE AREA MANAGEMENT OUTDOOR THEATRE & EVENTS AREA NIKI'S OASIS SERVICE AREA ARTISTS WALL TABLE STORESHOPS DELICATESSEN CRAFT WORKSHOP & SALES FIRST AID ROOM & NURSE STATION DAY CARE FACILITY ROOF GARDEN & PLAY AREA HERITAGE ENTRANCE MEAT & POULTRY SALE BUTCHERY TOILETS BASEMENT PARKING BASEMENT PARKING RESTAURANT CITY BAROUTDOOR BAR AND VIEWING DECK COLDROOM TRADERS STORAGE GREEN POD STREET BRAAING 0 10 15 205 _SECTIONS 1:200 _ S E C T I O N C C (trading space) 1:200 _ S E C T I O N B B (public corridor) 1:200 _ S E C T I O N A A (refurbished buildings, Nikin Oasis, deli, butchery, old bank) ROOF GARDEN & PLAY AREA CC - AA BB CC DD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 OUTDOOR THEATRE & EVENTS AREA BB - LIGHT WELL AA - + 11600 DD - 3699 3372 1786 FF - 4178 6563 0 5 30 50 31 30 0 44 99 750 0 750 0 750 0 465 0 30 00 6295 0 7500 9100 7500 9100 45503000 5720 9100 7500 9100 7500 9100 3980 6000 19000 4550 9100 7500 9100 6222052000 A A C C B B 164 165 0 10 15 205 0 10 15 205 _ELEVATIONS _EAST + WEST 1:200 _ M A R Y F I T Z G E R A L D S Q U A R E W E S T E L E V A T I O N 0 10 15 205 0 10 15 205 1:200 _ G E R A L D S E K O T O S T R E E T E A S T E L E V A T I O N 166 167 0 10 15 205 SERVICE YARD RESTAURANT OUTDOOR THEATRE AND EVENTS AREA ROOF GARDEN & PLAY AREA BAR/LOUNGE AREA RECEPTION LIGHT WELL SERVICE AREA MANAGEMENT OFFICE SORTING PODSREFUSE/RECYCLING COLLECTION LOADING/REFUSE REMOVAL PUBLIC CORRIDOR RAMP TO THEATRE PUBLIC CORRIDOR WC TRADING SPACEEATING AREA GREEN POD HANGING GARDEN SPECIALTY SHOPS RAMP TO CITY BAR BASEMENT PARKING 0 10 15 205 TABLE STORE CRAFT WORKSHOP & SALES FIRST AID ROOM & NURSE STATION DAY CARE FACILITY ROOF GARDEN & PLAY AREA ARTISTS EXPO CORNER STUDIO SPACE ARTS + CRAFTS CLOTHING WC WASHING & PREP BASEMENT PARKING SHOPS RESTAURANT OUTDOOR THEATRE & EVENTS AREA RAMP TO EVENTS AREA SHUTTER STALLS 24hr STREET FOOD BAR SPECIALTY SHOPS CITY BAR BASEMENT PARKING BASEMENT PARKING BASEMENT PARKING RAMP ADVERTISINGADVERTISING SERVICE LIFT & LOBBY SERVICE LIFT & LOBBY COOKING SCHOOLSCHOOL LECTURE ROOM COOKING SCHOOL SALE OUTLET GREEN POD SPACE HANGING PLANTS PUBLIC CORRIDOR PUBLIC CORRIDOR 0 10 15 205 SHUTTER STALLS CITY BAR WC WC 0 10 15 205 SERVICE YARD RESTAURANT OUTDOOR THEATRE AND EVENTS AREA OOF GARDEN & PLAY AREA BAR/LOUNGE AREA RECEPTION LIGHT WELL SERVICE AREA MANAGEMENT OFFICE SORTING PODSREFUSE/RECYCLING COLLECTION LOADING/REFUSE REMOVA PUBLIC CORRIDOR RAMP TO THEATRE PUBLIC CORRIDOR WC TRADING SPACEEATING AREA GREEN POD HANGING GARDEN SPECIALTY SHOPS RAMP TO CITY BAR BASEMENT PARKING 0 10 15 205 TABLE STORE CRAFT WORKSHOP & SALES FIRST AID ROOM & NURSE STATION DAY CARE FACILITY OOF GARDEN & PLAY AREA ARTISTS EXPO CORNER STUDIO SPACE ARTS + CRAFTS CLOTHING WC WASHING & PREP BASEMENT PARKING SHOPS RESTAURANT OUTDOOR THEATRE & EVENTS AREA RAMP TO EVENTS AREA SHUTTER STALLS 24hr STREET FOOD BAR SPECIALTY SHOPS CITY BAR BASEMENT PARKING BASEMENT PARKING BASEMENT PARKING RAMP ADVERTISINGADVERTISING SERVICE LIFT & LOBBY SERVICE LIFT & LOBBY COOKING SCHOOLSCHOOL LECTURE ROOM COOKING SCHOOL SALE OUTLET GREEN POD SPACE HANGING PLANTS PUBLIC CORRIDOR PUBLIC CORRIDOR 0 10 15 205 SHUTTER STALLS CITY BAR WC WC _SECTIONS ROOF GARDEN & PLAY AREA CC - AA BB CC DD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 OUTDOOR THEATRE & EVENTS AREA BB - LIGHT WELL AA - + 11600 DD - 3699 3372 1786 FF - 4178 6563 0 5 30 50 31 30 0 44 99 750 0 750 0 750 0 465 0 30 00 6295 0 7500 9100 7500 9100 45503000 5720 9100 7500 9100 7500 9100 3980 6000 19000 4550 9100 7500 9100 6222052000 D D F F E E 1:200 _ S E C T I O N F F (artists corner, workshops, day care, roof garden and periodic market) 1:200 _ S E C T I O N D D (service yard, restaurant and formal trade) 1:200 _ S E C T I O N E E (shutter stalls, green pod) 168 169 _DETAIL Structural truss system Idea developed from a ?thread? which makes a journey through the model, morphing according to the desired functi on. Faceted facade Screening system (advertising/events screening Balustrades Roofscape Structur m F e Balustrades vertising/ev gvertising/ev gvertising/ev gvertising/ev g Faceted facade URBAN CONCEPT The site becomes a permeable threshold that links the chaoti c Inner City with the more formal Newtown Cultural precinct. City Markets design incorporates multi ple entrances on the north and south side and a major east to west link. The east-west axis is treated as a soft spine in which there is a public corridor and ramps linking to the upper levels. The idea was to create a spine that interrupts the space between the old refurbished buildings and the new market structure with a light weight structure and skylight punctures. The spine will be treated with specifi c lighti ng in order to create a lightbox eff ect visible from many parts of the city and from the M1 highway passing over Newtown. Landscaping and public furniture will occur here, creati ng resti ng and pause areas. 170 171 Lvl 00 - STREET LEVEL 0 Lvl 02 - RESTAURANT 9170 Lvl 00 - Basement -3230 Lvl 01 - COOKING SCHOOL 5070 1 2 BASEMENT PARKING 13 1412 18 14 15 16 18 BASEMENT PARKING BASEMENT PARKING 19 9100 9 10 11 20 7 44 3 2 NOTES: BASED ON THE NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND SABS Code of Pract is e 0400-1987. STRUCTURAL NOTES: The Desi gn of the Struct ural Elements and Components wi ll be carri ed out by a Prof es si o na l Engine er who has cert ifi ed that the des ign compl ies wi th the requirement s of the Nat ional Building Regulat i on s. Approved sanit ary faci l i t i es for all persona l w ill be avai l ab l e bef ore the c ommencement of and throughout the durat io n of the of the build i ng operat ion s. SOIL POISONING: The ground area prescri bed in code of prac ti se SABS 0124 shall be treat ed in acc ordance with the recommandatio ns of SABS 0124. ROOFS: See Sect ion s and deta i l i ng for not es and det ai l s. GLAZING: Glazing wil l c omply wi th the Regulati ons and the Deemed To Sat isf y Rul es of the Nat ional Buil di ng Regul ati on s and SABS Code of Prac ti se 0400 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION: Habit abl e rooms to be provid ed wi th Windows. The t otal area of such windo w i s to be not less than 10% of the f loor area served by i t f or nat ural l ight, and such w indow wil l be provide d w ith openi ng secti on s f or natural vent i l ati on , the total area of whi ch wil l not be l ess than 5% of the f loor area of the room, or 0.2sqm, whichever i s the greater. All Detai ls to be Checked on sit e, any di screpanci es to be report ed to the Archit ec t. HEALTH NOTES 1. All water pi pin g and electric al conduc ti n g t o be c onc eal ed i n w all s, cei li n gs or embedded i n the floor surfac es. 2. All equi pment incl udi ng fridges and freezers to be pedest al typ e or mount ed on legs 250mm above fl oor level. 3. Fl oors of preparat io n area, wash-up area, servery and back of house to be non-s lip ceramic ti les wi th 3mm epoxy groutin g. 4. A spac e of 100mm to be all owe d betw een wash-up sink and fi tti ngs. 5. Wal l s urfac es in preparat ion , bac k of house area t o be til ed to f ull height. 6. A suppl y of hot and cold wat er at all wash-up sinks. 7. All w orki ng surf aces to be of s tai nl es s st eel with 100mm upright. 8. Premises to be made rodent proof. 9. All work to be done in a w orkmanlik e manner and t o the sat isf act i o n of the health department. 10. Al l elec trical c onn ec ti n g c abl es to be PVC enc ase d. 11. Al l l ighti ng and venti l a ti o n t o c omply to S.A.B.S requirement s. DRAINAGE NOTES 1. Plumbing, pipi ng and fi tti n gs to comply with shopfitt ers spec. 2. All plumbi ng to comply to S.A.B.S requirements FIRE NOTES 1. Marking and si gn age to c omply wi th S.A.B.S 1186. 2. Emergency li ghting to compl y w ith S.A.B.S 0400. 3. Fire alarms t o S.A.B.S 0400. Roof Construc ti on 1 0.35mm Galvani se d roof metal sheeti ng wi th an IBR corrugat ed prof il e. Col our: Okavang o suns et. Roof sheet s must be laid with one corrugati on si de lap wi th the narrow flute upp ermost and shal l be fixed through the cres ts of alt ernat e flute s t o purlins usi ng 65 mm Top Speed s crews int o s tee l purl ins , all fas ten ers shall inc orporate 26 mm diam bonded washers. Met al fas ci a , galvi ni sed metal dam with EPDM flashi ng. 25mm round bars are weld ed on truss joint s t o further support the metal sheetin g. 2 1.25mm Polycarbonat e sheeti ng , transl uce nt opal white. Pow erFilm solar roofin g sys tem i s an advanc ed triple j unc ti on thin f ilm amorphous-sili con photovo l t ai cs pl ac ed on the pol yc arbona te sub strate and enca ps ul ate d in TEFZEL elast omer and other weather resis ta nt polymers. It s f lexible thi n-film photovo l ta i c t echnolog y us es 100% recyclab l e materials. 3 500mm Box gutter with stai nl e ss st eel supporti ng bracke ts bol te d t o the truss metal pl ate s. Dow npip es run down t o the ground level through the reinf orced concret e c ol umns. 4 Steel truss sys tem with st eel tens i on cables runnin g from each trus s and from column to col umn to i ncreas e s tabi l i ty. Truss es are f ormed by rect an gu l ar holl ow s teel t ubes 200x100x7 and 100x70x7 w el de d toge ther at join ts s trengthened by metals plat es. 5 255mm Reinforced Ecodeck ramp s lab wi th 50mm polished screed. The l ower ramps balu strade l ea di n g to Ci ty Bar: 900mm raili ng, balust er glass pane l w ith brac kets 600mm with 25mm gap. 6mm toughnened gl as s (exterior), 12mm cavit y, 6mm clear float glass inner pane (int eri or) wi th silico ne joints. The upper ramp l eadi ng from City Bar to the roof even ts area balu strade: bric kwork structure with a li ght grey matte finish with steel and w ood handrai lin g. 6 200mm Reinforced Ecodec k f loor sl ab with 50mm screed and 19x57mm T&g strip f looring. 7 Hangi ng pl an ts. Pod s us pen de d from the truss sys tem with steel wiri ng. Ivy and evergreen pl an ts are placed here. 8 Stai nles s s teel sus pen si on wire c able s on which traders can hang i tems on di spl ay or a pl ac e f or general bill bo ard or screen advert is in g. 9 24hr Street Food Bar count er wi th displa y of items and eati ng area. 10 Preparatio n area for the f ood st all traders. Hi gh chairs are provide d for the cl ients overl ooki ng the market and s quare. 11 The food traders have st orage f aci l i ti es wi th fridges below the c ounter as well as cooki n g and preparati on areas. 12 300mm rei nforc ed ret ain i n g w all. Damp proofi ng membrane (bit umi nous coati ng ) extends 150mm above ground leve l to t op of foun da ti on. 20mm drai nage matt t o al low wat er t o f low toward subs oi l drainage s yst em at f oun da ti o n. 13 50mm polished screed. 14 300mm reinforced concrete sl ab with 50mm poli shed s creed f ini sh. 15 Compress ed riversand bed. 16 Earth inf il l. 17 Recesse d upli ghting detai l. 18 Struct ural 500mm rei nforc ed concrete column. 19 500mm concrete pile f oun dat i o n t o geotech spec. 20 Concret e c oun ters w ith built in st orage fac il i tes for the traders. 3699 25 26 36 9 9 439 4 500 200 200 20 0 100 10 0 1 1 4 2 1 1 3 3 3 44 4 435 NIKI'S OASIS CITY BAR OUTDOOR BAR AND VIEWING DECK 5 6 8 8 8 88 17 2526 30 00 ROOF GARDEN & PLAY AREA CC - AA BB CC DD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 OUTDOOR THEATRE & EVENTS AREA BB - LIGHT WELL AA - + 11600 DD - 3699 3372 1786 FF - 4178 6563 0 5 30 50 31 30 0 44 99 750 0 750 0 750 0 465 0 30 00 6295 0 7500 9100 7500 9100 45503000 5720 9100 7500 9100 7500 9100 3980 6000 19000 4550 9100 7500 9100 6222052000 Lvl 00 - STREET LEVEL 0 Lvl 02 - RESTAURANT 9170 Lvl 00 - Basement -3230 Lvl 01 - COOKING SCHOOL 5070 1 2 BASEMENT PARKING 13 1412 18 14 15 16 18 BASEMENT PARKING BASEMENT PARKING 19 9100 9 10 11 20 7 44 3 2 NOTES: B SED ON THE NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND SABS Code of Pract is e 0400-1987. S RUCTURAL NOTES: The Desi gn of the Struct ural Elements and Components wi ll be carri ed out by a Prof es si o na l Engine er who has cert ifi ed that the des ign compl ies wi th the requirement s of the Nat ional Building Regulat i on s. Approved sanit ary faci l i t i es for all persona l w ill be avai l ab l e bef ore the c ommencement of and throughout the durat io n of the of the build i ng operat ion s. SOIL POISONING: The ground area prescri bed in code of prac ti se SABS 0124 shall be treat ed in acc ordance with the recommandatio ns of SABS 0124. ROOFS: See Sect ion s and deta i l i ng for not es and det ai l s. GLAZING: Glazing wil l c omply wi th the Regulati ons and the Deemed To at isf y Rul es of the Nat ional Buil di ng Regul ati on s and SABS Code of Prac ti se 0400 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION: Habit abl e rooms to be provid ed wi th Windows. The t otal area of such windo w i s to be not less than 10% of the f loor area served by i t f or nat ural l ight, and such w ind ow wil l be provide d w ith openi ng secti on s f or natural vent i l ati on , the total area of whi ch wil l not be l ess than 5% of the f loor area of the room, or 0.2sqm, whichever i s the greater. All Detai ls to be Checked on sit e, any di screpanci es to be report ed to the Archit ec t. HEALTH NOTES 1. All water pi pin g and electric al conduc ti n g t o be c onc eal ed i n w all s, cei li n gs or embedded i n the floor surfac es. 2. All equi pment incl udi ng fridges and freezers to be ped est al typ e or mount ed on legs 250mm above fl oor level. 3. Fl oors of preparat io n area, wash-up area, servery and back of house to be non-s lip ceramic ti les wi th 3mm epoxy groutin g. 4. A spac e of 100mm to be all owe d betw een wash-up sink and fi tti ngs. 5. Wal l s urfac es in preparat ion , bac k of house area t o be til ed to f ull height. 6. A suppl y of hot and cold wat er at all wash-up sinks. 7. All w orki ng surf aces to be of s tai nl es s st eel with 100mm upright. 8. Premises to be made rodent proof. 9. All work to be done in a w orkmanlik e manner and t o the sat isf act i o n of the health department. 10. Al l elec trical c onn ec ti n g c abl es to be PVC enc ase d. 11. Al l l ighti ng and venti l a ti o n t o c omply to S.A.B.S requirement s. DRAINAGE NOTES 1. Plumbing, pipi ng and fi tti n gs to comply with shopfitt ers spec. 2. All plumbi ng to comply to S.A.B.S requirements FIRE NOTES 1. Marking and si gn age to c omply wi th S.A.B.S 1186. 2 Emergency li ghting to compl y w ith S.A.B.S 0400. 3. Fire alarms t o S.A.B.S 0400. Roof Construc ti on 1 0.35mm Galvani se d roof metal sheeti ng wi th an IBR corrugat ed prof il e. Col our: Okavang o suns et. Roof sheet s must be laid with one corrugati on si de lap wi th the narrow flute upp ermost and shal l be fixed through the cres ts of alt ernat e flute s t o purlins usi ng 65 mm Top Speed s crews int o s tee l purl ins , all fas ten ers shall inc orporate 26 mm diam bonded washers. Met al fas ci a , galvi ni sed metal dam with EPDM flashi ng. 25mm round bars are weld ed on truss joint s t o further support the metal sheetin g. 2 1.25mm Polycarbonat e sheeti ng , transl uce nt opal white. Pow erFilm solar roofin g sys tem i s an advanc ed triple j unc ti on thin f ilm amorphous-sili con photovo l t ai cs pl ac ed on the pol yc arbona te sub strate and enca ps ul ate d in TEFZEL elast omer and other weather resis ta nt polymers. It s f lexible thi n-film photovo l ta i c t echnolog y us es 100% recyclab l e materials. 3 500mm Box gutter with stai nl e ss st eel supporti ng bracke ts bol te d t o the truss metal pl ate s. Dow npip es run down t o the ground level through the reinf orced concret e c ol umns. 4 Steel truss sys tem with st eel tens i on cables runnin g from each trus s and from column to col umn to i ncreas e s tabi l i ty. Truss es are f ormed by rect an gu l ar holl ow s teel t ubes 200x100x7 and 100x70x7 w el de d toge ther at join ts s trengthened by metals plat es. 5 255mm Reinforced Ecodeck ramp s lab wi th 50mm polished screed. The l ower ramps balu strade l eadi n g to Ci ty Bar: 900mm raili ng, balust er glass pane l w ith brac kets 600mm with 25mm gap. 6mm toughnened gl as s (exterior), 12mm cavit y, 6mm clear float glass inner pane (int eri or) wi th silico ne joints. The upper ramp l eadi ng from City Bar to the roof even ts area balu strade: bric kwork structure with a li ght grey matte finish with steel and w ood handrai lin g. 6 200mm Reinforced Ecodec k f loor sl ab with 50mm screed and 19x57mm T&g strip f looring. 7 Hangi ng pl an ts. Pod s us pen de d from the truss sys tem with steel wiri ng. Ivy and evergreen pl an ts are placed here. 8 Stai nles s s teel sus pen si on wire c able s on which traders can hang i tems on di spl ay or a pl ac e f or general bill bo ard or screen advert is in g. 9 24hr Street Food Bar count er wi th disp la y of items and eati ng area. 10 Preparatio n area for the f ood st all traders. Hi gh chairs are provide d for the cl ients overl ooki ng the market and s quare. 11 The food traders have st orage f aci l i ti es wi th fridges below the c ounter as well as cooki n g and preparati on areas. 12 300mm rei nforc ed ret ain i n g w all. Damp proofi ng membrane (bit umi nous coati ng ) extends 150mm above ground leve l to t op of foun da ti on. 20mm drai nage matt t o al low wat er t o f low toward subs oi l drainage s yst em at f oun da ti o n. 13 50mm polished screed. 14 300mm reinforced concrete sl ab with 50mm poli shed s creed f ini sh. 15 Compress ed riversand bed. 16 Earth inf il l. 17 Recesse d upli ghting detai l. 18 Struct ural 500mm rei nforc ed concrete column. 19 500mm concrete pile f oun dat i o n t o geotech spec. 20 Concret e c oun ters w ith built in st orage fac il i tes for the traders. 3699 25 26 36 9 9 439 4 500 200 200 20 0 100 10 0 1 1 4 2 1 1 3 3 3 44 4 435 NIKI'S OASIS CITY BAR OUT OOR BAR AND VIEWING DECK 5 6 8 8 8 88 17 2526 30 00 _ 1:50 Section through the ramp leading to City Bar as well as the 24 street Food Bar _DETAILS 172 173 A BUTCHERY PREP AREA BUTCHERY PUBLIC CORRIDOR MARKET SPACE BASEMENT PARKING 1 Existing timber s tructure roof wi th corrugated sheetin g. To be made good. 2 Exis ti ng 230mm bric k w al l. To be pai nt e d ac cording to spec. 3 New 50mm screed and til e finish. 4 Existing rei nforced c oncrete fl oor s l ab. 5 35mm gypsum suspe nd ed ceil in g boards. Ceil ing Til e 600x1200mm with sprinkl er s ystem found in c eil in g voi d and o p e ni n g for fittin g s are provi de d. 6 Prec as t concrete li ntel 220x220mm. 7 Folding shopfront door w ith double gl azed safe t y gl ass and rec tang u lar alumini um mullions 30mm square. 8 Food di s la y fridges for the butchery. 9 50mm polished screed. 10 300mm reinforc ed c oncrete sl ab. 11 Existing 600x300x300mm concrete footi ng foun d at i on. 12 300mm rei nforced retai ni ng w al l. Damp proofin g membrane (bi tuminous c oa t in g) extends 150mm above ground leve l to top of found at i on. 20mm drai nage matt to all o w water to fl ow tow ard subs oi l drai nag e system at foun da ti on. 13 Compres sed rivers and bed. 14 Earth infi ll. 15 500mm concrete pil e to geote ch spec. 16 Recess ed upl ighting deta il. 17 Traders crate dis p la y area. 18 Struc tural reinforc ed c on crete column 500mm diam. 19 Custom fabri c tube dow nl ighting. 20 38x224mm timber s lats bolt ed to concrete sl ab. 21 200mm rei nforced Ecodeck s lab. 22 M36 Anchor Bolt. 23 Steel C sec ti o n anchored to end of fl oor s lab w ith a M36 anchor bolt. 24 Metal pl ates w i th M38 openi n gs for bol ts. 25 Cast s tee l conne ct or wi th M26 carriage nut and bolt. 26 Bolt base d Cabl e End. 27 Stainles s steel cabl e 30mm. 28 Bolt base d Cabl e End. 29 Cast Steel Connec tor w ith M26 carriage nut and bolt. 30 M36 Anchor Bolt. 31 Corrugate d metal sheeti ng. Aluminium wi th a natural mill. Metal fasc ia , galvin is ed metal dam w ith EPDM flashing. 32 Steel trus s system w ith steel tens io n cabl es which run from each truss an d from col umn to c ol umn to i ncreas e stab il it y. 33 Skyli ght sectio n. 34 Steel base pla te 5mm. 20 1921 27 33 34 23 22 24 25 26 28 29 32 18 6 7 5 34 1 9 10 12 13 14 16 15 11 2 8 17 393 0 285 0 4249 500 21 01 35 44 30 31 Lvl 00 - STREET LEVEL 0 Lvl 02 - RESTAURANT 9170 Lvl 00 - Basement -3230 1 2 BASEMENT PARKING 13 1412 18 14 15 16 18 BASEMENT PARKING BASEMENT PARKING 19 9100 9 10 11 20 7 44 3 2 NOTES: BASED ON THE NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND SABS Code of Pract is e 0400-1987. STRUCTURAL NOTES: The Desi gn of the Struct ural Elements and Components wi ll be carri ed out by a Prof es si o na l Engine er who has cert ifi ed that the des ign compl ies wi th the requirement s of the Nat ional Building Regulat i on s. Approved sanit ary faci l i t i es for all persona l w ill be avai l ab l e bef ore the c ommencement of and throughout the durat io n of the of the build i ng operat ion s. SOIL POISONING: The ground area prescri bed in code of prac ti se SABS 0124 shall be treat ed in acc ordance with the recommandatio ns of SABS 0124. ROOFS: See Sect ion s and deta i l i ng for not es and det ai l s. GLAZING: Glazing wil l c omply wi th the Regulati ons and the Deemed To Sat isf y Rul es of the Nat ional Buil di ng Regul ati on s and SABS Code of Prac ti se 0400 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION: Habit abl e rooms to be provid ed wi th Windows. The t otal area of such windo w i s to be not less than 10% of the f loor area served by i t f or nat ural l ight, and such w indow wil l be provide d w ith openi ng secti on s f or natural vent i l ati on , the total area of whi ch wil l not be l ess than 5% of the f loor area of the room, or 0.2sqm, whichever i s the greater. All Detai ls to be Checked on sit e, any di screpanci es to be report ed to the Archit ec t. HEALTH NOTES 1. All water pi pin g and electric al conduc ti n g t o be c onc eal ed i n w all s, cei li n gs or embedded i n the floor surfac es. 2. All equi pment incl udi ng fridges and freezers to be ped est al typ e or mount ed on legs 250mm above fl oor level. 3. Fl oors of preparat io n area, wash-up area, servery and back of house to be non-s lip ceramic ti les wi th 3mm epoxy groutin g. 4. A spac e of 100mm to be all owe d betw een wash-up sink and fi tti ngs. 5. Wal l s urfac es in preparat ion , bac k of house area t o be til ed to f ull height. 6. A suppl y of hot and cold wat er at all wash-up sinks. 7. All w orki ng surf aces to be of s tai nl es s st eel with 100mm upright. 8. Premises to be made rodent proof. 9. All work to be done in a w orkmanlik e manner and t o the sat isf act i o n of the health department. 10. Al l elec trical c onn ec ti n g c abl es to be PVC enc ase d. 11. Al l l ighti ng and venti l a ti o n t o c omply to S.A.B.S requirement s. DRAINAGE NOTES 1. Plumbing, pipi ng and fi tti n gs to comply with shopfitt ers spec. 2. All plumbi ng to comply to S.A.B.S requirements FIRE NOTES 1. Marking and si gn age to c omply wi th S.A.B.S 1186. 2. Emergency li ghting to compl y w ith S.A.B.S 0400. 3. Fire alarms t o S.A.B.S 0400. Roof Construc ti on 1 0.35mm Galvani se d roof metal sheeti ng wi th an IBR corrugat ed prof il e. Col our: Okavang o suns et. Roof sheet s must be laid with one corrugati on si de lap wi th the narrow flute upp ermost and shal l be fixed through the cres ts of alt ernat e flute s t o purlins usi ng 65 mm Top Speed s crews int o s tee l purl ins , all fas ten ers shall inc orporate 26 mm diam bonded washers. Met al fas ci a , galvi ni sed metal dam with EPDM flashi ng. 25mm round bars are weld ed on truss joint s t o further support the metal sheetin g. 2 1.25mm Polycarbonat e sheeti ng , transl uce nt opal white. Pow erFilm solar roofin g sys tem i s an advanc ed triple j unc ti on thin f ilm amorphous-sili con photovo l t ai cs pl ac ed on the pol yc arbona te sub strate and enca ps ul ate d in TEFZEL elast omer and other weather resis ta nt polymers. It s f lexible thi n-film photovo l ta i c t echnolog y us es 100% recyclab l e materials. 3 500mm Box gutter with stai nl e ss st eel supporti ng bracke ts bol te d t o the truss metal pl ate s. Dow npip es run down t o the ground level through the reinf orced concret e c ol umns. 4 Steel truss sys tem with st eel tens i on cables runnin g from each trus s and from column to col umn to i ncreas e s tabi l i ty. Truss es are f ormed by rect an gu l ar holl ow s teel t ubes 200x100x7 and 100x70x7 w el de d toge ther at join ts s trengthened by metals plat es. 5 255mm Reinforced Ecodeck ramp s lab wi th 50mm polished screed. The l ower ramps balu strade l eadi n g to Ci ty Bar: 900mm raili ng, balust er glass pane l w ith brac kets 600mm with 25mm gap. 6mm toughnened gl as s (exterior), 12mm cavit y, 6mm clear float glass inner pane (int eri or) wi th silico ne joints. The upper ramp l eadi ng from City Bar to the roof even ts area balu strade: bric kwork structure with a li ght grey matte finish with steel and w ood handrai lin g. 6 200mm Reinforced Ecodec k f loor sl ab with 50mm screed and 19x57mm T&g strip f looring. 7 Hangi ng pl an ts. Pod s us pen de d from the truss sys tem with steel wiri ng. Ivy and evergreen pl an ts are placed here. 8 Stai nles s s teel sus pen si on wire c able s on which traders can hang i tems on di spl ay or a pl ac e f or general bill bo ard or screen advert is in g. 9 24hr Street Food Bar count er wi th disp la y of items and eati ng area. 10 Preparatio n area for the f ood st all traders. Hi gh chairs are provide d for the cl ients overl ooki ng the market and s quare. 11 The food traders have st orage f aci l i ti es wi th fridges below the c ounter as well as cooki n g and preparati on areas. 12 300mm rei nforc ed ret ain i n g w all. Damp proofi ng membrane (bit umi nous coati ng ) extends 150mm above ground leve l to t op of foun da ti on. 20mm drai nage matt t o al low wat er t o f low toward subs oi l drainage s yst em at f oun da ti o n. 13 50mm polished screed. 14 300mm reinforced concrete sl ab with 50mm poli shed s creed f ini sh. 15 Compress ed riversand bed. 16 Earth inf il l. 17 Recesse d upli ghting detai l. 18 Struct ural 500mm rei nforc ed concrete column. 19 500mm concrete pile f oun dat i o n t o geotech spec. 20 Concret e c oun ters w ith built in st orage fac il i tes for the traders. 3699 25 26 36 9 9 439 4 500 200 200 20 0 100 10 0 1 1 4 2 1 1 3 3 3 44 4 435 NIKI'S OASIS CITY BAR OUTDOOR BAR AND VIEWING DECK 5 6 8 8 8 88 17 2526 30 00 _DETAILS A BUTCHERY PREP AREA BUTCHERY PUBLIC CORRIDOR MARKET SPACE BASEMENT PARKING 1 Existing timber s tructure roof wi th corrugated sheetin g. To be made good. 2 Exis ti ng 230mm bric k w al l. To be pai nt e d ac cording to spec. 3 New 50mm screed and til e finish. 4 Existing rei nforced c oncrete fl oor s l ab. 5 35mm gypsum suspe nd ed ceil in g boards. Ceil ing Til e 600x1200mm with sprinkl er s ystem found in c eil in g voi d and o p e ni n g for fittin g s are provi de d. 6 Prec as t concrete li ntel 220x220mm. 7 Folding shopfront door w ith double gl azed safe t y gl ass and rec tang u lar alumini um mullions 30mm square. 8 Food di s la y fridges for the butchery. 9 50mm polished screed. 10 300mm reinforc ed c oncrete sl ab. 11 Existing 600x300x300mm concrete footi ng foun d at i on. 12 300mm rei nforced retai ni ng w al l. Da p proofin g membrane (bi tuminous c oa t in g) extends 150mm above ground leve l to top of found at i on. 20mm drai nage matt to all o w water to fl ow tow ard subs oi l drai nag e system at foun da ti on. 13 Compres sed rivers and bed. 14 Earth infi ll. 15 500mm concrete pil e to geote ch spec. 16 Recess ed upl ighting deta il. 17 Traders crate dis p la y area. 18 Struc tural reinforc ed c on crete column 500mm diam. 19 Custom fabri c tube dow nl ighting. 20 38x224mm timber s lats bolt ed to concrete sl ab. 21 200mm rei nforced Ecodeck s lab. 22 M36 Anchor Bolt. 23 Steel C sec ti o n anchored to end of fl oor s lab w ith a M36 anchor bolt. 24 Metal pl ates w i th M38 openi n gs for bol ts. 25 Cast s tee l conne ct or wi th M26 carriage nut and bolt. 26 Bolt base d Cabl e End. 27 Stainles s steel cabl e 30mm. 28 Bolt base d Cabl e End. 29 Cast Steel Connec tor w ith M26 carriage nut and bolt. 30 M36 Anchor Bolt. 31 Corrugate d metal sheeti ng. Aluminium wi th a natural mill. Metal fasc ia , galvin is ed metal dam w ith EPDM flashing. 32 Steel trus s system w ith steel tens io n cabl es which run from each truss an d from col umn to c ol umn to i ncreas e stab il it y. 33 Skyli ght sectio n. 34 Steel base pla te 5mm. 20 1921 27 33 34 23 22 24 25 26 28 29 32 18 6 7 5 34 1 9 10 12 13 14 16 15 11 2 8 17 393 0 285 0 4249 500 21 01 35 44 30 31 _ Above: Public corridor illustrating light perforations through the entrances to the various buildings, highlighting the spatial differentiation of the old and the new _ Opposite page: 1:20 Detail through the public corridor by the butchery illustrating the suspended slab with skylights 174 175 9 1 2 4 5 6 3 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 Steel rod Mesh f lexible in one direction. The mesh is f ixed to patch f ittin gs which aretension ed by spring. The springs are supported on bracket s. 2 Eyebolt. 3 Painted ms bracket which supports the metal mesh screenin g system. 4 Steel bas e pl ate. 5 M30 connect ion bolts on 14mm aluminium gauge . 6 Galvinised f lan ge steel channel. 7 Single layer of high perf ormance membrane and edge trim bonded to support angle. 8 White powder coated extru ded aluminium edge trim. 9 Balustrade: 900mm railin g, balu ster glass panel with brackets 600mm with 25mm gap. 6mm toughnened glass (exterior), 12mm cavity, 6mm clear f loat glass inner pane ( in t erior) with silicon e join t s. 10 220x12mm thick ms base plate screwed to reinf orced concrete. 11 White polyest er powder coated purpose made aluminium s ill. 12 Edge trim. 13 Plasterboard 12.5mm. 14 Galvini sed steel angle f ixed to s lab as stop to cladd in g and edge trim su pport. 15 Floor drain and 50mm diam drain pipe. 16 200mm Reinf orced Ecodeck slab. 17 Moisture barrier membrane 3 layer insulat ion vapour barrier 0.63mm sheet metal att ached to composite s teel in con crete slab. 18 50mm polished screed with non slip f ilm at a 1:25 gradien t. 19 12.5mm plasterboard suspen ded ce ilin g with suspen sion wires: join t s f illed, t aped an d f inished. Lvl 00 - STREET LEVEL 0 Lvl 02 - RESTAURANT 9170 Lvl 00 - Basement -3230 Lvl 01 - COOKING SCHOOL 5070 1 2 BASEMENT PARKING 13 1412 18 14 15 16 18 BASEMENT PARKING BASEMENT PARKING 19 9100 9 10 11 20 7 44 3 2 NOTES: BASED ON THE NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND SABS Code of Pract is e 0400-1987. STRUCTURAL NOTES: The Desi gn of the Struct ural Elements and Components wi ll be carri ed out by a Prof es si o na l Engine er who has cert ifi ed that the des ign compl ies wi th the requirement s of the Nat ional Building Regulat i on s. Approved sanit ary faci l i t i es for all persona l w ill be avai l ab l e bef ore the c ommencement of and throughout the durat io n of the of the build i ng operat ion s. SOIL POISONING: The ground area prescri bed in code of prac ti se SABS 0124 shall be treat ed in acc ordance with the recommandatio ns of SABS 0124. ROOFS: See Sect ion s and deta i l i ng for not es and det ai l s. GLAZING: Glazing wil l c omply wi th the Regulati ons and the Deemed To Sat isf y Rul es of the Nat ional Buil di ng Regul ati on s and SABS Code of Prac ti se 0400 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION: Habit abl e rooms to be provid ed wi th Windows. The t otal area of such windo w i s to be not less than 10% of the f loor area served by i t f or nat ural l ight, and such w indow wil l be provide d w ith openi ng secti on s f or natural vent i l ati on , the total area of whi ch wil l not be l ess than 5% of the f loor area of the room, or 0.2sqm, whichever i s the greater. All Detai ls to be Checked on sit e, any di screpanci es to be report ed to the Archit ec t. HEALTH NOTES 1. All water pi pin g and electric al conduc ti n g t o be c onc eal ed i n w all s, cei li n gs or embedded i n the floor surfac es. 2. All equi pment incl udi ng fridges and freezers to be pedest al typ e or mount ed on legs 250mm above fl oor level. 3. Fl oors of preparat io n area, wash-up area, servery and back of house to be non-s lip ceramic ti les wi th 3mm epoxy groutin g. 4. A spac e of 100mm to be all owe d betw een wash-up sink and fi tti ngs. 5. Wal l s urfac es in preparat ion , bac k of house area t o be til ed to f ull height. 6. A suppl y of hot and cold wat er at all wash-up sinks. 7. All w orki ng surf aces to be of s tai nl es s st eel with 100mm upright. 8. Premises to be made rodent proof. 9. All work to be done in a w orkmanlik e manner and t o the sat isf act i o n of the health department. 10. Al l elec trical c onn ec ti n g c abl es to be PVC enc ase d. 11. Al l l ighti ng and venti l a ti o n t o c omply to S.A.B.S requirement s. DRAINAGE NOTES 1. Plumbing, pipi ng and fi tti n gs to comply with shopfitt ers spec. 2. All plumbi ng to comply to S.A.B.S requirements FIRE NOTES 1. Marking and si gn age to c omply wi th S.A.B.S 1186. 2. Emergency li ghting to compl y w ith S.A.B.S 0400. 3. Fire alarms t o S.A.B.S 0400. Roof Construc ti on 1 0.35mm Galvani se d roof metal sheeti ng wi th an IBR corrugat ed prof il e. Col our: Okavang o suns et. Roof sheet s must be laid with one corrugati on si de lap wi th the narrow flute upp ermost and shal l be fixed through the cres ts of alt ernat e flute s t o purlins usi ng 65 mm Top Speed s crews int o s tee l purl ins , all fas ten ers shall inc orporate 26 mm diam bonded washers. Met al fas ci a , galvi ni sed metal dam with EPDM flashi ng. 25mm round bars are weld ed on truss joint s t o further support the metal sheetin g. 2 1.25mm Polycarbonat e sheeti ng , transl uce nt opal white. Pow erFilm solar roofin g sys tem i s an advanc ed triple j unc ti on thin f ilm amorphous-sili con photovo l t ai cs pl ac ed on the pol yc arbona te sub strate and enca ps ul ate d in TEFZEL elast omer and other weather resis ta nt polymers. It s f lexible thi n-film photovo l ta i c t echnolog y us es 100% recyclab l e materials. 3 500mm Box gutter with stai nl e ss st eel supporti ng bracke ts bol te d t o the truss metal pl ate s. Dow npip es run down t o the ground level through the reinf orced concret e c ol umns. 4 Steel truss sys tem with st eel tens i on cables runnin g from each trus s and from column to col umn to i ncreas e s tabi l i ty. Truss es are f ormed by rect an gu l ar holl ow s teel t ubes 200x100x7 and 100x70x7 w el de d toge ther at join ts s trengthened by metals plat es. 5 255mm Reinforced Ecodeck ramp s lab wi th 50mm polished screed. The l ower ramps balu strade l eadi n g to Ci ty Bar: 900mm raili ng, balust er glass pane l w ith brac kets 600mm with 25mm gap. 6mm toughnened gl as s (exterior), 12mm cavit y, 6mm clear float glass inner pane (int eri or) wi th silico ne joints. The upper ramp l eadi ng from City Bar to the roof even ts area balu strade: bric kwork structure with a li ght grey matte finish with steel and w ood handrai lin g. 6 200mm Reinforced Ecodec k f loor sl ab with 50mm screed and 19x57mm T&g strip f looring. 7 Hangi ng pl an ts. Pod s us pen de d from the truss sys tem with steel wiri ng. Ivy and evergreen pl an ts are placed here. 8 Stai nles s s teel sus pen si on wire c able s on which traders can hang i tems on di spl ay or a pl ac e f or general bill bo ard or screen advert is in g. 9 24hr Street Food Bar count er wi th displa y of items and eati ng area. 10 Preparatio n area for the f ood st all traders. Hi gh chairs are provide d for the cl ients overl ooki ng the market and s quare. 11 The food traders have st orage f aci l i ti es wi th fridges below the c ounter as well as cooki n g and preparati on areas. 12 300mm rei nforc ed ret ain i n g w all. Damp proofi ng membrane (bit umi nous coati ng ) extends 150mm above ground leve l to t op of foun da ti on. 20mm drai nage matt t o al low wat er t o f low toward subs oi l drainage s yst em at f oun da ti o n. 13 50mm polished screed. 14 300mm reinforced concrete sl ab with 50mm poli shed s creed f ini sh. 15 Compress ed riversand bed. 16 Earth inf il l. 17 Recesse d upli ghting detai l. 18 Struct ural 500mm rei nforc ed concrete column. 19 500mm concrete pile f oun dat i o n t o geotech spec. 20 Concret e c oun ters w ith built in st orage fac il i tes for the traders. 3699 25 26 36 9 9 439 4 500 200 200 20 0 100 10 0 1 1 4 2 1 1 3 3 3 44 4 435 NIKI'S OASIS CITY BAR OUTDOOR BAR AND VIEWING DECK 5 6 8 8 8 88 17 2526 30 00 9 1 2 4 5 6 3 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 Steel rod Mesh f lexible in on e direction. The mesh is f ixed to patch f ittin gs which aretension ed by spring. The springs are supported on bracket s. 2 Eyebolt. 3 Painted ms bracket which supports the metal mesh screenin g system. 4 Steel bas e pl ate. 5 M30 connect ion bolts on 14mm aluminium gauge . 6 Galvinised f lan ge steel channel. 7 Single layer of high perf ormance membrane and edge trim bonded to support angle. 8 White powder coated extru ded aluminium edge trim. 9 Balustrade: 9 0 m railin g, balu ster glass panel with brackets 600mm with 25mm gap. 6 toughnened glass (exterior), 12mm cavity, 6mm clear f loat glass inner pane ( in t erior) with silicon e join t s. 10 220x12mm thick ms base plate screwed to reinf orced concrete. 11 White polyest er powder coated purpose made aluminium s ill. 12 Edge trim. 13 Plasterboard 12.5mm. 14 Galvini sed steel angle f ixed to s lab as stop to cladd in g and edge trim su pport. 15 Floor drain and 50mm diam drain pipe. 16 200mm Reinf orced Ecodeck slab. 17 Moistu e barrier membrane 3 layer insulat ion vapour barrier 0.63mm sheet metal att ached to composite s teel in con crete slab. 18 50mm polished screed with non slip f ilm at a 1:25 gradien t. 19 12.5mm plasterboard suspen ded ce ilin g with suspen sion wires: join t s f illed, t aped an d f inished. _ Opposite page: 1:20 Detail through the City Bar mesh that features over the square and allows for projections in the event of a screening or concert. The mesh allows people from the square to view activities on the upper levels of the markets, whilst allowing City Bar users to view the public below _DETAILS 176 177 Lvl 02 - RESTAURANT 9170 Lvl 03 - OUTDOOR EVENTS 13270 4 24 3 2 1 1 0.35mm Galvani s ed roof metal sheeti ng wi th an IBR corrugated profi l e. Colour: Ok avango sun set. Roof sheets must be lai d wi th one corrugati on si de lap wi th the narrow fl ute u ppermost and shall be fixed through the crests of al ternate fl utes to purli ns usi ng 65 mm Top Speed screw s into steel purli ns, al l fasteners shall i nc orporate 26 mm diam bonded washers. Metal fasci a, gal vi ni s ed metal dam with EPDM flashing. 25mm round bars are wel ded on truss joi nts to further support the metal sheeti ng. 2 500mm Box gutter wi th stai nl es s steel supporti ng brackets bol ted to the truss metal pl ates. Downpi pes run dow n to the groun d level through the reinforced concrete col umns. 3 Steel truss system with steel tensi on cabl es runni ng from each truss and from column to col umn to i ncrease stabi l i ty. Trusses are formed by rect angul ar holl ow st eel tube s 200x100x7 and 100x70x7 wel ded together at joi nts strengthened by metal s pl ates. 4 Hollow structural beam 100x100x5. 5 Aluminium fixed window. 6 Truss connec ti on ms plate wi th M 36 anchor bol ts. 7 6mm safety gl ass wi th pow der coated alumini um frame. 8 Edge trim with custom lighting fixtures. 9 Alumini um fixed wi ndow mu lli on fixed to bracket through 40x13mm slotted hole wi th ss pi n. 13mm sili cone joi nt and fire and smoke stop. 10 Aluminium cover strip wi th thermally broken al umini um transom. 11 Aluminium fixture for sl i di ng wi ndow. 12 6mm toughned safety gl ass (i nterior), 12mm cavi ty and 6mm clear fl oat glass (exterior) wi th sil i c one joi nts. 13 Balustrade: 900mm Ra ili ng, Baluster gl ass panel wi th brackets 600mm with 25mm gap. 14 White pol yes ter pow der coated purpose made al uminium sill. 15 Edge Trim. 16 Plasterboard 12.5mm. 17 200mm Reinforced Ecodeck sl ab. 18 50mm screed. 19 19x57mm T&g strip fl ooring. 20 Gypsum suspended ce i l i ng with sprinkl er system found i n cei l i ng voi d and openi ng for fi tti ngs are provi ded. Displ ay boards are fi tted to adverti se di spl ay bel ow. 21 M16 Anchor Bolts. 22 220x12mm thick ms base plate screw ed to reinforced fl oor. 23 Expandi ng pol yurethane foam strip. 24 255mm reinforced concrete ramp. 25 Brickw ork rail i ng wi th wood and steel handrai l. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 23 21 22 18 1719 16 15 14 20 25 13 15 20 67 Lvl 00 - STREET LEVEL 0 Lvl 02 - RESTAURANT 9170 Lvl 00 - Basement -3230 Lvl 01 - COOKING SCHOOL 5070 1 2 BASEMENT PARKING 13 1412 18 14 15 16 18 BASEMENT PARKING BASEMENT PARKING 19 9100 9 10 11 20 7 44 3 2 NOTES: BASED ON THE NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND SABS Code of Pract is e 0400-1987. STRUCTURAL NOTES: The Desi gn of the Struct ural Elements and Components wi ll be carri ed out by a Prof es si o na l Engine er who has cert ifi ed that the des ign compl ies wi th the requirement s of the Nat ional Building Regulat i on s. Approved sanit ary faci l i t i es for all persona l w ill be avai l ab l e bef ore the c ommencement of and throughout the durat io n of the of the build i ng operat ion s. SOIL POISONING: The ground area prescri bed in code of prac ti se SABS 0124 shall be treat ed in acc ordance with the recommandatio ns of SABS 0124. ROOFS: See Sect ion s and deta i l i ng for not es and det ai l s. GLAZING: Glazing wil l c omply wi th the Regulati ons and the Deemed To Sat isf y Rul es of the Nat ional Buil di ng Regul ati on s and SABS Code of Prac ti se 0400 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION: Habit abl e rooms to be provid ed wi th Windows. The t otal area of such windo w i s to be not less than 10% of the f loor area served by i t f or nat ural l ight, and such w ind ow wil l be provide d w ith openi ng secti on s f or natural vent i l ati on , the total area of whi ch wil l not be l ess than 5% of the f loor area of the room, or 0.2sqm, whichever i s the greater. All Detai ls to be Checked on sit e, any di screpanci es to be report ed to the Archit ec t. HEALTH NOTES 1. All water pi pin g and electric al conduc ti n g t o be c onc eal ed i n w all s, cei li n gs or embedded i n the floor surfac es. 2. All equi pment incl udi ng fridges and freezers to be pedest al typ e or mount ed on legs 250mm above fl oor level. 3. Fl oors of preparat io n area, wash-up area, servery and back of house to be non-s lip ceramic ti les wi th 3mm epoxy groutin g. 4. A spac e of 100mm to be all owe d betw een wash-up sink and fi tti ngs. 5. Wal l s urfac es in preparat ion , bac k of house area t o be til ed to f ull height. 6. A suppl y of hot and cold wat er at all wash-up sinks. 7. All w orki ng surf aces to be of s tai nl es s st eel with 100mm upright. 8. Premises to be made rodent proof. 9. All work to be done in a w orkmanlik e manner and t o the sat isf act i o n of the health department. 10. Al l elec trical c onn ec ti n g c abl es to be PVC enc ase d. 11. Al l l ighti ng and venti l a ti o n t o c omply to S.A.B.S requirement s. DRAINAGE NOTES 1. Plumbing, pipi ng and fi tti n gs to comply with shopfitt ers spec. 2. All plumbi ng to comply to S.A.B.S requirements FIRE NOTES 1. Marking and si gn age to c omply wi th S.A.B.S 1186. 2. Emergency li ghting to compl y w ith S.A.B.S 0400. 3. Fire alarms t o S.A.B.S 0400. Roof Construc ti on 1 0.35mm Galvani se d roof metal sheeti ng wi th an IBR corrugat ed prof il e. Col our: Okavang o suns et. Roof sheet s must be laid with one corrugati on si de lap wi th the narrow flute upp ermost and shal l be fixed through the cres ts of alt ernat e flute s t o purlins usi ng 65 mm Top Speed s crews int o s tee l purl ins , all fas ten ers shall inc orporate 26 mm diam bonded washers. Met al fas ci a , galvi ni sed metal dam with EPDM flashi ng. 25mm round bars are weld ed on truss joint s t o further support the metal sheetin g. 2 1.25mm Polycarbonat e sheeti ng , transl uce nt opal white. Pow erFilm solar roofin g sys tem i s an advanc ed triple j unc ti on thin f ilm amorphous-sili con photovo l t ai cs pl ac ed on the pol yc arbona te sub strate and enca ps ul ate d in TEFZEL elast omer and other weather resis ta nt polymers. It s f lexible thi n-film photovo l ta i c t echnolog y us es 100% recyclab l e materials. 3 500mm Box gutter with stai nl e ss st eel supporti ng bracke ts bol te d t o the truss metal pl ate s. Dow npip es run down t o the ground level through the reinf orced concret e c ol umns. 4 Steel truss sys tem with st eel tens i on cables runnin g from each trus s and from column to col umn to i ncreas e s tabi l i ty. Truss es are f ormed by rect an gu l ar holl ow s teel t ubes 200x100x7 and 100x70x7 w el de d toge ther at join ts s trengthened by metals plat es. 5 255mm Reinforced Ecodeck ramp s lab wi th 50mm polished screed. The l ower ramps balu strade l eadi n g to Ci ty Bar: 900mm raili ng, balust er glass pane l w ith brac kets 600mm with 25mm gap. 6mm toughnened gl as s (exterior), 12mm cavit y, 6mm clear float glass inner pane (int eri or) wi th silico ne joints. The upper ramp l eadi ng from City Bar to the roof even ts area balu strade: bric kwork structure with a li ght grey matte finish with steel and w ood handrai lin g. 6 200mm Reinforced Ecodec k f loor sl ab with 50mm screed and 19x57mm T&g strip f looring. 7 Hangi ng pl an ts. Pod s us pen de d from the truss sys tem with steel wiri ng. Ivy and evergreen pl an ts are placed here. 8 Stai nles s s teel sus pen si on wire c able s on which traders can hang i tems on di spl ay or a pl ac e f or general bill bo ard or screen advert is in g. 9 24hr Street Food Bar count er wi th displa y of items and eati ng area. 10 Preparatio n area for the f ood st all traders. Hi gh chairs are provide d for the cl ie nts overl ooki ng the market and s quare. 11 The food traders have st orage f aci l i ti es wi th fridges below the c ounter as well as cooki n g and preparati on areas. 12 300mm rei nforc ed ret ain i n g w all. Damp proofi ng membrane (bit umi nous coati ng ) extends 150mm above ground leve l to t op of foun da ti on. 20mm drai nage matt t o al low wat er t o f low toward subs oi l drainage s yst em at f oun da ti o n. 13 50mm polished screed. 14 300mm reinforced concrete sl ab with 50mm poli shed s creed f ini sh. 15 Compress ed riversand bed. 16 Earth inf il l. 17 Recesse d upli ghting detai l. 18 Struct ural 500mm rei nforc ed concrete column. 19 500mm concrete pile f oun dat i o n t o geotech spec. 20 Concret e c oun ters w ith built in st orage fac il i tes for the traders. 3699 25 26 36 9 9 439 4 500 200 200 20 0 100 10 0 1 1 4 2 1 1 3 3 3 44 4 435 NIKI'S OASIS CITY BAR OUTDOOR BAR AND VIEWING DECK 5 6 8 8 8 88 17 2526 30 00 0 10 15 205 _ Above: Ceiling plan of the roof layout and structural system illustrating the trusses and tie system _ Opposite page: 1:20 Detail through City Bar _DETAILS 178 179 _WALK AROUND _NORTH ELEVATION 180 181 _EAST ELEVATION 182 183 _SOUTH ELEVATION 184 185 _WEST ELEVATION 186 187 _INTERNAL PERSPECTIVES 01. 02. 03. 01. View illustrati ng the 24hr street food bar as well as the ramp leading to City Bar where the large screen is situated. 02. View illustrati ng the formal side of the mar- ket where the eati ng area is situated below a pod of hanging plants. 03. View illustrati ng the informal side of the market characterised by traders selling with stands made of crates tables, provisional roof- ing, all according to their own necessiti es. MATERIALS + STRUCTURE The west side of the city specifi cally Newtown is charac- terised by corrugated warehouses, long structures such as Turbine Hall and Museum Africa and the treatment of Mary Fitzgerald Square. An att empt is made to draw on this lan- guage and create a contemporary reading of these materials in their contemporary context. The building is therefore a steel frame structure with cor- rugated sheet metal cladding. The corrugated facade and roof coverings as previously menti oned, morphes accord- ing to the specifi c space and functi on (?thread like? system). In order to allow the best quality of light into the market a transparent lightweight sheeti ng in conjuncti on which a photovoltaic fi lm is applied to allow people to look ?up into the sky?. ROOF COVER The roof structure is comprised of a steel trussing system with wired bracing frames. The roof structure then rests on high concrete columns and this reduces the appearance of a heavy roof above. SECURITY AND LOCKUP SPACES The more informal side of the market would be able to lock up completely if need be. A mesh or grille treatment is used to shutt er it off allowing sunlight to enter the building, while sti ll maintaining transparency and allowing the building to breath. LIGHT Light is a key generator of space. The design uses light as a map that guides users through space, not only literally, but also experienti ally, using warmth and coolness, brightness and shadow. Large volumes such as the eati ng area are enclosed by upper ramps with restaurants and bar overlooking the market be- low. The space is then broken up by hanging pods of green- ery to enhance the atmosphere and break the large volume of height. Skylight funnels, fi lter light into the market space, giving the roof a sense of lightness. 188 189 _INTERNAL PERSPECTIVES 24hr STREET FOOD BAR 190 191 _INTERNAL PERSPECTIVES FORMAL MARKET 192 193 _INTERNAL PERSPECTIVES PERIODIC/SURVIVAL TRADERS 194 195 _INTERNAL PERSPECTIVES CITY BAR 196 197 From previously menti oned design concepts, elements were used as the core gen- erators to establish a fl exible planning system as a well as a social ?street-like? atmo- sphere. The markets fl exibility varies according to the ti me of the day, day of the week and event that occurs on Mary Fitzgerald Square. Stalls can be locked up, stored away and the area transformed into an open space adequate for any type of event. The core services, restaurants and bars can all cater for the masses using the market. _EVENTS PROGRAMME (FLEXIBILTY) Daytime market After hours night usage Weekends + event occasions _Daily activity _Weekends _Small event _Night activity refl ecting open functions _Large event on Mary Fitzgerald Square 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 C I T Y M A R K E T s u s t a i n a b l e u r b a n l i f e s t y l e h u b i n j o h a n n e s b u r g 206 207 C I T Y M A R K E T s u s t a i n a b l e u r b a n l i f e s t y l e h u b i n j o h a n n e s b u r g 208 209 P A R T 4 REFERENCES & APPENDI X 210 211 B I B L I O G R A P H Y Beavon, K (2004). Johannesburg: The Making and Shaping of the City . Unisa Press: Johannesburg. Bremner, L (1998). Crime and the Emerging Landscape of a Post Apartheid Johannesburg . In : Blank: Architecture, Apartheid and After. Rotterdam: NAI Publishers. Brink, E (1994). Newtown Old Town (Museum Africa) . Johannesburg: Museum Africa (1994). Brodie, N (2008). The Joburg Book: a guide to the city?s history, people & places . Pan Macmillan South Africa: Northlands. Carmona, M, Heath, T, OC, T, and Tiesdell, S (2003). Public Places, Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design . Architectural Press: Oxford. Carrim, N (1990). Fietas: a social history: 19 4 8- 19 8 8 . Save Pageview Association, Johannesburg. Chapman, T (2008). Catalytic Memories: A Re-Urbanisation of Sophiatown. University of the Witwatersrand: Johannesburg Chipkin, C (1998). The Great Apartheid Building Boom: the Transformation of Johannesburg in the 60s. In: Blank: Architecture, Apartheid and After. Rotterdam: NAI Publishers Chipkin, C (2008). Johannesburg Transition. STE Publishers: Johannesburg. Cosser, E, M (1987). Water Supply and Utilization in Johannesburg, 1886-1905. Dissetation: Johannesburg. Curtis, W, J, R (1996). Modern Architecture since 1900. Phaidon Press Limited: London. Dewar, D and Uitenbogaart, R (1995). Creating Vibrant Urban Places to Live: A Primer. University of Cape Town: Cape Town Dewar, D and Watson, V (1990). Urban Markets Developing Informal Retailing. Routledge: London. Dewar, D and Watson, V (1991). Urban Planning & the Informal Sector. Oxford University Press: Cape Town. Evergreen (2007). Spectacular Buildings. Taschen GmbH: Hohenzollernring, Germany. Grant, G and Flin, T (1992). Watershed Town. Johannesburg City Council Compilation: Johannesburg. Hughes, L (1978). Johannesburg the cosmopolitan city. AD. Donker Ltd: Johannesburg. Jodidio, P (2007). Calatrava. Taschen GmbH: Hohenzollernring, Germany. Kahn, T (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. International Encyclopaedia of Unified Science Vol.2, No.2. University of Chicago. Maud, J. P. R (1938). City Government: The Johannesburg Experiment. Clarendon Press: Oxford. Moore, C, L and Yamamoto, K (1988). Beyond Words: Movement Observation and Analysis. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers: New York. Nadarajah, M & Tomoko Yamamoto, A (2007). Urban crisis: Culture and the sustainability of cities. United Nations University Press: New York. Schwartz, P (1988). The Best of Company: The Story of the Market Theatre . Johannesburg: AD. Donker Publisher. T.F. Thurgood (1964). The Johannesburg municipal produce market. Tschumi,B (1996). Architecture and disjunction. The MIT Press: Cambridge. Van Onselen, Charles (1982). Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand 1886-1914, 1 New Babylon. Raven Press (Pty) Ltd: Johannesburg. Van Onselen, Charles (1982). Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand 1886-1914, 2 New Nineveh. Longman Inc.: New York. I N T E R N E T Bromley, R (2000). Street Vending and Public Policy: a Global Review. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 20 (1/2), 1 ? 29. Retrieved 3/01/2010 from www.joburg.org.za. Carmichael, E. n.d. Motivation and Strategies for Entrepreneurs. Retrieved 15/03/2010 from http://www.evancarmichael.com/Famous- Entrepreneurs/556/Bill-Gates-Quotes.html. Cities and the Culture of Sustainability 2003. Retrieved 6/03/2010 from http://www.solarcity.org. Fifa Coca Cola. Retrieved 15/10/2010 from http://www.kuriositas.com. City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality Street Trading By-laws No 179 of 2004. Retrieved 02/02/2010 from www.joburgarchive.co.za. Draft Regional Spatial Developmental Framework 2008/2009. Retrieved 21/01/2010 from www.joburgarchive.co.za. Huitt, W (1999). Success in the information age: A paradigm shift. Revision of citation paper developed for a workshop presentation at the Georgia Independent School Association, Atlanta, Georgia, 06/11/1995. Retrieved 12/04/2010 from http://www.edpsycinteractive. org/papers/infoage.pdf. Informal Trading Policy for the City of Johannesburg 2009. Retrieved 15/04/2010 from www.joburgarchive.co.za/2009/pdfs/informal_ trading_policy09.pdf Joburg Regional Spatial Developmental Framework 2009. Retrieved 21/01/2010 from www.joburg.org.za. Matlala, G (2007). J oburg Empowers Informal Traders: www.joburg.org.za. Metro Trading Company. Retrieved 23/02/2010 from www.metrotrading.co.za. Regional Spatial Developmental Framework: Administrative Region 8 2006. Retrieved 21/01/2010 from www.joburgarchive.co.za. Statistics South Africa. Retrieved 14/08/2010 from www.statssa.gov.za. Thale, T (2002). The Rise of Hawking in the City. Retrieved 01/03/2010 from www.joburg.org.za. Yeoville Traders Association. Retrieved 05/03/2010 from www.joburg.org.za. Craig Abraham Southern Cross Station Melbourne (image). Retrieved 01/08/2010 from www.southern_cross_station_melbourne.com. Michel Rojkind, Nestle Chocolate Museum, Toluca Mexico (image) 2007. Retrieved 01/08/2010 from www.exinterioresign.com. Wilhelm & Co Mediacite Liege, Ron Arad (image) 2009. Retrieved 13/09/2010 from www.mediacite.be. Richard Rogers Designs, Terminal 5, Heathrow airport (image). Retrieved 05/05.2010 from www.richardrogers.co.uk. Architecture Design, Zhujiajiao Administration Centre (image). Retrieved 17/06/2010 from www.exinterioresign.com. New York Urban Umbrella (image). Retrieved 23/09/2020 from www.streetblog.org. IwamotoScott Architects installation (image). Retrieved 07/07/2010 from www.descours.us. Architecture information and image, Zaha Hadid architects (image). Retrieved 15/04/2010 from www.e-architects.co.uk. I N T E R V I E W S James Phaahla : Johannesburg Fresh Produce Market Marketing Assistant. Correspondence via e-mail and site visits. Discussions initiated: JFPM. 25/03/10. Vasco Ndebele: Research and Development Manager - Metro Trading Company. Correspondence via e-mail: vascom@metrotrading.co.za (011 833 7344). Discussions initiated: 01/04/2010. Nhlanhla Makhoba: Marketing Manager - Metro Trading Company. Correspondence via e-mail: nhlanhlam@metrotrading.co.za (011 833 7344). Discussions initiated: 01/05/2010. R E F E R E N C E S 12 212 213 I N T E R V I E W Q U E S T I O N S JOBURG MARKET - James Phaahla, Marketing Assistant. (summary of questions asked) 1. Why and when did the JFPM develop? 2. Brief synopsis of the Joburg market. 3. Where does the market produce come from and is it available to the public or only to bulk buyers? 4. How does the Joburg and Mandela Market system work? 5. What are the future plans for the market? 6. Would the market ever consider expanding into the city in the form of a public market? 7. What would the implication be if there was another market directed at sale to the public? 8. Is the JFPM funded by the government or only by private investors? 9. Would JFPM ever fund a market which sells in a much smaller scale to the public? 10. Tour around the Joburg Market, analysing spaces and functionality. METRO TRADING COMPANY ? Vasco Ndebele, Research and Development Manager. Nhlanhla Makhoba, Marketing Manager. 1. When did the MTC form and why? 2. How many municipally owned markets are there and how many traders do they accommodate? 3. What are the future plans for Metro Mall and its surrounding markets? 4. Metro Mall current and future development information. 5. Where does the market produce originate from? 6. Has the Smart Card registration been initiated and what is the process for applicants? 7. Questions relating to linear and periodic markets. 8. Block cleaning and health by laws. 9. What would the implication be if there was another market and who would fund it? 10. Do the market traders pay rent for their space occupied? If so, how much do they pay? 11. Do vendors prefer trading within market facilities or on the streets? 12. Question relating to future developments such as the construction outside Metro Mall and throughout the city. 13. What are some of the challenges that MTC has faced in trying to control and manage street trading within the CBD? 14. What are the statistics of the number of street traders trading within the CBD? 15. What is the criterion that traders have to adhere to in order to be able to trade? 16. What are the future plans for trading within the city with regards to street markets, stalls and markets? INTERVIEWS WITH STREET TRADERS (summary of questions asked) 1. How long have you been selling here for? 2. Why are you selling on the streets? 3. Have you ever had any other job? 4. How far do you have to travel to come to sell? 5. Why are you selling at this particular street market? 6. How does this market operate? (Is there a committee in charge of running the market?) 7. Do you pay for use of the space you are selling from? 8. Do you feel the space allocated to each trader is adequate enough? 9. Do you have a trading licence? (If not, why?) 10. How did you get your trading licence? 11. Is business at this market good? 12. Where do you acquire your produce from? 13. Are there storage facilites accessible to traders? 14. What is lacking in this facility and what would you specifically need? 14. If you were asked to relocate would you move to another trading place? 15. What facilities and type of trading spaces would you expect? A P P E N D I X 13 214 215 ANTIQUES FAIR ? Antiques and collectables Date: First Saturday of each month Time: 9am to 4.30pm Where: Sandton City, Voortrekker Monument, Benoni Call: 082-940-1953 BLUBIRD WHOLE FOOD MARKET - Fine food market, emphasis on eco-living Date: Each Sunday of the week Time: 9am to 2pm Where: Blubird Shopping Centre, Corlett Drive, Birnam Call: 083-311-4768 CRAFTERS MARKET - Craft market Date: Daily Time: 9am to 7pm Where: Clearwater Mall, Clearwater Call: 011-475-8644 DRAGON CITY - Oriental Date: Daily Time: 9am to 3pm Where: Renaissance Drive, Western outskirts in Crown Mines Call: 011-830-2446 ETHIOPIAN QUARTER - Authentic Ethiopian products Date: Monday to Saturday Time: 8am to 5pm Where: Medical Arts Building, 220 Jeppe Street, CBD FRENCH MARKET MORNINGSIDE - French produce Date: Each Sunday Time: 9am to 2pm Where: Morningside Shopping Centre, Rivonia Road Call: 087-940-3833 KILLARNEY MALL MZANSI MARKET - South African products Date: Saturdays Time: 9am to 2pm Where: Killarney Mall, 60 Riviera Road, Killarney Call: 011-646-4657 MANDELA PEOPLE'S MARKET - Fresh produce market Date: Monday to Saturday Time: 6am to 6pm (Mon-Fri), 6am to 2pm (Sat) Where: 1 Heidelberg Road, City Deep Call: 011-992-8000 MARKET THEATRE FLEA MARKET - Flea market Date: Monday to Saturday Time: 9am till late Where: Newtown Cultural Precinct, Bree Street Call: 083-586-8687 MEDITERRANEAN MARKET - Fine food market Date: Each Saturday Time: 9am to 2pm Where: Melrose Arch Piazza, Melrose Call: 011-684-1655 MELVILLE FARMER'S MARKET - Tiny fresh produce market, delicious baked goods, fruits and vegetables Date: First Saturday of each month Time: 7am to 2pm Where: Bamboo Centre's roof, 53 Rustenburg Road, Melville Call: 083-651-0148 MULTIFLORA FLOWER MARKET - Wholesale flower market Date: Monday to Saturday Time: 7am to 11am Where: 3 Marjorie Street, City Deep Call: 011-613-4011 ORIENTAL PLAZA - Indoor and outdoor shops Date: Monday to Saturday Time: 8.30am to 5pm (Mon-Fri, closed from 12pm to 2pm on Fridays); 8.30am to 3pm (Sat) Where: Bree and Main Streets, Fordsburg Call: 011 838 6752 ROSEBANK ROOFTOP MARKET - Fresh food, clothing, antiques, crafts, art, etc. Date: Sundays and public holidays Time: 9am to 5pm Where: 50 Bath Avenue, Rosebank Mall rooftop, Rosebank Call: 011-442-4488 THE JOBURG MARKET - Large fresh produce market Date: Monday to Saturday Time: 5am to 10am (Mon), 5am to 11am (Tues-Fri), 5am to 10am (Sat) Where: 1 Heidelberg Road, City Deep Call: 011-992-8000 THE MARKET PLACE - Flea market Date: Daily Time: 10am to 7pm Where: Cross Street entrance, Brightwater Commons, Republic Road, Randburg Call: 011-886-0208 ZASEKHAYA MARKET - Contemporary South African craftwork Date: First Saturday of each month Time: 10am to 4.30pm Where: The Craft and Design Centre, corner Rivonia Road and West Street in Sandton -- just off Nelson Mandela Square Call: 072-721-1953 ARTISTS UNDER THE SUN - Art market Date: First weekend of every month Time: 9am to 4pm Where: Zoo Lake, off Jan Smuts Avenue, Westcliff Call: 011-432-1482 BODY, MIND, SOUL - Holistic Fair Date: Once a month Time: 9am to 4pm Where: Alternatively hosted in Blairgowrie, Midrand, Benoni, Edenvale, Boksburg and Pretoria Call: 011-976-4932 or 083-417-7236. BOKKIE PARK CRAFTERS MARKET - Craft market with food stalls Date: First Saturday of each month Time: 9.30am to 2.30pm Where: Southvale Road, Parkdene Boksburg Call: 011-896-3890 or 083-294-1817 BRUMA LAKE FLEA MARKET - Flea market with the usual. Date: Tuesdays to Sundays Time: 9.30am to 5pm Where: Corner Ernest Oppenheimer and Marcia Avenues, Bruma Call: 011-622-9648 BRYANSTON ORGANIC & NATURAL MARKET - Large fresh and organic pro- duce market. Date: Every Thursday and Saturday of the week Time: 9am to 3pm Where: Culross Road, Bryanston Call: 011-706-3671 EAST RAND FLEA MARKET - Flea market Date: Tuesdays to Sundays Time: 9am to 5pm Where: North Rand Road, Boksburg Call: 011-823-2601 FRIDAY NIGHT FOOD MARKET - Food market Date: Every Friday Time: 4.30pm to 8pm Where: 44 Stanley Avenue, Milpark HOSPICE CHARITY MARKET - Charity market with second hand items Date: Monday to Saturday Time: 9am to 4.30pm (Mon-Fri), 9am to 12pm (Sat) Where: Corner 9th and Louis Botha Avenues, Orange Grove Call: 011-728-0737 JOZI FOOD MARKET - Fine food market Date: Every Saturday Time: 8.30am to 1.30pm Where: Parktown Quarter, corner 7th and 3rd Avenues, Parktown North Call: 072-739-8758 LITTLE GIFT AND CRAFT WORKSHOP - Craft market with food stalls Date: First Saturday of each month Time: 9.30am to 4.30pm Where: 3 Daffodil Street, Brackenhurst, Alberton East Rand/Ekurhuleni Call: 084 550 8522 MIDRAND URBAN MARKET - Food market and a few crafts Date: First Saturday of each month Time: 9am to 3pm Where: 64 Main Road (corner of Maud), Crowthorne, Midrand Call: 082-810-8643 NGWENYA GLASS VILLAGE - Glass craft village Date: Daily Time: 8.30am to 4.30pm Where: Shady Lane, off Diepsloot R114, Muldersdrift Call: 011-796-3000 NORTHCLIFF ORGANIC, NATURAL AND ECO-FRIENDLY MARKET - Fresh produce market Date: Every first and third Saturday of each month Time: 9am to 2pm Where: Matabele Street, East Town, Northcliff Call: 072-988-9734 PANORAMA FLEA MARKET - General flea market, including fresh produce Date: Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays Time: 9am to 4pm Where: The old Panorama Drive-in, Klipriver Drive, Mulbarton Call: 011-682-2222 PARK CITY TAXI RANK ? Food stalls and goods Date: Every day Time: 8am to 5pm Where: Opposite Park Station, Johannesburg RIETVLEI ZOO FARMER'S MARKET - Fresh produce farmers market Date: First Saturday of each month Time: 6am to 10am Where: Rietvlei Farm, 101 Swartkoppies Road, Alberton Call: 079-199-8641 THE BRIDGE TAXI RANK - Market with food stalls and goods Date: Every day Time: 8am to 5pm Where: Corner Noord and King George street, Johannesburg M A R K E T D E T A I L S _B Periodic Markets Privately Operated in P a r k s / P u b l i c S p a c e s M A R K E T D E T A I L S _A Periodic Markets Privately Operated in M a l l s / B u i l d i n g s