Bolemogi jwa Diponagalo tsa Ditumisapuo mo tokafatsong ya Dipuiso tsa Setswana (Prosodic Features awareness in Comprehending Setswana Readings) Ka V. M. S. Pule Nomore ya boikwadiso: 2304333 Dikerii: PhD Lefapha la Dipuo tsa Aforikaborwa Mofatlhosi: Ngaka K.M.A. Theledi Yunivesithi ya Witwatersrand 2022 i MAIKANO Nna, Violet Maphefo Sefolaro Pule, ke ikana gore tlhotlhomiso e ya dikerii ya Bongaka jwa Thuto ya Setswana (PhD- Setswana), ya setlhogo sa: BOLEMOGI JWA DIPONAGALO TSA DITUMISAPUO MO TOKAFATSONG YA DIPUISO TSA SETSWANA ke tiro ya me ka bonna, mme ga e ise e romelwe kwa Yunivesithi epe kwa ntle ga Yunivesithi ya Witwatersrand. Metswedi yotlhe e e dirisitsweng kgotsa e e nopotsweng mo tlhotlhomisong e, e tlhagisitswe le go lebogwa mo lenaneong la metswedi. Ka bokhutshwane, ga gona karolo epe ya patlisiso e e nopotsweng ntle le go neela motswedi wa mokwadi. VMS PULE Motsheganong 2022 ii DITEBOGO Ditebogo tsa me ke di lebisa go batho ba ba latelang, ba ba neng ba ntshegeditse le go nna le seabe se segolo mo goreng tlhotlhomiso e, e atlege: Ke simolola ka go leboga Modimo yo a nneetseng botshelo, a nneela maatla le kgotlelelo, a bo a nneela le botlhale ba go simolola tlhotlhomiso e. Modimo ke a go leboga ke fitlhile fa, ka maatla le thuso ya gago. Mofatlhosi wa me Ngaka K. Theledi, ke a go leboga. Kwa tshimologong go ne go le boima thata e bile mo tsamaong ya nako ke ne ka batla go tlogela, fela wa intshokela, wa ntshwara ka letsogo, wa nthotloetsa go fitlha kwa bokhutlong jwa tlhotlhomiso e. Ke a go leboga. Barwadi ba me, Boitumelo Pule le Banthatile Pule. Ga ke na mafoko a kalo a go le leboga go tlhaloganya fa ke re ke tshwaregile e bile ke tshwanetse go le tlogela le le esi. Ke leboga gape fa le kgonne go tlhaloganya fa ke ne ke sa kgone go apaya dilalelo mo nakong tse dingwe, le go palelwa ke go tsenela metshameko ya lona ya sekolo. Mme motsadi, Refilwe Vuma. Le fa o ne o sa itse le gore ke dira eng, fela se o neng o se itse ke gore fa ke weditse thuto e, o tlaa bo o na le ngwana wa ngaka. Mama, ke e weditse tiro e mme jaanong, o ka simolola go mpitsa ngaka. Ke lebogela megala ya gago le kemonokeng ya gago. Nkgonne, Caroline, mo ke neng ke re ke a tlogela o ne o nthotloetsa ka mafoko a tshegetso le ka thapelo. Le fa ke ne ke le kwa kgakala le wena o ne o nkgopotsa gore lerato la gago lona le gaufi. Balosika: Abram, Bosie, Kagiso, Kabelo, Lehlohonolo, Katlego, Ditebogo, Tumisang, Obakeng, Katlego. Bagaetsho Modimo a le ntlhokomelele lona, Modimo a le ntshedisetse le go le babalela go ya go ile. Ditsala tsa me: Phinda, Thabiso, Mlamli, Pumi, Iris, Dolly, Elijah, Livhu, Thili, ke lebogela tshegetso le thotloetso ya lona fa e sa le ka 2019. Bantsamaisabosigo: Molebogeng Segole le Khutso Makuwa - Ke ne ke le letsetsa nako nngwe le nngwe fa ke ne ke gakantshiwa ke tlhotlhomiso e. Ke leboga fa le ne le tshwara mogala wa me, e bile le nneela nako ya go tlhalosa bothata ba me le bo le neela tharabololo e ka yona ke kgonneng go digela tlhotlhomiso e. Ke tlaa lo ema nokeng fa nako ya lona e fitlha. Ngaka Moloele, le wena o ntshegeditse mo tlhotlhomisong e, ka go nna o ntheeditse ke ngongorega ka dikgaolo tsa me. Ke a go leboga. iii Baagisani: Merleny O’Ryan, Mpho Tau, Puseletso Mokoena, bomme ke lebogela tshegetso ya lona, le nnile batsadi ba barwadi ba me ka nako e ke neng ke sugana le tlhotlhomiso e. Le ba neela dijo le nako fa nna ke ne ke na le kgatelelo ya maikutlo ka ga tlhotlhomiso e. Sol Plaatje University Scholarship Grant – Ga ke itse gore ke simolole go le leboga jang. Le nketleeditse ka matlole go duela yunivesithi gore ke tswelele pele. Ke leboga fa le kgonne go ntuelela yunivesithi matlole a sekolo gore ke kgone go tswelela. Le direng jalo le mo go ba bangwe. Go tsotlhe tse, ke leboga Modimo le Badimo boora-Pule, boora-Nyundu le boora- Tsebe go nthobaletsa ditlhokwa mo dikgwetlhong tsotlhe tsa me. Ke fa ka thata le thato ya lona. Badimo ba me, setlogolo sa lona ke ngaka e seng ya lomao fela ya dithuto le dibuka. Ba nesa PULA ka metsana! iv TSHOSOBANYO Thuto e e itebagantse le go tlhotlhomisa boleng ba diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo mo puisong, ka ntlha ya seabe sa tsona mo bokaong jwa puo, go lebilwe puo ya Setswana. Patlisiso eno e ne e tsibogela pegelo ya puiso e e tlhagisitsweng ke porojeke ya Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) ka 2016, yona e begile fa barutwana ba Mophato wa 4 ba go feta diphesente di le 80, ba ba neng ba tlhatlhobiwa ka dipuo tsa Seaforika ba bonwe ba sa kgone go tlhaloganya se ba neng ba se buisa mo ditekotlhaloganyong tse ba neng ba di neetswe. Go itshupile fa go buisa ka dipuo tsa Seaforika e le tlhobaboroko mo mephatong ya Kgato ya Magareng, bogolosegolo go tlhaloganya bokao jo bo ikaeletsweng. Puiso ke morero wa botlhokwa, o o senolang bokao mo puong. Maikaelelomagolo a go buisa setlhangwa sengwe le sengwe mo puong nngwe le nngwe ke go tlhaloganya diteng tsa sona gore yo o buisang a kgone go araba dipotso tsa yona kgotsa yo o reeditseng a kgone go tlhaloganya se a neng a se reeditse. Phitlhelelo e e lebeletsweng mo puisong kwa dikolong, ke go alosa barutwana ba ba kgonang go ka ipuisetsa ka bobona. Ka ga se, go tlhalosa fa barutwana ba ka ipuisetsa ka bobona ka tsepamo, ka thelelo, ka go ijesa monate le go tlhaloganya se ba se buisang. Maikaelelomagolo a patlisiso e, e ne e le go lemosa bengpuo ka ga boleng jwa diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo mo tlhaolong ya bokao go tlhaloganya puiso mo Setswaneng. Patlisiso e, e itemogetse tlhaelo ya kitso ya thuto ya ditumisapuo mo tsosolosong, maatlafatsong le mo tshegetsong ya kitso-puisokwalo mo barutwaneng le go itlwaetsa go buisa. Boleng jwa tsona bo botlhokwa thata fa go lebiwa puiso ka thelelo ka go leba medumopuo, segalo le dinoko. Patlisiso eno, e ne e ikaegile ka maremelo a tiori a semiotiki, jaaka tiori e e tshwaraganeng le tiriso ya matshwao mo mabakeng a a farologaneng, mme mo dipuong dingwe a tlhaola bokao ba lefoko. Tsepamo ya thuto e, e ne e le mo Mephatong ya Kgato ya Magareng ya dikolo di le robedi (8) mo Setswana se rutiwang jaaka Puo-Gae le Puo-Tlaleletso. Go dirisitswe mmeo wa khwantitatifi le mmeo wa khwalitatifi go kokoanya dinewa. Mokgwa wa sesupotladiko o dirisitswe go tlhopha batsayakarolo. Dinewa tsa khwantitatifi di sekasekilwe ka go dirisa mofuta wa tshekatsheko wa dipalopalo tsa tlhaloso, mme dinewa tsa khwalitatifi ga di a sekasekiwa ka ntlha ya fa go ne go sena batsayakarolo. Patlisiso e, e fitlhetse e le gore go nna le kgakantshego e ntsi fa mafoko a sa tshwaiwa ka matshwao a ditumisapuo, le barutwana ga ba kgone go itse bokao jo bo ikaeletsweng. Bothata mo puisong ya Setswana ga se go palelwa ke go buisa, fela bothata ke go tlhaloganya se se kwadilweng. Thuto ya ditumisapuo e itshupile e na le v seabe sa botlhokwa thata mo tlhaolong ya bokao mo mafokong a Setswana, go tsosolosa le go maatlafatsa puiso gammogo le go tshegetsa lerato la go buisa. Go tlhaloganya go tserwe jaaka bokgoni jo bo tshwanetseng go tlhokomelwa ka metlha e seng go bewa seka-bokgoni, ka gonne go tlhaloganya ke katlego e e tlhokegang mo bokgoning bongwe le bongwe. vi SUMMARY This study aimed at addressing the impact of prosodic features in reading because of its contribution to meaning in language - Setswana. The study is responding to the literacy report by Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) of 2016 which reported that more than 80% of grade 4 learners who were tested in an African language could not read for meaning. Reading in African languages appears to be problematic in the Intermediate Phase specially to comprehend the meaning intend. The main aim of the study was to investigate the impact of prosodic features in comprehending Setswana readings. The research study noted the lack of prosodic feature awareness in enhancing and supporting learner’s literacy and culture of reading, because of its valuable significance when dealing with reading fluency with regards to speech sounds, tonology and syllable. This research was based on the semiotic theoretical framework, as it is concerned with how signs are used for interpretation. The focus of the study is on the Intermediate Phase of eight schools where Setswana is taught as a Home and/or as a First Additional Language. The mixed method approaches (qualitative and quantitative methods) were used to collect and analysed data. Random sampling was used to select participants. Descriptive method was used to analysed both methods. The study is of the idea that new ways of stressing prosodic markings (such as tones, accent, stress, and rhythm) must be accorded special attention in the education system in South Africa in such a manner that learners are able to extract meaning and comprehend what they read. The study found that there is a lot of confusion when words are not marked, as learners cannot know which meaning is intended. As mentioned, the problem in reading Setswana books is not in reading, but in comprehending. The study of prosodic features came as a best study that plays an important role in extracting the meaning from words, reading fluency and enhancing reading culture. Comprehending is a very important elements in the four skills that are focused on in the teaching of reading, and it has only been listed as sub-skill, not as a main skill that needed to be acquired throughout because no skill will be successfully achieved without the skill of comprehending Key concepts: Cognitive Skills, Prosodic Features, Semiotic Theoretical framework, CAPS, Intermediate Phase vii MAREO A A BOTLHOKWA LE DILEKANI TSA ONA TSA SEESIMANE Atlanegisa - Recommend Boemo jo bo Tsepameng - Literal Level Boemo jwa go Sekaseka - Evaluative Level Boemo jwa go Tsenelela - Inferential Level Boemo jwa Maikutlo - Appreciative Level Boitlhaloganyo - Metacognition Boitshwaro jo bo Namatshang – Positive Attitude Boleelefatsonoko - Syllabi Duration Boleelenokong – Syllabic Duration Borutapuo - Linguistic Term Botshepegi le Bonnete - Reliability and Validity Botšhomolodi – Interpreting Didiriswa tsa Dikgono tse di Lekaneng - Finite Cognitive Resources Dikarolo Tsa Puo - Parts of Speech Dikarolwana – Segmentation Dikgono tsa Puo - Language Skills Dikgono tsa Tlhaloganyo tsa Borutapuo - Cognitive Linguistic Skill Dipalopalo – Figures Dipoelo Tsa Botlhokwa - Critical Outcome Dipuo tsa Bantsho – African languages Dipuo tsa Maaforika – Bantu Languages Dipuo tsa Tlholego – Indigenous Languages Ditekano – dimensions Ditlhangwa/Dikwalwa – Readings Ditogamaano tsa go Tlhalosa - Comprehension Strategies Ditumisapuo – Prosodics Fonimi e e utlwagalang - Vocalic Phoneme Go Tlhaloganya – Comprehension Go Tsibogela – Response Kamogelo ya Tlotlofoko- Receptive Vocabulary viii Kapodiso ya mafoko – pronunciation of words Karolothuto - Learning Area Kelo ya go Buisa - Reading Rate Kgatelelo ya Mafoko – Stress Words Kgato ya Magareng – Intermediate Phase Kgato ya Motheo – Foundation Phase Kgethololo ya Dinoko - Isolation Kharikhulamo – Curriculum Kholetšhe – College Kitso ya Tlotlofoko – Vocabulary Knowledge Kitsopalo – Numeracy Kitso-puisokwalo - literacy Kopano ya Dinoko - Syllable Blending Kopano ya Medumopuo – Blending Lenaanethuto- Syllabus Letshwao – Sign Maemo a Puiso – Literacy Level Mekgwa – Approach Mmatlisisi – researcher Mmotlolo wa Mogopolo - Mental Models Mmuso wa Kgethololo – Nationalist Government Mokgwa wa bogologolo - Traditional Approach Mokgwa wa Leba o Bue – Look and Say Method Mokgwa wa Maitemogelo a Puo – Language Experience Approach Mokwalo – Orthography Molao wa Thuto le Katiso – Education and Training Act Molaotlhomo wa Ditshwanelo – Bill of Rights Mophato - Grade Moribo - Rhythm Morumo – Rhyme Nepo mo Tlhalosong ya Mafoko - Accuracy in Word Decoding Noko e e Botlhokwa- Syllable Prominence ix Paakanyo-Kwalo - Preparatory Writing Paakanyo-Puiso - Preparatory Reading Palo ya Batho - Census Pegelo Ya Pholisi Ya Kharikhulamo Le Tlhatlhobo (PPKT-CAPS) Phetogo ya Modumo wa Lefoko - Inflection Puiso jaaka Teramatiso- Role Play Reading Puo e e kannweng – Standardised Language Puo ya Diatla -Sign Language Puo ya Gae – Home Language Puo ya molomo - Oral Speech Puo-Gae – Home Language Puo-Tlaleletso – Additional Language Ranola – Decode Segalo - Intonation Segalo – Tones Tebagano le Morutabana/ Morutabana Kwa Pele - Teacher-Centred Temogo ya Lefoko - Word Recognition Temogo ya Lefoko Lotlhe - Whole-Word Recognition Thanodi - Dictionary Tirisanommogo – Collaboration Tlhatlhamano – Series Tlhopho ya Batsayakarolo - Respondent Sampling Tlotlofoko – Vocabulary Tlotlofoko e e Tlhamaletseng- Expressive Vocabulary Tlotlofoko ya go Bua -Speaking Vocabulary Tlotlofoko ya Kutlo - Listening Vocabulary Tlotlofoko ya Kwalo - Writing Vocabulary Tlotlofoko ya Puiso - Reading Vocabulary Tsamaiso ka Boitirisi - Automatic Processing Tsamaiso ya Thuto Ya Aforikaborwa – SA Education System Tshedimoso ya Dinoko - Syllabic Awareness Tshedimoso ya Fonimi - Phonemic Awareness x Tshekatsheko ya Dinewa - Data Analysis Tshekatsheko ya Ditshwantsho - Analyse Visual Signs Tshekatsheko ya Letshwao - Analyse the Symbolic Tshekatsheko ya Matshwao a Molomo -Analyse Verbal Signs Tshimologo ya Lefoko – Onset Tshimologo ya Puiso - Emergent Reading Tsitsinya /Tlhagisa – Suggest xi LENANEO LA DITENG MAIKANO .............................................................................................................................. i DITEBOGO ............................................................................................................................ii TSHOSOBANYO .................................................................................................................. iv SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... vi MAREO A A BOTLHOKWA LE DILEKANI TSA ONA TSA SEESIMANE ............................. vii KGAOLO 1: MATSENOMAGOLO ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Matseno ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Lemorago la go buisa kwa dikolong ....................................................................................... 3 1.3 Lemorago la patlisiso ........................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Maikaelelo a patlisiso ........................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Dipotso tsa patlisiso ............................................................................................................. 9 1.6 Tlhagiso ya bothata .............................................................................................................. 9 1.7 Botlhokwa jwa patlisiso ..................................................................................................... 10 1.8 Tekolo ya ditshekatsheko ....................................................................................................... 10 1.9 Thulaganyo ya dikgaolo ................................................................................................ 15 1.10 Bokhutlo ...................................................................................................................... 16 KGAOLO 2: TEKOLO YA DITSHEKATSHEKO .................................................................. 17 2.1 Matseno ............................................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Tlhaloso ka ga puiso .......................................................................................................... 17 2.3 Dikgono tsa go tlhaloganya borutapuo ........................................................................... 29 2.4 Dipatlisiso tse di setseng di dirilwe ka puiso ya Dipuo tsa Bantsho ............................. 33 2.5 Tlhabololo ya kharikhulamo mo Aforikaborwa .................................................................... 37 2.6 Mananeo a a tlhomilweng go ruta puiso mo Setswaneng mo dikgatong tsa kwa tlase 42 2.7 Ditumisapuo .............................................................................................................................. 57 2.8 Dikarolo tsa ditumisapuo ........................................................................................................ 60 2.9 Bokhutlo .................................................................................................................................... 62 KGAOLO 3: MMEO LE MAREMELO A DITIORI ................................................................. 63 3.1 Matseno .................................................................................................................................... 63 3.2 Mmeo wa patlisiso ................................................................................................................... 63 3.3 Kokoanyo ya dinewa ............................................................................................................... 66 3.4 Tlhopho ya batsayakarolo ...................................................................................................... 69 3.5 Botshepegi le Bonnete ............................................................................................................ 76 3.6. Lekwalo la Maiphapo (H21/06/28) ....................................................................................... 77 xii 3.7 Tshekatsheko ya dinewa ................................................................................................... 78 3.8 Maremelo a Tiori ................................................................................................................. 79 3.9 Bokhutlo ............................................................................................................................... 85 KGAOLO 4: DIPHITLHELELO LE DIKATLENEGISO .......................................................... 86 4.1 Matseno ............................................................................................................................... 86 4.2 Dipotsolotso .............................................................................................................................. 86 4.3 Diphitlhelelo tsa barutwana .................................................................................................... 99 4.4 Tshosobanyo ya dinewa go ya ka ditlhogwana ................................................................ 127 4.5 Dikatlenegiso ..................................................................................................................... 137 4.6 Bokhutlo ............................................................................................................................. 138 KGAOLO 5: KONOSETSO- KAKARETSO ........................................................................ 141 5.1 Matseno ............................................................................................................................. 141 5.2 Tshobokanyo ya dikgaolo ............................................................................................... 141 5.3 Dipotso tsa patlisiso ......................................................................................................... 143 METSWEDI ...................................................................................................................... 149 MAMETLELELO A: LEKWALO LA MAIKANO LA YUNIVESITHI YA WITWATERSRAND 162 MAMETLELELO B: LEKWALO LA LEFAPHA LA THUTO LA POROFENSE YA GAUTENG ......................................................................................................................................... 163 MAMETLELELO C: LEKWALO LA KGAOLO YA TSHWANE NORTH .............................. 164 MAMETLELELO D: LEKWALO LA KGAOLO YA TSHWANE WEST ................................ 165 MAMETLELELO E: DIPOTSOLOTSO TSA BARUTABANA .............................................. 166 MAMETLELELO F: DITIRO TSA MOPHATO WA 4 .......................................................... 169 MAMETLELELO G: DITIRO TSA MOPHATO WA 5 .......................................................... 171 MAMETLELELO H: DITIRO TSA MOPHATO WA 6 .......................................................... 173 MAMETLELELO I: DIPOTSOTHERISANO TSA BAGAKOLODI BA SERUTWA SA SETSWANA ...................................................................................................................... 175 MAMETLELELO J: FOROMO YA TETLELELO YA BATSADI .......................................... 176 MAMETLELELO K: FOROMO YA TETLELELO YA NGWANA ......................................... 177 1 KGAOLO 1: MATSENOMAGOLO 1.1 Matseno Puo ya Setswana ke nngwe ya dipuo tse di buiwang tsa semmuso mo Aforikaborwa (RSA Constitution, 1996), mme e wela mo setlhopheng sa dipuo tse di kaiwang jaaka Dipuo tsa tlholego. Go ya ka Dipalopalo tsa Aforikaborwa, Palobatho ya (2011), e supile fa Setswana se buiwa ke batho ba ba fetang dimilione di le nne mo Aforikaborwa fela. Go na gape le milione o le mongwe wa babui ba puo e kwa Botswana, mme kwa teng ke puo ya semmuso ya naga, gape go na le setlhotswana se sennye sa Batswana kwa Namibia (Bennett le ba bangwe, 2016). Guthrie (1948) o tlhalosa fa Setswana, Sesotho le Sepedi di tsewa e le tsa setlhopha sa dipuo tsa Sesotho. Dipuo tsa tlholego di itsege thata di dirisa tsamaiso ya segalo, mme tsamaiso e ya segalo ke yona e e tlhaolang bokao ba lefoko kgotsa ba polelo. Batibo le Mae (1999) ba tswelela go tlhalosa puo ya Setswana jaana: Setswana is a tonal language where syllabic pitch is used to distinguish between the meaning of words at both lexical and grammatical level. Roach (2010) o tlaleletsa ka go re: Unlike Setswana, English is intonational; it uses pitch variation to distinguish meaning at the word, phrase, and sentence level without changing the meaning of a word. Segalo mo puong ya Setswana se bonwa e le selo se se botlhokwa ka gonne ke sona se se tlhaolang bokao jwa lefoko mo maemong a tiriso ya puo a a farologaneng. Puo ya Seesimane yona ga e dirise segalo go tlhaola bokao jwa lefoko kgotsa go fetola bokao ba lefoko fela e dirisa segalo go ntsha maikutlo a mmui kgotsa kgatelelo ya lefoko. Diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo ga se bontlhabongwe ba dithuto tsa poraemari, mme se, se dira gore barutwana ba tlhaele kitso ka ga boleng ba tsona mo mafokong kgotsa mo dipolelong. Go ya ka pegelo ya kamogelo ya bana ba sekolo mo Aforikaborwa, ngwana o tshwanetse go simolola sekolo a le dingwaga di le tlhano, mme a tlaa tshwara tse thataro pele ga kgwedi ya Seetebosigo (Molawana wa Sekolo wa Aforikaborwa), go solofelwa gore ngwana a bo a itse go buisa medumopuo ya Setswana. Aforikaborwa e na le Mephato e le lesomepedi e e arogantsweng go ya ka dikgato di le nne. Kgato ya ntlha e bidiwa Kgato ya Motheo, e bong: Mophato R-3, Kgato ya bobedi, e bidiwa Kgato ya Magareng, e bong: Mophato 4-6. Go latele e e bidiwang Kgato e Kgolwane, 2 e bong: Mophato 7-9, ya bofelo ke e e bidiwang Thuto le Katiso e e Tswelelang, e e simololang ka Mophato 10-12 (Tlhagiso ya Kharikhulamo ya Bosetšhaba, 2011). Patlisiso e, e ne e lebeletse Mephato 4-6 (Kgato ya Magareng) gonne ke yona e porojeke ya PIRLS e dirileng dipatlisiso ka ga yona, mme ya fitlhela e le gore barutwana ba mephato ya kgato e, ba itse go buisa fela mme ga ba kgone go tlhaloganya dikwalo tsa Setswana. Se se itshupile fa ba palelwa ke go araba dipotso ka Setswana mo ditekatlhaloganyong tsa bona tse ba neng ba di neetswe, mme se sa dira gore Aforikaborwa e nne mo maemong a bofelo mo dinageng tse dingwe. Aforikaborwa e dirisa molao wa mokgwa wa go ruta wa Pegelo ya Pholisi ya Kharikhulamo le Tlhatlhobo (PPKT-CAPS). Go ya ka Pegelo ya Kharikhulamo ya Bosetšhaba le Tlhatlhobo (2011), molao o wa go ruta, o tlhalosiwa e le tlhabololo ya mokgwa wa maloba wa go ruta. PPKT e neela barutabana ditaelo ka botlalo gore ba rute eng le gore ba se tlhatlhobe jang go ya ka mophato-ka-mophato le go ya ka thuto- ka-thuto. Go ya ka Pegelo ya Pholisi ya Kharikhulamo le Tlhatlhobo (2011) maikaelelomagolo a mokgwa o wa PPKT ke go ‘fokotsa morwalo wa tsamaiso ya dirutwa mo barutabaneng, mme o netefatse gore go dirisiwa tsamaiso e e tshwanang le kgakololo e e tshwanang mo barutwaneng fa ba rutiwa’. Mokgwa wa PPKT o netefatsa fa barutwana botlhe ba Aforikaborwa ba rutiwa le go tlhatlhobiwa ka go tshwana mme se ke selo se se siameng gonne go tlaa itsewe fa morutwana wa mophato o o rileng a tshwanetse go bo a rutilwe eng le gore a se rutilwe jang. Le fa patlisiso e sa lebagana le mephato ya Kgato ya Motheo, fela go botlhokwa go itse dirutwa tsa yona tse barutwana ba neng ba lekanyetswa mo go tsona, go tlhaloganya boalo kgotsa tshimologo ya bona sentle. Go ya ka Pegelo ya Kharikhulamo ya Bosetšhaba (2011), morutwana wa mephato ya Kgato ya Motheo o dira dithuto di le nne e leng: Puo ya go Ithuta le go Ruta, Puo ya Tlaleletso, Dipalo le tsa Maphelo. Mo thutong ya dipuo ba lekanyetswa ka bokgoni ba go reetsa le go bua, go buisa le go dumisa medumopuo, mokwalo le go kwala. Jaaka patlisiso e, e totile ntlha ya go buisa, go fitlhetswe gore go ya ka PPKT, morutabana o tshwanetse go ruta go buisa a lebile bokgoni ba morutwana ba go dumisa medumopuo, go lemoga mafoko, go buisa le go araba tekatlhaloganyo le kitsofoko. Ga gona foo go gatelelwang ka go tlhaloganya mo se se buisitsweng, se se kwadilweng, le se se reeditsweng. Gape ga gona mo morutwana a lemosiwang ka diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo, le botlhokwa ba tsona mo go buiseng ka gonne di tsamaisana le go buisa. 3 Porojeke ya Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) e ne e lebile barutwana ba Mophato wa 4, e lekola bokgoni ba go buisa ka Dipuotsa Gae, mme se, se ne se dirwa ka maikaelelo a go ba bapisa le barutwana ba dinaga tse dingwe tse 50 (PIRLS, 2016). Diphitlhelelo di supile fa naga ya Aforikaborwa e fitlheletse maemo a a kwa tlase ga kelo ya bona ka kelo ya 320, mme kelo e, e tlhalosa gore barutwana ga ba kgone go tlhaloganya se ba se buisang kgotsa go ntsha kitso e e rileng mo tekatlhaloganyong, go ka araba dipotso tse bonolo. Naga ya Russia Federation e tlhageletse kwa pele mo diphitlhelelong tse, ka kelo ya 581. Mo dipuong tsa semmuso tsa Aforikaborwa, barutwana ba ba neng ba buisa le go araba ka puo ya Seesimane le ya Seaforikanse ba dirile sentle go gaisa ba ba neng ba buisa le go araba ka dipuo tsa Bantsho, mme Setswana ke puo nngwe e e welang mo dipuong tse di sa dirang sentle. Go ya ka dipatlisiso le diphitlhelelo, diphesente di le 78 tsa barutwana ba Aforikaborwa ba Mophato wa 4 ba tlhagisitswe ba se na motheo wa bokgoni ba go buisa, mme mo puong ya Setswana le ya Sepedi diphesente di feta 90 tsa barutwana ba itshupile ba sa kgone go tlhaloganya se ba se buisitseng ka Puo ya Gae, PIRLS (2011, 2016). Mo diphitlhelelong tsa PIRLS (2006, 2011, 2016), go utolotswe gore bothata ga se go se itse go buisa ditlhangwa tsa Dipuo tsa Selegae sentle kgotsa go buisa ditekatlhaloganyo, fela bothata ke go se tlhaloganye bokao jwa tse di se neelang, seo se raya gore fa sengwe se sa tlhaloganyege, se ka se arabege ka nepo. Thuto e, e senotse fa kitso ya diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo e tlhokega thata go nna karolo ya Kharikhulamo mo mephatong yotlhe, jaaka e na le seabe mo go neeleng lefoko bokao mo puong ya Setswana. Diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo ke thuto e e akaretsang segalo, boleelenoko, kgatelelo ya mafoko, mme tsotlhe tse di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhaloganyeng bokao ba lefoko kgotsa ba polelo. 1.2 Lemorago la go buisa kwa dikolong Puiso ke ntlha e e botlhokwa e e neelang bokao mo puong go sa kgathalesege gore ke puo efe. Maikaelelomagolo a go buisa setlhangwa sengwe le sengwe mo puong nngwe le nngwe ke go tlhaloganya temoso kgotsa molaetsa kgotsa diteng tsa sona gore yo o buisang a kgone go araba dipotso tsa yona kgotsa yo o reeditseng a kgone go tlhaloganya se a neng a se reeditse. Kaedi ya ‘Go ruta go buisa mo mephatong ya go sa le gale’ ya Lefapha la Thuto (ga gona ngwaga), e tlhalosa maikaelo a go buisa jaana kwa dikolong: Phitlhelelo e e totilweng ya puiso mo sekolong se se potlana, ke go alosa barutwana ba ba kgonang go ipuisetsa ka bobona. Se se raya gore ba ka ipuisetsa ka bobona ka tsepamo, thelelo, go ijesa monate le go tlhaloganya se 4 ba se buisang...ke maikarabelo a mephato e e kwa tlase go netefatsa gore, barutwana ba tlaa kgona go buisa ka puo ya bona ya gae le ka nako e ba fetelang kwa mephatong ya magareng. Kaedi ya Lefapha la Thuto e tlhalosa maikaelelo a bona mo go buiseng kwa dikolong e le gore barutwana ba kgone go ipuisetsa ka bobona mme ba tlhaloganye se ba se buisang, gonne sengwe le sengwe se se buisiwang, se buisetswa go tlhaloganngwa. Phitlhelelo e e lebeletsweng mo puisong kwa dikolong, ke go alosa barutwana ba ba kgonang go ka ipuisetsa ka bobona, go tlhaloganya se ba neng ba se buisa le go se tlhalosa. Ka ga se, go tlhalosa gore barutwana ba ka ipuisetsa ka bobona ka tsepamo, ka thelelo, ka go ijesa monate le go tlhaloganya se ba se buisang. Dintlha tsa go buisa, di tshwanetse ya nna tsona motheo mo mephatong ya poraemari. Se se bonwa e le maikarabelo a mephato e e kwa tlase go netefatsa fa barutwana ba kgona go buisa le go tlhaloganya ka puo ya bona ya selegae pele ba ka fetisetswa kwa mephatong ya Kgato ya Magareng. Dirutwa tse di rutiwang mo mephatong ya Kgato ya Motheo, di rutiwa ka Puo ya Gae, gonne go tserwe gore go nna bonolo fa barutwana ba simolola go buisa le go kwala ka puo ya bona. Fa barutwana ba godisa dikgono tsa go buisa ka loleme lwa bona, go tlaa nna bonolo fa ba ithuta Puo ya Tlaleletso kwa mephatong ya Kgato ya Magareng. Dipatlisiso tsa PIRLS di supile fa barutwana ba Kgato ya Magareng ba itse go buisa fela ba sa tlhaloganye se ba se buisitseng, e leng yona ntlha e kgolo e e tshwanetseng go fetoga. 1.3 Lemorago la patlisiso Fa go buiwa ka puiso ya puo efe kgotsa efe ga gona gore go ka tlogelwa go tlhalosa mokwalo wa puo eo, ka gonne go buisiwa mafoko a a kwadilweng, e bile go botlhokwa go tlhaloganya popego ya mokwalo wa puo le melawana ya yona. Dipolelo tse di buisiwang mo ditlhangweng, di bopilwe ka mafoko a a bopilweng ke medumopuo, e e simolotseng e le dialefabete/ditlhaka. Puo ya Setswana ke puo ya ntlha mo setlhopheng sa dipuo tsa Sesotho go kwalwa mo Borwa jwa Aforika. Mokwalo wa puo ya Setswana o simolotswe ke batho ba e neng e le batsamai, e le barongwa ba thomo ya tumelo ya Sekeresete. Mokwalo wa bona wa Setswana o ne o tlhotlheletswa ke dipuo tsa selegae tsa bona (Chebanne le bangwe, 2008). Hinrich Lichtenstein ke yo mongwe wa bakwadi ba puo ya Setswana. O ne a kwala medumo ya mafoko a Setswana ka go tshwantshanya medumo ya ona le ya mokwalo wa medumo ya mafoko a puo ya Sejeremane, jaaka tlhaka [ch] ya puo ya Sejeremane e emetse modumo wa [g] mo puong ya Setswana, fela jalo le ka [sch] o emetswe ke wa [š] mo Setswaneng. 5 Go ntse jalo, le ka John Cambell yo e neng e le mongwe wa bakwadi ba ba simolotseng go kwala puo ya Setswana. Mokwalo wa gagwe wa Setswana o ne o tlhotlheletswa thata ke Seesimane, mme puo e ya Seesimane ga e na medumo e mengwe e e leng teng mo puong ya Setswana le ditumanosi tsa yona ga di tsamaelane le tsa Setswana jaaka modumo [ts] mo Setswaneng o ne a o tshwantshanya le wa [ch] mo Seesimaneng. Diphetogo tsa mokwalo wa medumo ya Setswana di ne di ntse di fetoga go ya ka dipuo tsa bakwadi, go fitlha go tshwarwa phuthegokgolo mo go dumalanweng ka phetolo ya medumo e mengwe ya Setswana jaaka medumo [c, ch] e e dumeletsweng go emelwa ke [ts, tšh], (Chebanne le bangwe, 2008). GP Lestrade o ne a kwala buka e e neng e tlhalosa ditshwetso tse di tserweng go fetola mokwalo wa Setswana. Desmond Cole o ne a kwala buka ya thutapuo ya Setswana mo a neelang thuto yotlhe ya puo ya Setswana, popego ya yona, mokwalo wa yona le setso sa puo e. Gantsi mo dibukeng tsa Setswana fa go kwalwa ga go farologanngwe /e/ le /ȇ/. Tsotlhe di emelwa ke /e/, go fela jalo le ka /o/ le /ȏ/ le tsona di emelwa ke /o/, mme go se di farologane kgotsa go se di tshwantshanye ke bothata gonne ke tsona tse di rweleng bokao bo bo dirang gore morutwana a se tlhaloganye, go ntse jalo le ka digalo - Sekao, mmȇ (mother) le mmé (but/and). Fa morutwana a kopana le lefoko le mo puisong le se na letshwao, ga a kitla a itse gore mokwadi o batla go reng totatota, le fa sekwalo se dirisitse matshwao a, morutwana ga a kitla a tlhaloganya gore a kaya eng. Patlisiso e, e leka go bontsha seabe sa diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo mo dikwalong gore puiso e tlhaloganngwe ke babuisi kgotsa barutwana, mme ba kgone go araba le go tsibogela dipotso ka nepo. Setswana ke puo e e kgaoganeng go ya ka Mokwalo. Bontsi ba mafoko a puo ya Setswana a na le tlhogo, modi, kutu le mogatlana jaaka mo go setlhare: /se/ ke tlhogo, /tlhar/ ke modi /e/ ke mogatlana. Mafoko a mangwe a gokeletswe megatlana jaaka mothonyana: /mo/ - tlhogo + /tho/ - kutu + /nyana/ - mogatlana. Go ntse jalo le ka lediri: reka: /rek/ - kutu + /a/ - mogatlana. Megatlana e dirisetswa go bontsha nyenyefatso ya maina kgotsa mafelo. Ditlhopha tsa maina di dirisetswa go bontsha bontsi jwa maina: (mo-ba, mo-me, le-ma, se-di, n-di, lo-di, bo-ma le go). Maina a na le ditlhogo mo bongweng le mo bontsing. Sekao: motho – batho. Puo ya Setswana e na le ditumanosi di le supa (7) e leng (a, e, ê, i, o, ô, u). Ditumanosi /ê/ le /ô/ di botlhokwa go supa segalo le bokao jo bo farologaneng, sekao: noka (river) nôka (waist). Go botlhokwa gore ditumanosi tse pedi tse, di dirisiwe mo dikwalong go bontsha pharologano ya segalo le bokao. Go dikatumanosi di le pedi e bong /w/ le /y/. Sekatumanosi w se dirisiwa le ditumammogo tsotlhe tse di poufaditsweng go supa poufalo ya kwa morago, sekao- kwa, nwa, swa. 6 Sekatumanosi ‘y’ se nna teng mo masuping a batho a maemo a ntlha, a bobedi le a boraro, sekao- yo, yono, yoo, yole. Go na le ditumammogo di le masomepedi (20), jaaka - (b, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, x, z). Puo ya Setswana e na le mafoko a a dirisiwang kgapetsa kgapetsa jaaka ke, ka, ba, sa, la, na jalo jalo. Puo ya Setswana e na le ditumammogo tse di sa tlwaelegang: c, nc, x, nx, z, v. Ditumammogo tse v, c, x, q le z mo alefabeteng ya Setswana, di emela medumo e e rileng, e e sa tlwaelegang, e pele e neng e sa amogelwa mme e tlhagelela thata mo maetsing le mo malatlhelweng. Medumopuo e, gammogo le yotlhe e mengwe e e leng teng go dirisetswa go kwala maina a a rileng le mafoko a a ka nnang a tlhokega mo bokaong jwa Setswana jaaka: Nce-nce-nce (modumo wa tshupanako kgotsa tleloko) Nxae (go kopa maitshwarelo) Nxanxae (tlhagiso ya maikutlo a kutlwelobotlhoko) qô – qô – qô – (go bitsa dikgogo) mnqwa – (tatso ya botlha kgotsa botshe) vum vum vuuum (modumo wa sejanaga (koloi) fa o gata mafura) Mongwe ya medumo e e seng ya gale e z zwii! (Modumo wa lebelo la letlapa le le konopiwang) zipi, zolo, zinki Zwing! (Modumo wa monang) Zwii (Modumo wa seme kgotsa sebepi fa se kgadikanngwa) Go bua sengwe ka molomo le go se kwala ke dilo tse pedi, tse di farologaneng. Fa o bua ga gona melawana ya gore o bue jang mme fa o kwala go na le melawana ya mokwalo le mopeleto wa mafoko. Go ntse fela jalo le ka go buisa, go na le matshwao a a go lemosang kgotsa a go laela gore ke bokhutlo kgotsa ke nako ya go goga mowa kgotsa go diga lentswe. O ka kgona go ntsha maikutlo ka go kwala le go bua mme fa mongwe a bua, o kgona go ntsha maikutlo a gagwe ntle le dikgoreletsi gonne moreetsi o kgona go tlhaloganya gore o batla eng kgotsa maikutlo a gagwe a mo maemong afe. Fa mokwadi a kwala o tshwanetse go dirisa puo le mokwalo o o kannweng ke ba Lefapha la Dipuo. Mokwadi o tshwanetse go dirisa matshwao a puiso gore mmuisi a ikgolaganye le setlhangwa mme a kgone go fitlhelela molaetsa go tswa mo setlhangweng. A dire gape jalo gore go lemosege le matshwao a ditumisapuo mo mafokong a a nang le mopeleto o o tshwanang mme bokao bo farologanngwa le go a tlhaola ka segalo. Se ga se bonale se diragala mo bontsing jwa dikwalo tsa Setswana. Bothata ke gore ga gona gope fa go kwadilweng teng ka ga pateletso ya go dirisa matshwao mo mafokong, go bontsha pharologano ya segalo. Se ke tlhobaboroko fa go lebelelwa 7 bokwadi mo dikwalong tsa Setswana. Patlisiso e, e lemogile fa go dirisa matshwao a ditumisapuo mo dikwalong go le botlhokwa, ka gonne go thusa go tlhaola bokao le go ntsha maikutlo a mokwadi. Setshwantsho se se latelang ke nopolo ya kanedi e e tswang mo bukeng ya puiso e e dirisiwang kwa dikolong ya Mophato wa 4 (Setswana Buka ya Gae, Mophato wa 4, Buka ya morutwana), go nopotswe fela kgang e e nang le mafoko a tshwana le bua, bona le mme a a ka tlholang ketsaetsego fa barutwana ba buisa le go bontsha fa mafoko a sa kwalwa ka matshwao a ditumisapuo: Kanedi e, e nopotswe mo bukeng ya Setswana Puo ya Gae, Mophato wa 4 Buka ya Puiso. Tsebe 19. Via Afrika Go ntse fela jalo le ka dithanodi tsa Setswana, tse di tshwanetseng go ruta barutwana mafoko a mantšhwa, tlhaloso ya mafoko le tiriso ya ona mo dipolelong. Fela mafoko a a mo dithanoding ga a tshwaiwa ka gope go supetsa morutwana pharologano ya ona. A rwesitswe kapi e e seng letshwao la segalo. 8 Ditshwantsho di nopotswe go tswa mo thanoding ya Oxford temepedi (Setswana - English) Thanodi ya sekolo. Mmatlisisi ke motlhatlheledi wa Setswana mme o lemogile gore fa baithuti ba gagwe ba buisa, ga ba kgone go farologanya mafoko a mangwe a a tshwanang ka mokwalo mme a farologana ka bokao, le bokgoni ba go buisa ka maikutlo. Diporojeke tse di farologaneng, tse di neng di lekola bokgoni ba go buisa mo barutwaneng ba Aforikaborwa ka Dipuo tsa Gae, ke tsona tse di susumeditseng patlisiso e ya Bolemogi jwa diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo mo tokafatsong ya dipuiso tsa Setswana. Le fa botlhokwa jwa tsona bo itsege, ga bo dirisiwe mo dibukeng le mo dithanoding tsa Setswana. 1.4 Maikaelelo a patlisiso Maikaelelo a patlisiso e, ke go tlhotlhomisa boleng ba diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo mo dipuisong tsa Setswana, le ka mokgwa o di ka thusang barutwana go tlhaloganya puiso ka teng. Go fitlhelela maikaelelo a, go tlaa lebiwa: I. Go tlhotlhomisa ka ga seabe sa diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo mo dipuisong tsa Dipuo tsa Gae. II. Go sekaseka mekgwa e e dirisiwang go itsese puiso mo mephatong ya Kgato ya Magareng. III. Go sekaseka popego ya kharikhulamo mo go ruteng go buisa mo Dipuong tsa Gae. IV. Go sekaseka kgwetlhokgolo e e mo puisong. V. Go sekaseka tshegetso e e neelwang barutwana kwa dikolong mo serutweng sa Setswana. 9 1.5 Dipotso tsa patlisiso Patlisiso e ikaeletse go neela tshedimosetso ka ga seabe sa diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo mo dipuisong tsa Setswana. Potsokgolo ya patlisiso e ke: Ke eng se se ka tlhaolang bokao mo puisong, go thusa barutwana go tlhaloganya dipuiso tsa Setswana? Go kgona go araba potsokgolo e, dipotsonyana tse di latelang di neetse thuto e lesedi: I. Seabe sa diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo mo dipuisong? II. Ke mekgwa efe e e dirisiwang go simolodisa puiso mo barutwaneng ba mephato ya Kgato ya Magareng? III. Popego ya kharikhulamo e tshegetsa jang go buisa le go tlhaloganya dipuiso tsa Puo Gae? IV. Kgwetlho ya puiso e fa kae? V. Barutwana ba tshegetswa go fitlha fa kae mo serutweng sa Setswana mabapi le puiso? 1.6 Tlhagiso ya bothata Puiso ke ntlha ya botlhokwa thata mo dithutong tsa ngwana, go ntse jalo le ka puo ya gagwe, ke sengwe se se golaganngwang le go ikitse ga motho. Katlego e kgolo ya puiso mo morutwaneng mongwe le mongwe ke go tlhaloganya se a neng a se reeditse, se a se kwadileng, se a se buileng le se a se buisitseng mme go palelwa ke go se tlhaloganya ke bothata jo bo ka se lekanngweng le sepe. Temogo ya bothata jo e tlhagisitswe ke porojeke ya PIRLS (2006, 2011, 2016) e e neetseng phatlalatsa diphitlhelelo tsa barutwana ba Mophato wa 4 ba ba neng ba araba ditekatlhaloganyo ka Seesimane mme ba dirile sentle go feta ba ba neng ba araba ditekatlhaloganyo ka dipuo tsa Bantsho. Se se bontsha fa Lefapha la Thuto la Aforikaborwa le sa tshegetsa tlhagiso ya pegelo e, gonne morago ga dingwaga di le lesome go sa ntse go se na pharologano mo dipholong tsa barutwana ba Mophato wa 4 mabapi le go araba dipotso ka dipuo tsa Bantsho tsa mo Aforikaborwa. Go ya ka diphitlhelelo tsa (PIRLS, 2011, 2016) barutwana ba Mophato wa 4 mo Aforikaborwa ba bontsha ba sa dire ’sentle mo Dipuong tsa Bantsho fa ba bapisiwa le ba dinaga tse dingwe mo ntlheng ya go buisa le go araba ka Puo ya Gae. Se se bontshitse fa puo e se yona bothata jo bo kgoreletsang katlego ya barutwana, fela se se botlhokwa e le bokgoni ba go tlhaloganya se se kwadilweng. Go kgona go buisa go botlhokwa thata mo barutwaneng, gonne fa ba sa kgone go buisa ba ka se kgone go tlhaloganya, mme fa ba sa tlhaloganye ba ka se kgone go araba sepe kgotsa go neela kakanyo ya bona, mme kwa bofelong ba retelelwe ke go falola. 10 1.7 Botlhokwa jwa patlisiso Thuto e, e ruta le go bontsha botlhokwa jwa seabe sa diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo mo tokafatsong ya go buisa le go tlhaloganya dikwalwa tsa puo ya Setswana. E thusa gape go godisa puo ya Setswana le go tsosolosa lerato la go ithuta puo ka botswapelo. 1.8 Tekolo ya ditshekatsheko 1.8.1 Go buisa Mo dipuisong tsotlhe tse di buisiwang, go tlhokega seemo sa go buisa ka mokgwa o o maleba. Go kgona puo ka mokgwa o o maleba, go phefofatsa go ithuta go buisa le go kwala ka puo eo. Se, se akaretsa Puo ya Gae le Puo ya Tlaleletso ya Ntlha. Go buisa go itshegeditse mo puong. Go buisa ka mokgwa o o maleba go akaretsa kitso ya mafoko (tlotlofoko) le go tlwaelega ga fonoloji, popegopuo le go aga polelo. Go buisa ke ntlha ya botlhokwa thata mo matshelong a botlhe, ke kgokagano e e botlhokwa mo katlegong ya dithuto tsa bana, ke ka ntlha eo go leng botlhokwa gore barutwana ba tlhaloganye se ba se buisang (Pretorius, 2002). Go ya ka Agak (2012) le Horbec (2012) ba netefatsa fa barutwana ba ba buisang thata gantsi ba dira botoka mo dithutong tsa bona. Se se bontsha fa go buisa e le ntlha e e dirang gore motho a tlhole a itse tse di diragalang kgakala le gaufi le ena, mme se, se supa fa go buisa go le botlhokwa mo go abelaneng kitso. Oak (2012) o tlhagisa fa go buisa go thusa ka go bula ditsela tsa thuto le go iphatlholola. Go ya ka Saengpakdeejit le Intaraprasert (2014) le Alderson (2000) maikaelelomagolo a go buisa ke go tlhaloganya se o se buisitseng. Ka ge patlisiso e, e ikaegile ka go neela tshedimosetso ka ga boleng ba diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo mo go buiseng dipuiso tsa puo ya Setswana, e tlaa lebelela tlhaloso ya go buisa, e etse tlhoko dikgono tsa tlhaloganyo ya puo le dikarolo tsa maikutlo ka tsa loago tse di leng teng mo puisong. Puiso e itshetlegile ka kutlo-tlhaloganyo le go kgona go bua. Barutwana ba ba nang le bokgoni jwa puo, ba kgona go buisa le go kwala bonolo (fa ba na le barutabana ba ba nang le bokgoni jwa go ba ruta ka tshwanelo). Barutwana ba ba retelelwang ke go buisa le go kwala (le fa ba na le barutabana ba ba kgonang go ruta), bokgoni jwa bona mo Puong ya Gae bo ntse bo tlhaela. Barutabana ba tshwanetse go naya barutwana ba mofuta o, tshegetso le ditšhono di le dintsi go ikatisa mo puisong ya tshimologo le bokgoni jwa go kwala. 11 Go ribolola ditlhaka ke tsela ya go fetolela ditlhaka mo puong e e kwalwang gore e nne le bokao go aga motheo wa puiso o o tlhaloganyegang. Ntle le go ribolola ditlhaka, puiso ga e kitla e tlhaloganyega. Go raya gore puiso e tshwanetse go tlhaloganyega. Go ribolola ditlhaka ga go netefatse fa barutwana ba kgona go buisa ka go tlhaloganya. Le fa barutwana ba kgona go ribolola ditlhaka, ba sa ntse ba kgona go dirisa dikgono tsa go akanya le puo go ba thusa go tlhaloganya se ba se buisang. Barutwana ba ba kgonang go buisa, ba rarabolola bothata jwa go buisa ka bonako le ka matsetseleko go ya ka dingwaga le seemo sa bona. Go tlhaloganya, ke maitlhomomagolo a go buisa. Se se buisiwang se tshwanetse go tlhaloganngwa. Go na le ditsela le dikgono tse di farologaneng, tse di thusang go tlhaloganya, jaaka; bokgoni jwa puo, tlotlofoko le dikgono tsa go akanya. Go itse gore fa tlhaka e kwalwa, e emelwa ke modumo ofe. Tiriso ya kitso e, e tlaa kgontsha barutwana go kwala ka bonako le ka nepo. Go ruta go ribolola ditlhaka (go simolola go ithuta ditlhaka) mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa sekolo, go ba neela tshimologo ya go kwala mafoko. Fa barutwana ba fosa go ribolola ditlhaka, go tlile go nna thata gore ba bontshe bokgoni jwa go buisa ka nosi. Go ribolola ditlhaka ka nosi ga se go buisa, ke karolo ya go buisa le tsela ya go buisa. Pretorius le Lephalale (2011) ba tlhalosa fa dikgono tsa tlhaloganyo ya borutapuo di na le dikarolo tse di latelang: a) Go ranola (decode) e bong go lemoga ditlhaka tse di agang mafoko. b) Tekatlhaloganyo (Comprehension) e bong kamano ya babuisi mo go tlhaoleng bokao bo bo ikaegileng mo lemoragong la bona le maikaelelo a go buisa. c) Go tsibogela (response) e bong mokgwa o babuisi ba tsibogelang dikwalo fa ba ntse ba buisa mme tsibogelo e ka akaretsa boitumelo kgotsa bodutu. d) Boitlhaloganyo (metacognition) e bong go tlhaloganya gore go buisa ditekotlhaloganyo go diragala jang le ditaelo tsa maano a tsamaiso ya puiso ya ditekotlhaloganyo. Se se bontsha fa dikgato tse di tsewa gore morutwana a tlhaloganye setlhangwa. Di tlhalosa gore fa morutwana a kgona go lemoga medumopuo e e bopileng lefoko, mme a kgona le go ikamanya le lemorago la setlhangwa, o tlaa kgona go araba mme seo se tlaa bo se supa fa a tlhalogantse ditaelo le tsamaiso ya setlhangwa. Grabe (2009) o tlhalosa go buisa jaana: Reading is the ability to draw meaning from the printed page and interpret this information appropriately. 12 Go ya ka Grabe (2009) go buisa ke bokgoni ba go tlhaola bokao go tswa mo ditsebeng tse di gatisitsweng mme o kgone go tlhalosa kitso ka nepo. Se se ka thusa barutwana thata fa ba na le bokgoni ba go buisa. 1.8.2 Boitshwaro ba go buisa Boitshwaro bo tlhalosiwa ke bakwadi ba le bantsi e le maikutlo a a matswakabele, dikeletso, letshogo, pono-molato, kgethololo kgotsa mekgwa e mengwe e e ka dirang gore motho a dire sengwe go ya ka maitemogelo a gagwe mo go sona (Chave, 1928, Bogardus 1931; Allport 1935 mo go Baker, 1992). Se se supa fa maemo a mogopolo a ka rotloetsa kgotsa a ganetsa go ithuta sengwe mme se se tlaa bo se ikaegile mo maitemogelong a sona. Stokman (1999) o tlhalosa fa boitshwaro ba go buisa e se popego e e itshetletseng. Boitshwaro ba go buisa bo fitlhelelwa morago ga nako ka maitemogelo a a tlhamaletseng le a a sa tlhamalalang. Go ya ka McKenna le ba bangwe (1995) maikutlo a a tsamaisanang le go buisa a dira gore morutwana a lebagane kgotsa a ikgatholose seemo sa go buisa. Dipatlisiso di tlhalositse fa mogopolo wa boitshwaro o bopiwa ke maikutlo a go buisa, a a sireleditsweng ke morutwana ka ntlha ya maitemogelo a a nnileng le ona mo puisong (Partin le Gillespie 2002). Briggs (1987) o tshwaela ka gore boitshwaro jo bo namatshang (positive attitude) bo botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya go buisa jaaka bo senola thotloetso ya kgothatso e e tsholetsang le go tshegetsa thuto. Fa boitshwaro jo bo sa namatsheng bo tlhoka thotloetso, mme bo dira gore barutwana ba ikgatholose go buisa gotlhelele jaaka ba tsaya gore go buisa go ka bontsha go tlhoka bokgoni ba go buisa ka thelelo. Ntuli le Pretorius (2005) ba supa fa boitshwaro mo puisong bo ka simolola go tloga mo boseeng mme ba gola go ya bongwaneng. Hockenbury le Hockenbury (2007) ba umaka fa boitshwaro bo dirilwe ka dikarolo tse di latelang: a) Karolo ya maikutlo e bonagala ka mokgwa o go buisa go dirang gore moithuti a ikutlwe ka teng. b) Karolo ya tlhaloganyo e ka ga dikakanyo le ditumelo ka ga go buisa. c) Karolo ya maitshwaro e bonala ka mokgwa o boitshwaro bo ka rotloetsang maitshwaro a baithuti ka teng. 13 Hockenbury le Hockenbury (2007), ba tlhagisitse lenaane la boitshwaro ba go buisa ka tsela e e latelang: Maitemogelo a go buisa Ditumelo Boitshwaro Maitshwaro Se se bontsha fa go le botlhokwa thata go ela tlhoko boitshwaro jwa go buisa ga barutwana gonne fa boitshwaro jwa bona bo tlhomame ba tlaa kgona go buisa ka botswapelo. Ba ithuta le matshwao a diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo le gore di ka tokafatsa jang maemo a bona a go buisa gammogo le gore a ka ba thusa jang go tlhaloganya se ba buisang ka ga sona mo ditlhangweng tsa bona. 1.8.3 Diporojeke tse di dirilweng ka go buisa Babatlisisi ba Porojeke ya Bokgoni ba go Buisa ka Molomo, e e dirilweng jaaka karolo ya National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP), ba fitlhetse e le gore fa barutwana ba dira diphoso tse di fetolang bokao jwa temana, go nna le kamano e e tlhomameng mo go buiseng tekatlhaloganyo go feta diphoso tse kwa bokhutlong di sa fetoleng bokao (National Assessment Governing Board, 2002). Aforikaborwa e tsere karolo mo porojekeng ya Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PRILS) ka ngwaga wa 2006, 2011 le 2016. Porojeke e, e ne e lebeletse maemo a go buisa a barutwana ba Aforikaborwa ba Mophato wa 4 ba diporofense tse di farologaneng le ba dinaga tse dingwe. Maikaelelo a yona e ne e le go lekola maemo a go buisa le boemo jwa barutwana ba Aforikaborwa ba Mophato wa 4 le barutwana ba mafatshe a boditšhabatšhaba mo dipuong di le lesomenngwe tsa Aforikaborwa. Mo pegelong ya bona ya ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2006, mo dinageng di le 40 tse di neng di tsaya karolo, Aforikaborwa e tlhageletse mo maemong a bofelo. Se se neng se gakgamatsa ke gore barutwana ba Mophato wa 4 ba ne ba araba dipotso tsa teko ya go buisa ka puo e ba rutilweng ka yona kwa Kgatong ya Motheo, dingwaga di le tharo (Pretorius & Lephalale, 2011). Porojeke ya Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Education Quality (SACMEQ) e ne e lekola puiso le dipalo mo barutwaneng ba Mophato wa 6. Mo dinageng tse di neng di tsaya karolo, Tanzania le Kenya di ne di tsa tswa kwa pele fa Aforikaborwa e tlhageletse mo boemong jwa bone. 14 Lukhele (2009) o dirile dipatlisiso tsa thutopotlana ka barutwana-barutabana kwa Swaziland mo a neng a lebelela kamano magareng ga boitshwaro jwa go buisa, bokgoni jwa go buisa le katlego mo dithutong. O fitlhetse e le gore barutabana ba bokoa mo puisong, ba tlhaela kitso ya mafoko, ka jalo, se se nna le seabe se segolo mo bokgoning jwa barutwana fa ba buisa. Dithuto di le dintsi di supile fa kitso ya mafoko e le tlhokego ya ntlha e e botlhokwa fa go buisiwa ka thelelo (Zunshine 2013, Goya 2012 le Ahmad 2011). 1.8.4 Dikakanyo tsa bakwadi ka ga diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo Go ya ka Mannell (2007) ditumisapuo ke thuto ya segalo le moribo mo puong le mokgwa o tiriso ya diponagalo tsa tsona e leng botlhokwa ka gona mo bokaong. Mannell (2007) o ne a lebeletse matshwao a ditumisapuo go ya ka maemo a thuto ya fonetiki mme a re gantsi a dirisiwa go lekola mekgwa e e farologaneng. Se se bontsha fa diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo e le thuto ya diponagalo tsa dikarolwana tsa matshwao a puo. Thuto e ya ditumisapuo, e batlisisitswe ke badirakapuo go tswa kwa dikolong tsa puo tse di farologaneng. Patlisiso e, e tlaa ikamanya le kakanyo ya ga Mannell (2007) ya go dirisa mekgwa e e farologaneng ya go lekola diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo go tswa mo tebegong ya thutapuo, mokwalo, tirisego, fonetiki le fonoloji. Thuto e, e tlaa lebelela matshwao a, go ya ka tirisego ya ona gonne maikaelelo a thuto e, ke go neela tshedimosetso ka seabe sa diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo mo puisong ya puo ya Setswana go lebilwe bokao jo bo tlisiwang ke ona mo mafokong kgotsa mo dipolelong. Yenkimaleki le van Heuven (2018) ba tlhagisa tiriso ya kitso ya diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo mo dithutong tsa botšhomolodi (botolokara), gore fa ba itse diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo mo dipuong tse ba dirang ka tsona fa ba tšhomolola, go ka tokafatsa tiro ya bona. Se se ba nolofaletsa tiro gonne ba dira ka dipuo di le pedi. Yenkimaleki le van Heuven (2018), ba bone thuto ya ditumisapuo e akaretsa kgatelelo ya mafoko le dipolelo, mafoko a segalo, mme e thusa bareetsi go tswelela le go tlhaloganya molaetsa o o tlhagisiwang. Yenkimaleki le van Heuven (2018) ba bone fa thuto ya ditumisapuo e na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo go tlhaloseng le go tlhaloganyeng bokao jwa polelo, mme ba fitlhetse e le gore baithuti ba botšhomolodi ba dirile botoka morago ga go ithuta ka ga tiriso ya ditumisapuo mo mafokong, mo dipolelong le mo dipharologantshong magareng ga dipuo. Se se re neela tsholofelo ya gore barutwana ba tlaa kgona go buisa morago ga go ithuta thuto ya ditumisapuo. 15 Schreiber (1991) o bolela fa barutwana ba le bantsi ba ba ithutang go buisa ba feta mo tsamaisong e e bidiwang kapodiso ya mafoko, mo go buiseng ga bona go tsosang ketsaetsego, go sena maikutlo mme e le lefoko ka lefoko, mme le fa go le jalo ba kgona go buisa mafoko ka nepo. Schreiber (1991) o lebile bokgoni jwa go ithuta go buisa dipolelwana le go di arologantsha go ya ka dikarolwana tsa tsona ka go dirisa matshwao a ditumisapuo. Schreiber (1991) o tlhalositse fa go ithuta puo, barutwana ba tshwanetse go tlhaloganya gore polelo e rulagantswe go ya ka dikarolwana. O tlhalosa fonoloji e le thuto ya tsamaiso ya modumo wa puo. Yona e arogantswe ka dikarolo tse pedi e bong karolwana ya fonoloji, e e lebaganeng le medumo ka bongwe le katlego ya ona (ka tlhamalalo ditumanosi le ditumammogo) mme karolo ya bobedi e le ya ditumisapuo - e bong thuto e e totileng diponagalo tse di ka akangwang jaaka ‘dipateletso tse godimo’ mo dikarolong ka bongwe. Diponagalo tse tsa thuto ya medumopuo le moribo di akaretsa kgatelelo, segalo le boleelenoko. Schreiber (1991) o tlhalositse kgatelelo e le noko e e iponatsang. Fa segalo e le temogo ya go ya godimo le tlase ga segalo mo nakong ya kapodiso ya lefoko. Boleelenoko e le noko mo kapodisong ya lefoko. Schreiber (1991) o ne a lebile tiriso ya thuto ya matshwao a, mo go ithuteng go buisa ka thelelo le go tlhaola dikarolwana tsa polelo go ya ka dipopi tsa yona, o ne a sa lebelela bokao jo bo lerweng ke tiriso ya matshwao a, e leng sona se se tlaa lebelelwang mo patlisisong e. 1.9 Thulaganyo ya dikgaolo Kgaolo 1: Matsenomagolo – kgaolo e, e neela lemorago, maikaelelo, dipotso tsa patliso, tlhagiso ya bothata le botlhokwa jwa thuto. Kgaolo 2: Tekolo ya ditshekatsheko - e lebeletse dithuto tsa maloba tse di dirilweng ka ga diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo mo puong, mme e tlhalosa le tiori e patlisiso e e ikaegileng ka yona. Kgaolo 3: Mmeo le Maremelo a ditiori - e lebeletse didiriswa tsotlhe tse di dirisitsweng go kgobokanya dinewa tsa patlisiso e. Kgaolo 4: Diphitlhelelo le Dikatlenegiso - kgaolo e, e tlhalosa diphitlhelelo tse di fitlheletsweng mo dipotsolotsong tsa barutabana le ditirwana tsa barutwana, ga mmogo le se mmatlisisi a itemogetseng sona fa a ntse a kokoanya dinewa. Kwa bokhutlong, e neela dikatlenegiso. 16 Kgaolo 5- Konosetso-kakaretso e neela kakanyo ya mmatlisisi ka ga patlisiso e e fa isong. 1.10 Bokhutlo Kgaolo e, e tlhalositse setlhogo sa patlisiso e e leng: Bolemogi jwa diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo mo tokafatsong ya dipuiso tsa Setswana, mme maikaelelo e le go neela tshedimosetso ka ga seabe sa diponagalo tsa matshwao a ditumisapuo mo go thuseng barutwana go tlhaloganya dipuiso tsa Setswana. Diphitlhelelo tsa PIRLS (2011, 2016) di tlhotlheleditse patlisiso e, fa di supa fa barutwana ba Mophato wa 4 mo Aforikaborwa ba sa dira sentle mo Dipuong tsa Bantsho fa ba bapisiwa le ba dinaga tse dingwe mo ntlheng ya go buisa le go araba dipotso tsa ditekatlhaloganyo ka Puo ya Gae. Go lemogilwe gore puo ga se yona bothata jo bo kgoreleditseng katlego ya barutwana, fela tlhokego e le bokgoni jwa go tlhaloganya se se kwadilweng. Kgaolo e neetse lemorago, dipotso tsa patlisiso, tlhagiso ya bothata le botlhokwa jwa thuto. Potsokgolo ya patlisiso e ne e le - Ke eng se se ka tlhaolang bokao mo puisong, go thusa barutwana go tlhaloganya fa ba buisa Setswana? 17 KGAOLO 2: TEKOLO YA DITSHEKATSHEKO 2.1 Matseno Kgaolo e, e lebeletse dikwalo tse di tsamaelanang le maikaelelo a patlisiso e. E dirile jalo ka go lebelela ditlhaloso tsa bakwadi ka go farologana ka ga puiso, maikaelelo le dikarolo tsa puiso, dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng ka ga puiso, kharikhulamo ya naga, mananeo a puiso le dithuto tse di dirilweng pele ke bakwadi ba ba kwadileng ka ga tiriso ya diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo le ka dikgwetlho tse di itemogelwang mo go buiseng. Dikakanyo tsa bakwadi ba ba farologaneng di sekasekilwe go fitlhelela kitso e e tletseng. 2.2 Tlhaloso ka ga puiso Go buisa ke ntlha e e botlhokwa thata mo matshelong a botlhe, ke kgokagano e e botlhokwa gape mo katlegong ya dithuto tsa bana, ke ka mo go leng botlhokwa gore barutwana ba tlhaloganye se ba se buisang (Pretorius, 2002). Madiba (2013) le Christie (2008) ba tshegetsa ntlha e ka gore go buisa ke boemo jo bo botlhokwa jo bo tsewang tsia ke tsamaiso ya thuto ya ga jaana e bile ke tlhokego e e batlegang tota go tswelelapele mo dithutong. Go ya ka Agak (2012) le Horbec (2012) barutwana ba ba buisang thata gantsi ba dira botoka mo dithutong tsa bona. Se se bontsha fa go buisa e le tlhokego e e botlhokwa mo dithutong tsa barutwana, mme fa e sa fitlhelelwe ga gona tswelelopele mo dithutong tsa barutwana. Day le Bamford (1998) ba bona puiso e le popego ya bokao go tswa mo dikwalong tse di gatisitsweng mme e akaretsa ditsamaiso di le dintsi tsa tlhaloso le tsa go tlhaloganya. Grabe (2009) o tlhalosa go buisa jaana: Reading is the ability to draw meaning from the printed page and interpret this information appropriately. Go ya ka Grabe (2009) go buisa ke bokgoni ba go tlhaola bokao go tswa mo ditsebeng tse di gatisitsweng mme o kgone go tlhalosa kitso ka nepo. Grabe (2009) o bona fa go buisa e le bokgoni ba go ntsha bokao jwa setlhangwa le go kgona go tlhalosa molaetsa ka nepo, e leng yona kgwetlho e e tlhageletseng thata mo barutwaneng. Spratt, Pulverness le William (2005), ba bona go buisa e le tiro e mo go yona babuisi ba ikarabelang mme ba leka go tlhaloganya le go kopanya kitso ya bona ya pele ka 18 ga setlhangwa. Mo tsamaong ya go fitlhelela kitso le tshedimosetso ka setlhangwa, babuisi ba leka go kopanya se ba se buisitseng le se ba ka tswang ba se itse ka ga setlhangwa. Go tlhaloganya setlhangwa, o tshwanetse go tlhaloganya bokao jwa lefoko, morago o tlhaloganye bokao jwa lefoko mo polelong, kwa bofelong o tlhaloganye bokao jwa polelo mo setlhangweng. Se Spratt le ba bangwe (2005) ba se tlhalosang ka go buisa ke gore, ke mokgwa o morutwana a lekang go golaganya se a se buisang le kitso ya gagwe ya pele ka ga sona. Gore tiro ya go buisa e tlhaloganyege ke fa e golaganngwa le kitso ya pele ka ga setlhangwa. Grabe (2009:15) o gatelela ka go re: Reading is a strategic process in that a number of the skills and processes used in reading call for effort on the part of the reader to anticipate text information, selecting key information, organise and mentally summarise information, monitor comprehension, repair comprehension breakdown and match comprehension output to the reader’s goal. Se se bontsha fa go buisa e le ikatiso e go dirisiwang matlho le tlhaloganyo, go tlhaloganya molaetsa o o tlhagisiwang ke mokwadi. Ke ka mo patlisiso e e tlaa lebelelang tiro ya go buisa le kitso e mmuisi a nang le yona pele ga a buisa setlhangwa. Oak (2012) o tlhagisa fa go buisa go thusa ka go bula ditsela tsa thuto le go iphatlholola. Go ya ka Saengpakdeejit, Intaraprasert (2014) le Alderson (2000) maikaelelomagolo a go buisa ke go tlhaloganya se o se buisitseng. Patlisiso e, e ikaegile ka go neela tshedimosetso ka ga seabe sa diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo mo go buiseng dipuiso tsa puo ya Setswana, e tlaa lebelela tlhaloso ya go buisa, e etse tlhoko dikgono tsa go tlhaloganya puo le dikarolo tsa maikutlo mabapi le tsa loago tse di leng mo puisong. 2.2.1 Maikaelelo a go buisa Go na le maikaelelo a le mantsi a go buisa mo botshelong jwa ka metlha, mme maikaelelo a, a dirisetswa go thusa go tlhaloganya setlhangwa. Nunan (2003:74) a re go na le maikaelelo a le supa a go buisa, e bong: a) Go buisa ka go batla dintlha le dinnete b) Go buisa ka go batla dikakanyokgolo tsa setlhangwa c) Go buisa ka go batla mokgwa wa tatelano ya ditiragalo d) Go buisa ka go bona dikakanyo tsa batho ba bangwe ka ga sengwe e) Go buisa ka go batlisisa ka ga sengwe gore o fitlhelele ntlhakgolo ya sona 19 f) Go buisa ka go sekaseka boleng jwa setlhangwa g) Go buisa ka go bona pharologano ya setlhangwa le tse dingwe Maikaelelo a, a tlhalosa fa go na le lebaka le le tlhotlheletsang mmuisi go buisa setlhangwa. Se se kaya gore le barutwana ba tshwanetse go nna le maikaelelo a gore ke ka ntlha ya eng fa ba buisa setlhangwa se se rileng. Le fa maikaelelo a tsewa tsia, go tlhaloganya e santse e le selo se se botlhokwatlhokwa mo puisong gonne ga o kitla o kgona go araba dipotso go tswa mo setlhangweng kgotsa go tlhalosa fa o sa tlhaloganya se o neng o se buisa. Pretorius le Lephalale (2011) ba tlhalosa fa legae le motho a tshelang mo go lona, sekolo se a se tsenang, setšhaba sa motse wa gagwe, ikonomi le sepolotiki e le dintlha tse di nang le seabe mo kagegong ya puiso ya morutwana. Se se tlhalosa fa tikologo ya morutwana e tshwanetse go elwa tlhoko gonne e na le seabe mo katlegong ya gagwe. Mo dipuisong tsotlhe tse re di buisang, re tlhoka seemo sa go buisa ka mokgwa o o maleba. Go kgona puo ka mokgwa o o maleba, go nolofatsa go ithuta go buisa le go kwala puo eo. Se, se akaretsa Puo ya Gae le Puo -Tlaleletso ya Ntlha. Go buisa go itshetlegile mo puong. Go buisa ka mokgwa o o maleba go akaretsa kitso ya mafoko (tlotlofoko) le go tlwaelega ga fonoloji, popegopuo le go aga polelo (thutapuo). Puiso e itshetlegile ka kutlo-tlhaloganyo le go kgona go bua, Pretorius le Lephalale (2011). Barutwana ba ba nang le bokgoni jwa puo ba kgona go buisa le go kwala bonolo (fa ba na le barutabana ba ba nang le bokgoni jwa go ba ruta ka tshwanelo). Go ntse jalo le mo barutwaneng ba ba retelelwang ke go buisa le go kwala (le fa ba na le barutabana ba ba nang le bokgoni), bokgoni jwa bona mo Puong ya Gae bo ntse bo tlhaela. Se se tshwanetseng go dirwa ke barutabana, ke go neela barutwana ba mofuta o, tshegetso le ditšhono di le dintsi tsa go ikatisa mo puisong ya tshimologo le bokgoni jwa go kwala. Kaedi ya DBE ya go ruta go buisa mo mephatong ya go sale gale (ga gona ngwaga), ke kaedi e e tlhalosang ka ga puiso mo mephatong e e kwa tlase mme e tlhalositse fa go ribolola e le tsela ya go fetolela ditlhaka mo puong e e kwalwang gore e nne le bokao. Go ribolola go aga motheo wa puiso o o tlhaloganyegang. Ntle le go simolola go itse ditlhaka, puiso ga e kitla e tlhaloganyega. Kaedi ya DBE (ga gona ngwaga) e tlhalosa fa go nna le kitso ya ntlha ya ditlhaka go sa netefatse fa barutwana ba kgona go buisa ka go tlhaloganya. Le fa barutwana ba kgona go simolola go bapala kitso ya ditlhaka, ba santse ba kgona go dirisa dikgono tsa go akanya le puo go ba thusa go tlhaloganya se ba se buisang. Barutwana ba ba kgonang go buisa, ba rarabolola bothata jwa go buisa ka bonako le ka matsetseleko go ya ka dingwaga le seemo sa bona. 20 Mo karolong ya go tlhaloganya, Kaedi ya DBE (ga go na ngwaga) e tlhalositse fa go tlhaloganya mo puisong e le maitlhomomagolo a go buisa. Sengwe le sengwe se barutwana ba se buisang ba tshwanetse go se tlhaloganya. Go na le ditsela le dikgono tse di farologaneng, tse di thusang go tlhaloganya, jaaka; bokgoni jwa puo, tlotlofoko le dikgono tsa go akanya. Barutwana ba tshwanetse go tlhaloganya le go itse thulaganyo le tiriso ya dialefabete, se ke go simolola go nna le kitso ya ditlhaka. Go itse gore fa tlhaka e kwalwa e emelwa ke modumo ofe. Tiriso ya kitso e, e tlaa kgontsha go kwala ka bonako le ka nepo. Go ruta tshimologo ya ditlhaka mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa sekolo, go neela motheo (tshimologo) wa go kwala mafoko. Fa go ka fosiwa go tshimololo e ya kitso ya ditlhaka, go tlile go nna thata gore barutwana ba bontshe bokgoni jwa go buisa ka nosi. Mo Kaeding ya DBE (ga go na ngwaga) go tlhalositswe fa karolo ya tsibogo ya mmuisi e tsamaisana le maikutlo, mokgwa le thotloetso e a nnang le yona fa a buisa. Se se buisiwang, se tsibogelwa ka tsela e e rileng, e e sa lemogiweng. Se, se ka nna ka tsela (mokgwa) e e nepagetseng, e e sa nepagalang kgotsa e e itlelang fela. Fa barutwana ba ithuta go buisa ka bonako, ba itumelela go buisa mme ba nna motlotlo ka dikgono tsa bona tsa puiso. Se, se ka dira gore ba batle go buisa le go feta. Fa ba buisa le go feta, ba tokafatsa dikgono tsa go simolola go nna le kitso ya ditlhaka, go tlhaloganya mme tlotlofoko ya barutwana e a oketsega. Go tsiboga go, go maleba fa go buisiwa gonne go dira gore barutwana ba batle go buisa le go feta. Ba itumelela go buisa mme ba ikutlwe ba le motlotlo, Kaedi ya DBE (ga go na ngwaga). Go ya ka Kaedi ya DBE (ga go na ngwaga), puiso ka thelelo e kaya bokgoni jwa go buisa setlhangwa ka bonako le ka tsepamo, le ka segalo le maikutlo a a maleba. Puiso e, e tshwana le puo e e buiwang. Fa barutwana ba ka lemoga mafoko a a tlhagelelang kgapetsa kgapetsa le go dirisa kitso ya bona ya botsalano jwa go buisa mafoko a, lebelo la bona la go buisa mafoko a mantšhwa le a oketsega. Ka jalo puiso ka thelelo e tlaa godisiwa. Kaedi ya DBE (ga go na ngwaga) e bone thelelo jaaka kgolaganyo magareng ga go nna le kitso ya ditlhaka le go tlhaloganya. Thelelo ke ntlha e e botlhokwa ya go nna mmuisi yo o tlhwatlhwa. Fa barutwana ba sa fitlhelele bokao mo setlhangweng, go tlaa nna thata gore ba tlhaloganye se ba se buisitseng. Tiro e e botlhokwa ya barutabana ba thuto e potlana, ke go godisa puiso ka thelelo ya babuisi kwa bokhutlong jwa Mophato wa 3. Fa barutwana ba sa buise ka thelelo ka nako e ba yang kwa mephatong ya Kgato ya Magareng, go nna le dikgwetlho tsa go fitlhelela se ba tshwanetsweng ke go se fitlhelela mo kgatong eo. Go ya ka Kaedi ya DBE (ga gona ngwaga) go buisa ka thelelo go na le dikarolwana di le tharo e bong: tsepamo, lebelo le go buisa ka segalo le maikutlo. Go sa tsepama go ka fetola bokao jwa se se buisiwang, sekao; fa morutwana a buisa ‘Re a le rata’ go na le ‘Re a e rata’ o tlaa fitlhelela bokao jo bo fosagetseng jwa se a se buisang. Lebelo le raya go buisa 21 ka lebelo le le siameng, e seng ka bonya kgotsa lefoko-ka-lefoko. Setswana ke puo e e sa tshwaraganang mme e na le mafoko a a makhutshwane. Ka jalo tlwaelo ya go buisa ka thelelo e tlaa nna ka bonako. Kaedi ya DBE (ga gona ngwaga) e tlhalositse karolo ya boraro e e leng dipaterone tsa kgatelolo ya mafoko mo puisong le segalo (porosodi) e le go buisa ka maikutlo le mokgwa o o maleba jaaka go emisa nakwana fa go nang le phegelwana kgotsa go emisa fa go nang le khutlo. Se se ka re lemosa fa morutwana a tlhaloganya kgotsa a sa tlhaloganye se a se buisang. Se, se botlhokwa mo dipuong tsa Seaforika go ya ka segalo sa puo. Sekao, ‘tshela’ e na le bokao jo bo farologaneng go ya ka segalo ‘go tshela botshelo’ ‘go tshela metsi’ ‘go tshela noka’. Patlisiso e, e lebagane le go tlhotlhomisa boleng jwa diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo e bong tsona tse re ka di bitsang porosodi ka lereo le lengwe; ka gonne di tlhaola bokao jwa lefoko le go tsenyeletsa maikutlo mo puisong gore puiso e tlhaloganyege e bile e thelele (Mannell:2007). 2.2.2 Dikarolo tsa puiso Puiso ke karolwana ya thuto e e botlhokwa. Tsamaiso ya puiso e ga e a tlhamalala, e na le dikarolwana di le dintsi. Barutabana ba ba nang le bokgoni jwa qo buisa ba setse ba itse mathata a a tlang le go buisa mme ba kgona go dirisa mekgwa mengwe e e ka tsosolosang go itshepa le boikemelo jwa mmuisi. Tiro e e dirilweng ke National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (Research Report 15, 2012) e supile fa go buisa go na le dikarolwana tse di tshwanetseng go tsewa tsia fa go rutiwa puiso gore mathata a puiso a tle a lemogiwe bonolo. Karolo nngwe le nngwe ya puiso e na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhaloseng lereo puiso botoka, le go kaela go tlhaloganya gore tsamaiso ya puiso e tshwanetse go rutiwa jang. Ntlha e, e botlhokwa mo patlisisong e, ka e lebagane le go rarabolola bothata jwa puiso mo barutwaneng ba Setswana ka go tsenyeletsa tiriso ya ditumisapuo mo dithutong tsa puiso. Dikarolo tsa puiso: 1. Tseego le tlhotlheletso 2. Puiso ka thelelo 3. Go tlhaloganya 4. Tlotlofoko 5. Kitso ya diphetogomedumo/ kapodiso ya mafoko 22 a) Tseego le Tlhotlheletso Tseego e tlhalosiwa ke bakwadi ba le bantsi e le maikutlo a a matswakabele a a senolang ka mo mmuisi a tseega ka gona fa buisa, dikeletso, letshogo, pono-molato, kgethololo kgotsa mekgwa e mengwe, e e ka dirang gore motho a dire sengwe go ya ka maitemogelo a gagwe mo go sona (Chave, 1928, Bogardus 1931; Allport 1935 mo go Baker, 1992). Se se supa fa maemo a mogopolo a ka rotloetsa kgotsa a ganetsa mmuisi go ithuta sengwe go tswa mo puisong eo, mme se se tlaa bo se ikagile ka maitemogelo a sona. Stokman (1999) o tlhalosa fa tseego ya go buisa e se popego e e itshetletseng, e fitlhelwa morago ga nako ka maitemogelo a a tlhamaletseng le a a sa tlhamalalang. Go ya ka McKenna le ba bangwe (1995) maikutlo a a tsamaisanang le go buisa a dira gore morutwana a lebagane kgotsa a ikgatholose seemo sa go buisa. Dipatlisiso di tlhalosa mogopolo wa gore tseego e bopiwa ke maikutlo a go buisa, a a sireleditsweng ke morutwana ka ntlha ya maitemogelo a ena a nnileng le ona mo puisong (Partin le Gillespie 2002). Briggs (1987) ena o tshwaela ka gore tseego e e tlhomameng (positive attitude) e botlhokwa mo tsweletsong ya go buisa mo babuising jaaka e senola thotloetso ya kgothatso e e tsholetsang le go tsenya botshelo mo thutong. Tseego & tlhotlheletso Puiso ka thelelo Go tlhaloganyaTlotlofoko Kitso ya diphetogomedumo/ kapodiso ya mafoko 23 Se, se raya gore fa tseego e e sa tlhomamang e tlhoka thotloetso, e dira gore barutwana ba ikgatholose go buisa gotlhelele gonne ba ikutlwa e kete go buisa go ka senola go tlhoka bokgoni ga bona ba go buisa ka tshwanelosentle. Ntuli le Pretorius (2005) ba supa fa tseego mo ntlheng ya puiso e ka simolola go tloga kwa boseeng mme ya golela pele go ya bongwaneng. Hockenbury le Hockenbury (2007) ba umaka fa tseego e dirilwe ka dikarolo tse di latelang: a) Karolo ya maikutlo ke ka mokgwa o go buisa go dirang gore moithuti a ikutlwe ka gona. b) Karolo ya tlhaloganyo e ka ga dikakanyo le ditumelo ka ga go buisa. c) Karolo ya maitshwaro ke ka ga mokgwa o boitshwaro bo ka rotloetsang maitshwaro a baithuti ka teng. Ba tlhagisitse lenaane la tseego ya go buisa jaana: Maitemogelo a go buisa Ditumelo Tseego Maitshwaro Se se bontsha fa go le botlhokwa thata go ela tlhoko tseego ya go buisa mo barutwaneng gonne fa tseego ya bona e tlhomame, barutwana ba tlaa kgona go buisa ka matsetseleko, mme ba ithuta le matshwao a diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo gore di ka tokafatsa jang maemo a bona a go buisa le gore di ka ba thusa jang go tlhaloganya se ba se buisitseng. Lyons (2003) o bona tlhotlheletso jaana: Motivation is self-generated and happens within the child; it is not done to the child. Lyons (2003) o tlhalosa fa tlhotlheletso e le se morutwana a ipotsang sona mme se direga ka fa gare ga gagwe e seng mo go ena. Wood (1998) ena o tsitsinya gore mokgwa o ngwana a iponang ka ona jaaka motho, ke sengwe se se botlhokwa se se tlhomamisang tlhotlheletso ya gagwe mo sengweng fela se a tshwanelwang ke go lebagana le sona. Go nna le tlhotlheletso le go se nne le tlhotlheletso ya go ithuta ga tshenolo ya bokgoni ka bong fela, ke ditlamorago tsa kamano e e matswakabele magareng ga motho le loago. Tlhotlheletso e tsewa e le phisegelo le lerato la morutwana la go buisa. National Literacy and Numeracy Strategy, Literacy and Numeracy for Learning and Life (2011:43), e tlhalosa fa tseego e e siameng le tlhotlheletso e le dingwe tse di 24 botlhokwa mo kgatelopeleng ya bokgoni jwa go buisa, jwa go kwala go akaretsa le jwa kitsopalo. Go supile fa barutabana ba ka tsosolosa lorato le tlhotlheletso ya go buisa mo barutwaneng ka go: • Tlhopha dikwalwa tse di itumedisang, tse di nang le tlotlofoko e e humileng. • Tlhopho ya mofuta wa setlhangwa • Tlhagisa maikaelelo a go buisa. • Neela tšhono ya go batlisisa, le go ikamanya le setlhangwa. Go fitlhetswe e le gore maemo a tlhotlheletso le boikamanyo a na le ponelopele mo katlegong ya morutwana, Baker le Wigfield (1999), mme di kgona go tlhomamisa katlego ya barutwana mo dithutong. Tlhotlheletso le tseego e e siameng ke dintlha tse di botlhokwatlhokwa mo go ageng bokgoni jwa morutwana le boikemelo jwa go ikamanya le ditirwana tsa go kwala le tsa go buisa. Beers (2003) a re: ‘…social and emotional confidence almost always improves as cognitive competence improves’. Nopolo e e fa godimo e, e tlhalosa fa go itshepa ka ga loago le maikutlo ka gale di tokafatsa bokgoni jwa go lolamisa maemo a tlhaloganyo. Lipson le ba bangwe, (2004) ba bona e le gore go gapeletsa lerato la go buisa mo barutwaneng go ka atlega ka tlhomamiso ya mekgwa e e farologaneng e tshwana le: • Lefelo le le nang le dikwalwa tsa mefutafuta tse di gatisitsweng, tse di tsamaelanang le maemo a barutwana le dikgwetlho tsa bona. • Tlhopho le taolo - go itlhophela dibuka, go ipuisetsa ka bobona, go itlhophela ditlhogo tse ba batlang go kwala ka ga tsona le go itlhophela ditirwana tsa dipotso tsa dikwalo. • Barutwana ba buise ka dinako tsotlhe ka go dirisa segalo se se farologaneng le tetlelelo ya go itlhalosa. • Tšhono ya go nna le tirisanommogo le dipuisano ka bobona (Guthrie le ba bangwe, 2007). Se se ka diragala fa ditsela tse di farologaneng, jaaka go araba setlhangwa ka boena, go atlhaatlha tse a di ratileng le tse a sa di ratang ka setlhangwa le go abelana ka dibuka. 25 Tlhotlheletso e botlhokwa mo thutong e gonne fa barutwana ba na le tlhotlheletso e e namatshang ba tlaa kgona go ithuta matshwao a diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo mme ba lemoga mosola wa tsona mo tokafatsong ya puiso le mo go tlhaoleng bokao jwa diteng tsa dikwalo tse ba di buisang. Thotloetso ke keletso ya go fisegela go dira sengwe le maikemisetso a go se dira. Barutwana ba tshwanetse go rotloediwa gangwe le gape go buisa le go bona puiso jaaka letlotlo le le namatshang le go itumedisa motho mo botshelong jwa gagwe ka kakaretso. Fa barutwana ba bona puiso le dibuka e le sengwe se se namatshang, ba tlaa batla go tswelela ka go buisa mme fa ba ntse ba tswelela ka go buisa ba tlaa tokafala le go ithuta thata ka tsenelelo ka ga puiso. b) Puiso ka thelelo Department of Education and Training in Western Australia, (2004:30) e tlhalosa fa puiso ka thelelo e le bokgoni jwa go buisetsa kwa godimo ka maikutlo a a bontshang go tlhaloganya molaetsa wa mokwadi. Go ya ka McKenna le Stahl (2009) go na le dikarolo di le tharo tsa puiso ka thelelo, karolo nngwe le nngwe e ama go tlhaloganya setlhangwa ka ditsela tse di farologaneng: • Temogo ya mafoko ka nepagalo (Accurate word recognition) – go tokafatsa puiso ka thelelo, barutwana ba tshwanetse ba bo ba buisa go ya ka maemo a melawana ya bona e leng ka nepagalo ya diphesente di le 90 go ya go di le 95. • Boitirisi (Automaticity) - ke bokgoni jwa go buisa mafoko ntle le go lemoga tlhaloso ya ona. Puiso ya morutwana e mo dumelela go buisa mafoko sentle gore a lebagane le go tlhaloganya setlhangwa. Tiriso ya mogopolo e a tlhokega, go tlhalosa bokao jo bo tswelelang mo setlhangweng, mme tiriso e nnye ya mogolopolo e tlaa salela go tlhaloganya setlhangwa ka bosona. • Moribo o o maleba le segalo sa puo (rhythm & intonation) – o tsewa jaaka ditumisapuo mme o lebagane le bokgoni jwa go buisa le phetogo ya modumo wa lefoko. Gantsi ditumisapuo di bontsha maemo a ngwana a go tlhaloganya dikarolo tsa puo tse di dirisitsweng mo polelong, e bong go simolola go tlhaloganya. Patlisiso e tlaa ela tlhoko dikarolo tse tharo tsa puiso ka thelelo ka gonne e ikaeletse go neela barutwana setlhangwa, go se buisa ka maikaelelo a go bona fa ba na le bokgoni jwa go buisa ka thelelo le go bona fa ba tlhaloganya ka go araba dipotso ka ga setlhangwa seno. Beers (2003) o netefaditse gore le fa bakwadi ba bangwe ba tlhalositse botlhokwa jwa kamano ya lebelo la go buisa le puiso ka thelelo, ena o ema ka la gore go tokafatsa lebelo la go buisa ga barutwana ga go tlhalose gore tseego ya morutwana tebang le go buisa le go tlhaloganya di a tokafala. Ka jalo, go tshwanetse ga nna le ditirwana tse di tshwanetseng go tshegetsa se. 26 Beers (2003) o re go itshepa go kaya tumelo ya morutwana mo bokgoning jwa gagwe jwa go dira sengwe. Go akaretsa gape le maikutlo a go itshepa. Maikutlo a go itshepa ga barutwana a ka ama thotloetso ya bona. Fa barutwana ba tsaya gore puiso e thata e bile ga e tlhabose, ba ka akanya gore ga e na mosola mme ba ka ineela gore ba se ke ba tsaya matsapa a go e itse. Morutabana o tshwanetse go tsaya matsapa a gore barutwana ba nne le phisegelo ya go itshepa. Barutwana ba ba sa kgoneng go buisa ba neelwa tšhono ya go tlhagisa bokgoni jo bo rileng mo mabakeng a ba a ratang. Go ya ka McKenna le Stahl (2009) morutabana o tshwanetse go lemosa barutwana gore puiso e a tokafala ka go tsaya matsapa le go ikatisa ka boena. Se, se ba naya maikutlo a go ka laola go ithuta ga bona. Go botlhokwa go lemoga barutwana ba ba retelelwang ke go buisa le go ba thusa go tokafatsa maemo a bona mo puisong. Morutabana o tshwanetse go thusa barutwana go tlhaloganya gore ka tshegetso le kaelo ya morutwana, matsapa a bona le boineelo jwa go ikatisetsa go buisa go tlaa ba thusa go nna babuisi ba ba nang le bokgoni. Fa barutwana ba tokafala mo puisong, go itshepa ga bona go a tokafala le go gola. Kwa bokhutlong se, se tlaa ba rotloetsa go tswelela go buisa le fa ba le bosi. c) Go tlhaloganya Pardo (2004) o tlhalosa fa thuto ya go buisa e tlhoka go tsenyeletsa ditogamaano tse di farologaneng tsa go tlhaloganya. Ditogamaano tsa go tlhaloganya di ka tlhalosiwa e le ‘tsamaiso ya mogopolo’ e babuisi ba ba kgonang go buisa ba e dirisang. Ditogamaano tse di tlhoka go rutiwa ka tlhamalalo mo go ruteng babuisi ba ba ikemetseng, go ikamanya le molaetsa wa setlhangwa. Tsamaiso ya go tlhaloganya e simolola pele re simolola ‘go buisa’ mme e tswelela le morago ga legato la ‘go buisa’ le konoseditswe. Babuisi ba ba boineelo ba dirisa togamaano ya pele ga puiso jaaka ponelopele ya setlhangwa, mme ba dirisa togamaano ya morago ga puiso jaaka tshosobanyo. Mo tirisong ya ditogamaano tse, barutwana ba kgona go tlhaola bokao fa ba ntse ba buisa ka bobona. Fa ditaelo di arogantswe ka: pele ga puiso, fa o ntse o buisa, morago ga puiso, barutabana ba kgona go itirela ditirwana tsa kgato nngwe le nngwe go tokafatsa go tlhaloganya ga barutwana (Department of Education and Training in Western Australia, 2004). Thuto e ya go dirisa tekatlhaloganyo e e tlaa bong e na le dipotso tsa morago ga puiso, go bona maemo a barutwana mo go tlhaloganyeng setlhangwa le go bona fa ditogamaano tse di tlaa thusa mo go tsosoloseng lerato la go buisa le go tlhaloganya setlhangwa. 27 Pardo (2004) o tlhaotse mekgwa e le merataro (6) ya go buisa: • Go tsosolosa kitso ya lemorago. • Go bonelapele. • Go golaganya. • Go bopa tshwantshokgopolo. • Go tlhaola dintlhakgolo tsa kgang. • Go lekola le go siamisa ditsela tsa go tlhaloganya d) Tlotlofoko Tlhabololo ya tlotlofoko ke khumo, katoloso le tlhaloganyo ya kitso ya mafoko mo barutwaneng. Tlotlofoko e na le mafoko a re a tlhaloganyang fa re a utlwa kgotsa re a buisa (kamogelo ya tlotlofoko- receptive vocabulary) le mafoko a re a buang kgotsa re a kwalang (tlotlofoko e e tlhamaletseng- expressive vocabulary). Re tlhabolola tlotlofoko ka go bopa mafoko a re a buisang kgotsa a re a utlwang, le ka ditaelo go tswa kwa barutabaneng. Mehigan (2009:183) o tlhalosa go nna le kitso ya tlotlofoko jaana: Learning, as a language-based activity, is fundamentally and profoundly dependent on vocabulary knowledge. knowledge of words and word meanings. Mehigan (2009) o tswelela ka go tlhalosa fa go na le mefuta e le mene (4), e ka metlha e nopolwang ke babatlisisi, yona ke: • Tlotlofoko ya kutlo (listening vocabulary) - mafoko a a tlhokang go itsewe gore go tlhaloganngwe se se reeditsweng. • Tlotlofoko ya go bua (speaking vocabulary) - mafoko a dirisiwang fa go buiwa. • Tlotlofoko ya puiso (reading vocabulary) – mafoko a tlhokang go tlhaloganngwa fa go buisiwa. • Tlotlofoko ya kwalo (writing vocabulary) - mafoko a a dirisiwang fa go kwalwa. Go ya ka Mehigan (2009) mefuta e e botlhokwa gonne motswedi wa kitso ya tlotlofoko ya bana o fetoga fa ba ntse ba ikamanya le mafoko a a kwadilweng. Jalongo le Sobolak, (2010) bona ba tlhalosa fa go na le kamano e e tiileng magareng ga tlotlofoko le go buisetsa go tlhaloganya. Se se raya gore barutwana ba ba tsenang sekolo ba na le tlotlofoko e e nonofileng, ba tlhaloganya botoka dikwalwa tse ba di buisang mme tlotlofoko ya bona e nna e oketsega fa ba ntse ba buisa. Barutwana ba ba simololang 28 sekolo ka tlotlofoko e e lekanyeditsweng, ba nna le dikgwetlho tsa go buisa le go tlhaloganya se ba se buisang mme tlotlofoko ya bona ga e oketsege. Beck le ba bangwe (2002) ba gatelela gore go ithuta mafoko a mašwa go sa kaye gore a tlaa itsewe fa a kwadilwe, go akaretsa le go ithuta tlhaloso e ntšhwa le kitso e e tseneletseng ya lefoko. Thuto e, e ya go neela tshedimosetso ka thuto ya ditumisapuo, e tlaa nna mokgwa o mongwe wa go oketsa tlotlofoko mo barutwaneng. e) Temogo ya phetogomedumo/ Kapodiso ya mafoko Temogo ya phetogomedumo e ka tlhalosiwa e le ‘bokgoni ba go lemoga, go kopanya le go bitsa dikarolwana tse di farologaneng tsa medumo ya mafoko a a buiwang’ (Department of Education and Training in Western Australia, 2004:73). Temogo ya phetogomedumo e farologana le kapodiso ya mafoko. Selo sa ntlha ke modumo o re o utlwang mo mafokong kgatlhanong le ditlhaka tse di kwadilweng. Temogo ya phetogomedumo ke karolo e e boteng ya go ithuta go buisa (Adams, le ba bangwe (1998); Goswami,1986; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 2000). Savage (2008) ena o tlhalosa gore le fa temogo ya phetogomedumo e farologana le kapodiso ya mafoko, fela ke tshimololo ya ntlha e e botlhokwa ya go ithuta kapodiso ya mafoko ka nepo. Thuto e, e tlaa nna le tirwana ya lenaane la mafoko a a nang le mopeleto o o tshwanang fela a na le bokao jo bo farologaneng mme morutwana o tshwanetse go a buisa gore a lemoge bokao jo bo farolaganeng jo bo tlisiwang ke phetogo ya modumo kgotsa segalo fa a kapodisiwa. Se se tlaa supa maemo a morutwana a kitso ya phetogomedumo le kapodiso ya mafoko. Temogo ya phetogamedumo ke lereo le le nang le mareonyana ka fa tlase ga lona. Le arogantswe ka maemo a a latelang: I. Temogo ya dinoko tsa mafoko (Syllabic awareness) • Temogo ya dinoko e akaretsa kopano ya dinoko (syllable blending) • Kgaogano ya dinoko go ya ka dikarolwana (segmentation) le katologano ya dinoko (isolation). II. Tshimologo ya lefoko (onset) le morumo (rhyme) • Dinoko tsotlhe di ka aroganngwa ka tshimologo ya lefoko le morumo wa lona. Dinoko tsotlhe di na le morumo fela ga se dinoko tsotlhe tse di nang le tshimologo. 29 III. Temogo ya fonimi (Phonemic awareness) • Temogo ya fonimi ke temogo ya gore puo e e buiwang e na le mokgwa o difonimi di latelanang ka teng (Yopp le Yopp, 2000). Go tshwana le puo ya Seesimane e na le difonimi di le 44, ditumammogo tsa difonimi (consonants phonemes) di le 24 le difonimi tsa ditumanosi (vowels phonemes) di le 20 (Bizzocchi, 2017). Mo thutong e re lebeletse puo ya Setswana e e nang le ditumanosi di le supa le ditumammogo di le 28, (Batibo, 2013 le DALL, 1999:12). • Department for Education and Skills (DES), (2006) e tlhalosa kapodiso ya mafoko e le mokgwa wa taelo, o o rutang barutwana kamano magareng ga ditlhaka mo puong e e kwadilweng le fonimi e bong modumo wa ona mo puong e e buiwang, le mokgwa o ba ka dirisang kamano ya go buisa le go peleta mafoko. Go botlhokwa gore barutwana ba tlhaloganye gore ditlhaka di na le maina mme di emelwa ke modumo o o rileng mo lefokong. Ditlhaka di ka emelwa ke medumo e e farologaneng, go lebilwe maemo a yona mo lefokong le mo ditlhakeng tse di amanang le yona. Jaaka thuto e e ikaegile ka go bontsha botlhokwa jwa tiriso ya ditumisapuo, go botlhokwa go ela tlhoko mokgwa o barutabana ba rutang puiso ka gona, go bona mokgwa o thuto ya ditumisapuo e ka tsenyeletswang ka teng mo thutong ya puiso mo puong ya Setswana. Ka jalo, patlisiso e, e tlaa ikamanya le ntlha e, go bontsha botlhokwa jwa kapodiso ya mafoko le tiriso ya ditumisapuo mo puong ya Setswana. 2.3 Dikgono tsa go tlhaloganya borutapuo Pretorius le Lephalale (2011) ba tlhalosa fa dikgono tsa go tlhaloganya e le modi wa bokgoni jo boboko jwa motho bo bo dirisang go akanya, go buisa, go ithuta, go gakologelwa, le go araba. Go tlhaloganya dikgono tse ke motheo wa thuto ya ngwana. Pretorius le Lephalale (2011) ba tswelela ka go tlhalosa fa dikgono tsa go tlhaloganya borutapuo di na le dikarolo tse di latelang: a) Go tlhalosa - e leng go lemoga ditlhaka tse di agang mafoko. b) Go tlhaloganya c) Tsibogelo ya setlhangwa d) Boitlhaloganyo b) Go tlhaloganya Maria (1990) o tlhalosa go tlhaloganya e le tsamaiso e e tshwaraganeng le go dira bokao go tswa mo dikwalong tse di kwadilweng ka kamano ya kitso e e tlisiwang ke 30 babuisi mo setlhangweng, bokgoni jwa temogo ya lefoko, kitso ya lefoko le kitso ya tumalano ya borutapuo. Go tlhaloganya go buisa go tsenyeletsa kopano ya dikarolo tse dingwe tsa puo le dikgono tsa go tlhaloganya. Fa go ntse go buisiwa, mmuisi o buisana le setlhangwa se se kwadilweng go tlhaloganya gore mokwadi o tota a reng. Torgensen (2007) o tlhagisa dikarolo di le tharo tsa go tlhaloganya e bong: mmuisi, setlhangwa le tiro kgotsa maikaelelo a go buisa se se buisiwang. Ka nako ya go buisa, mmuisi o tsenyeletsa le dikgono tsa go tlhaloganya borutapuo tse dingwe le kitso ya lemorago la setlhangwa. Se Torgensen (2007) a se tlhalosang ke gore mo dikarolong tse tharo tse, di ruta mmuisi gore o tshwanetse go ikamanya le setlhangwa, a tlhaloganye tiriso ya mafoko mo mofuteng oo wa setlhangwa, mme a nne le kitso ka ga diteng tse di tseneletseng ka ga setlhangwa seo. Brownell (2013) o tshegetsa ntlha e ka go tlhalosa fa setlhangwa se na le mafoko, dipolelo le ditemana, mme mmuisi o tshwanetse go tlhaola mafoko ao, a ntshe bokao mo go ona, a bo a kopanye dikakanyo tse di neetsweng mo dipolelong gore a tlhaloganye setlhangwa. Woolley (2011) o tshwaela ka gore go tlhaloganya tshedimosetso ya setlhangwa, babuisi ba tshwanetse go ikagela mmotlolo wa mogopolo kgotsa kemedi ya bokao ya dikakanyo tsa setlhangwa fa ba ntse ba buisa. Van Dijk le Kintsch (1983) bona ba supa fa go na le mephato e le mebedi ya mmotlolo wa mogopolo o o diragalang fa go ntse go buisiwa. Richard le Schmidt (2002) le Woolley (2011) ba tlhaotse maemo a le mane (4) a go tlhaloganya, e bong boemo jo bo tsepameng (literal level), boemo jwa go tsenelela (inferential level), boemo jwa go sekaseka (evaluative level), boemo jwa maikutlo (appreciative level). Maemo a, a go tlhaloganya a dirisitswe mo porojekeng ya PIRLS. Mo patlisisong e go botlhokwa gore re tlhalose maemo a mane a go tlhaloganya ka gonne barutwana ba ya go buisa le go araba tekatlhaloganyo e e tlaa dirisiwang go kokoanya dinewa tsa patlisiso e. Karolo e e fa tlase e tlhalosa maemo a ka botlalo: I. Boemo jo bo tsepameng (literal level) Boemo jo bo tsepameng bo kaya go tlhaloganya bokao jo bo tlhamaletseng ‘kgotsa se se kwadilweng tota’ mo setlhangweng (Day 2005; Hammond, 2010). Se se ka akaretsa tlotlofoko, dinnete le matlha. Dipotso tsa mo boemong jo di tsepame, di ka arabiwa ka tlhamalalo go tswa mo setlhangweng kwa ntle le tlhokego ya go buisa go go tseneletseng. Ke mofuta wa tekatlhaloganyo o o tlhatlhobang kitsotheo ya setlhangwa. 31 II. Boemo jwa tsenelelo (inferential level) Jo ke boemo jwa setlhangwa sa tekatlhaloganyo mo barutwana ba akanyang go feta fela go tlhaloganya setlhangwa le go tlhaloganya ka kakaretso se setlhangwa e se tlhalosang. Go ya ka Seiyod (2009) boemo jwa tsenelelo ke fa babuisi ba dira diponelopele ka se se sa kwalwang mo setlhangweng. Maemo a batla gore barutwana ba dirise lemorago la kitso ka se se kwadilweng gore ba kgone go tlhaloganya se ba se buisang. Lin (2010) o tlaleletsa ka gore boemo jo bo batla gore morutwana a age kutlwisiso ya se a se buisitseng ka go dirisa lemorago la gagwe, go buisa se se tlogetsweng go fitlhelela bokao jwa nnete le bokao jo bo neng bo akantswe ke mokwadi. III. Boemo jwa go sekaseka (evaluative level) Boemo jwa go sekaseka ke boemo jwa boraro jwa go tlhaloganya mme boemo jo ke tsenelelo e e bapisang boemo jo bo tsepameng le boemo jwa tsenelelo. Lin (2010) o tlhalosa boemo jwa go sekaseka e le go buisa mo go tseneletseng mo kitso le dikakanyo di sekasekiwang. Boemo jo bo diragala fa babuisi ba dirisa boakanyo jo bo tseneletseng go fitlhelela katlholo ka ga se se buisitsweng mo setlhangweng, mme mo maemong a, barutwana ba bapisa se ba se buisitseng le lemorago la kitso ya bona (Seiyod, 2009). Ke mofuta wa tekatlhaloganyo o o batlang kakanyo ya mmuisi. Maemo a go tlhaloganya mo boemong jo, a lekanyediwa ka bokgoni jwa barutwana jwa go fetolela bokao jwa setlhangwa go ya ka maitemogelo a bona. IV. Boemo jwa maikutlo (appreciative level) Boemo jo bo batla mmuisi a ikarabela ka boena mo setlhangweng. Mmuisi o araba dipotso tsa tekatlhaloganyo ka mokgwa o a ikutlwang ka teng ka ga sona (Araujo & Costa 2012). Chia (1996) o bona boemo jo bo diragala fa babuisi ba ikamanya le setlhangwa, ba utlwa le go nna le maikutlo a a mo setlhangweng. Se se tlhalosa gore boemo jwa maikutlo, bo akaretsa maikutlo a barutwana mo go se se kwadilweng mme boemo jo bo tshwanetse go tlhokomelwa gonne go rata, le go se rate se se kwadilweng go ka ama maemo a go tlhaloganya ga bona. Lin (2010) o tlisa kgopolo ya gore go buisa le go tlhaloganya mo boemong jwa maikutlo go dirisetswa go bona poelo ya maikutlo kgotsa boleng jwa setlhangwa. Boemo jo bo botlhokwa fa go buisiwa ditlhangwa di tshwana le poko mo barutwana ba tlaa senolang maikutlo a bona. Kwa bokhutlong, puiso ya mo mephatong ya magareng, e patlisiso e e ikaegileng ka yona, e tlhoka bokgoni jwa go araba le go tlhaloganya ditlhangwa tsa maemo a bona. Pretorius (2012) a re go tloga ka Mophato wa 4, go buisa go tshwanetse ga bo go rutilwe mo go tseneletseng ka gonne ke sediriswa se se botlhokwa sa go ithuta go ya kwa pele. Thuto e, e ya go tlhatlhoba go tlhaloganya ga morutwana mo maemong a 32 ntlha jaaka maikaelelo e le go tlhagisa boleng jwa diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo mo mafokong go tlhaola bokao jwa lefoko. c) Tsibogelo ya setlhangwa Karolwana ya boraro e e tlhaotsweng ke Pretorius le Lephalala (2011) ke go tsibogela setlhangwa se se buisiwang. Tsibogelo e tsamaelana le mokgwa o babuisi ba tsibogelang dikwalo fa ba ntse ba buisa mme tsibogelo e ka akaretsa maikutlo, boitshwaro, dikakanyo le boleng. Ntlha e ya barutwana ya go tsibogela setlhangwa e botlhokwa mo thutong e, jaaka maikaelelo a patlisiso e le go neela tshedimosetso ya boleng ba diponagalo tsa ditumisapuo mo go tlhaloganyeng puiso ya Setswana. Ntlha e ya tsibogelo e neela lesedi la gore ke ka ntlha ya eng fa boitshwaro jwa barutwana bo ama puiso ya ga jaana e e dirwang ke barutwana mme e ya go ama jang puiso mo nako e e tlang. McTavish (2008) le Pretorius le Lephalala (2011) ba eme ka la gore fa mmuisi a na le boitshwaro jo bo siameng, gantsi mmuisi yo o a tswelela. Fa barutwana ba na le dikgwetlho mo puisong, gantsi ga ba tsibogele ditirwana tsa puiso ka tshwanelo. Fa tsibogelo e sa nepagala, karolo ya go buisa e a amega mme mmuisi o palelwa ke go itumelela go buisa setlhangwa, mme ga se gantsi a ka leka go ikamanya le ditiro tsa setlhangwa ka boena. d) Boitlhaloganyo Karolo ya bone (4) e e tlhaotsweng ke Pretorius le Lephalala (2011) ke boitlhaloganyo. Boitlhaloganyo ke ka ga temogo le melawana mme e ka dirisiwa mo dikarolong dingwe le dingwe tsa puiso. E akaretsa bokgoni jwa go lebelela puo le go akanya le go dira mo go tsona fa go tlhokega. Babuisi ba dirisa boitlhaloganyo go ela tlhoko tsela ya go tlhaloganya ga bona, go siamisa mokgwa o ba neng ba tlhaloganya ka ona le go anamisa didiriswa ka kelotlhoko (Pretorius le Lephalala, 2011). Fa e dirisiwa mo letlhakoreng la puiso, lereo boitlhaloganyo le raya go tlhaloganya mo go tseneletseng (Tracy le Morrow, 2006). Tiori ya boitlhaloganyo e re neela lesedi mo goreng babuisi ba ditswerere ba ikamanya jang le setlhangwa ka nako ya go buisa. Baker le Brown (1984) ba akanya gore babuisi ba dirisa ditogamaano di le mmalwa tsa boitlhaloganyo fa ba ntse ba buisa, jaaka go lemoga fa bokao bo latlhegile le go dirisa togamaano ya go siamisa jaaka go buisa gape, go buisa ka bonya kgotsa go batlana le tlhaloso go go tlaa thusang go tlhaloganya setlhangwa. Pressley (2000) o tlhaola ditsamaiso tse dingwe tsa boitlhaloganyo tse di ka thusang ditswerere tsa babuisi go tlhaloganya se ba se buisang. Mo go tse dingwe, ke go ikamanya le dikakanyo tsa segompieno, go akanya 33 gore go ka bo go latela eng mo setlhangweng kgotsa go siamisa kitso ya pele e e sa siamang ka dikakanyo mo setlhangweng. Se se bontsha fa dikgato tse di le botlhokwa mo go thuseng morutwana go tlhaloganya setlhangwa. Ka jalo patlisiso e dumelana le tiriso ya tsona. Di supa fa morutwana a kgona go lemoga medumopuo e e bopileng lefoko, mme a kgona le go ikamanya le lemorago la setlhangwa, ka jalo a tlaa kgona go araba dipotso tsa setlhangwa, mme seo se tlaa bo se supa fa a tlhalogantse ditaelo le tsamaiso ya setlhangwa. 2.4 Dipatlisiso tse di setseng di dirilwe ka puiso ya Dipuo tsa Bantsho Ga go porojeke e e dirilweng ka tiriso ya ditumisapuo mo go tokafatsong puiso ya dipuo tsa Maaforika. Diporojeke di le dintsi di ne di totile mathata a a fitlhelwang mo puisong, fela go sa lebelelwe go tlhaloganya ka tiriso ya ditumisapuo mo go tshegetseng puiso. Lukhele (2009) o dirile patlisipotlana ka baithuti-barutabana kwa Swaziland mo a neng a lebelela fa go na le botlhokwa jwa kamano magareng ga boitshwaro ba go buisa, bokgoni ba go buisa, kitso ya tlotlofoko, tlwaelopuiso, puiso ya puo ya ntlha le ya puo ya bobedi. Patlisiso ya gagwe e fitlheletse ntlha ya gore baithuti-barutabana ba bokoa mo go buiseng, ba tlhaela kitso ya tlotlofoko, mme se se tlaa nna le seabe se segolo mo bona fa ba neelwa ditiro tsa go ruta barutwana kwa dikolong. Dithuto di le dintsi di supile fa kitso ya mafoko e le tlhokego ya ntlha e e botlhokwa mo puisong (Zunshine 2013, Goya 2012 le Ahmad 2011). Aforikaborwa e nnile le seabe mo porojekeng ya Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PRILS) ka ngwaga wa 2006, 2011 le 2016. Porojeke e, e ne e lebeletse maemo a go buisa a barutwana ba Aforikaborwa ba Mophato wa 4 le ba diporofense le dinaga tse dingwe. Maikaelelo a yona e ne e le go lekola maemo a go buisa le boemo jwa barutwana ba Aforikaborwa ba Mophato wa 4 le barutwana ba boditšhabatšhaba mo dipuong di le lesomenngwe tsa Aforikaborwa. Mo pegelong ya bona ya ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2006, mo dinageng di le 40 tse di neng di nnile le seabe, Aforikaborwa e tlhageletse mo maemong a bofelo. Se se neng se gakgamatsa ke gore barutwana ba Mophato wa 4 ba ne ba araba dipotso tsa tlhatlhobo ya puiso ka puo e ba e antseng, ba e dirile go tloga kwa Kgatong ya Motheo, dingwaga di le tharo (Pretorius & Lephalala, 2011). Thuto e ya PIRLS 2006, e tlhatlhobile dintlha di le nne tsa go tlhaloganya, dintlha tseo di ne di le ka ga bokgoni jwa mmuisi mo go: 34 a) Ntsha kitso e e rileng mo setlhangweng (boemo jo bo tsepameng) b) Sekaseka setlhangwa le go neela karabo e e tlhamaletseng (boemo jwa go sekaseka) c) Lotanya dikakanyo le kitso go ralala setlhangwa d) Tlhatlhoba le go lekola setlhangwa. Mo patlisisong ya PIRLS ya 2006, Pretorius le Lephalale (2011) ba tlhalositse fa dinaga tse di dirileng sentle e le Russian Federation, Hong Kong le Singapore. Mo dinageng tse di nnileng le seabe, Aforikaborwa e tlhageletse mo maemong a bofelo. Dipoelo tsa PIRLS di bontshitse fa barutwana ba Aforikaborwa ba na le mathata a go buisa go sa lebelelwa dipuo tse ba buisang ka tsona. Dipoelo di supile gape gore barutwana ba Mophato wa 4, ba ba tsenetseng ditlhatlhobo tse ka puo ya Seesimane jaaka puo ya bobedi, ba gaisitse ba ba neng ba dira ditlhatlhobo tse ka dipuo tsa Seaforika. Se se netefaditse fa puo e se bothata jo bo amileng katlego ya barutwana, fela se se tlhokegan