APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 Interview transcripts Speaker 1 (GR111E) Uko mbibona njyewe[ngj] abanyarwanda[rgw] uko bavuye mu Rwanda[rgw] mbona bataratakaje[r] umuco kuko ibintu byose bigara[r]gaza[z] umuco, wabonye ukuntu abakobwa bari[r] bambaye neza[z] n?abasore[r] ntiwakwize[z]ra[r] ko biriya[r] bintu bishobora[r] kugara[r]gara[r] muri[r] iki[kj] gihugu. Nk?imigara[r], amayugi[gj] ni byiza[z] cyane[kj]. Ntawabeshya[??] ko tutabarushije[r]. Tura[r]baru[r]sha kabisa, urasanga[r] nk?ibintu by?abanyamahanga usanga basa n?aho bagiye[gj] bavanga umuco n?ibindi bisa n?aho Atari[r] umuco, naho njye[ngj] mbona ibyacu ari[r]?byari[r] bishyushye[??] rwose[rgw] ntacyo[kj] nabinengaho. Speaker 2 (GR112E) Abanyarwanda[rgw] bari[r] mu mahanga nk?abo tubonye hano bara[r]cyafite[kj] umuco bawukomeyeho pe! Iyo ure[r]bye uko abasore[r] biyere[r]tse, ukare[r]ba na zi[z]ri[r]ya nkumi, bitwibutsa bamwe bo mu bisekuru[r]za[z] bya ke[kj]ra[r] tutanazi[z] n?ibyo bakora[r]ga, usanga rwose[rgw] ntacyo[kj] bataye, amahanga ntacyo[kj] yabatwaye. Eh?nk?ubutaha ndabona icya[kj]re[r]nzwaho nko muri[r] ?stand? ibintu twere[r]kanye abantu babikunze cyane[kj] ari[r]ko tukagi[gj]ra[r] ikibazo[z], umuntu akabaza[z] ati ?ese iki[kj] ni iki[kj]?? Uti ?ni mitsingi? cyangwa[kj] uti ?ni inzoga y?iwacu?. Ati ?ese ntitwari[r] kumva uko imeze[z]?? Uti ?buriya[r] ni ubutaha?. Numva twateganya ibintu byo kwere[r]ka abantu ariko[r] tugateganya n?akandi iruhande[r], uwake[kj]near[r] ako gushyira[??] ku rurimi[r] ngo yumve uko bimeze[z] ntumubwire[r] ngo nzagutumira[r] ubutaha cyangwa[kj] ngo nzakubwira. Ubuseke[kj] bwa ki[kj]nyarwanda[rgw] nabwo bwari[r] buhari[r] ariko[r] uwari kugira[gj] bwinshi kugira[gj] ngo uwashaka kukagura[r] akabone. Njyewe[ngj] mbona rero[r] byari[r] ibyo kwerekana[r] gusa. Speaker 3 (GR121E) Ndabona umuco w?abanyarwanda[rgw] wagaragaye[r], twawugara[r]garije[r] mu bikorwa[rgw] byinshi, twere[r]kanye uko abanyarwanda[rgw] babyina mubyo twari[r] twere[r]kanye, ibyo twapresentaga twererekanye[r] uko igi[gj]hugu cyacu[kj] gi[gj]teye, twere[r]kanye uko politiki[r] y?igi[gj]hugu cyacu[kj] iteye, twere[r]kanye uko mu Rwanda[rgw] babaho, wabonye ibyari[r] kuri[r] ?notice bords? zitandukanye[z]. Ikindi nakonge[ngj]raho[r] ni uko abanyarwanda[rgw] berekanye[r] umuco wacu mubyo turya, wabonye ibishyimbo[??], isombe, ibijumba n?ibindi. Abanyarwanda[rgw] benshi banabikunze bazaga bakumva uburyo bimeze[z], nkaba mbona twawerekanye[r] kuri[r] uyu munsi. Eh?ikintu numva twakonge[ngj]raho[r] hano numva batakoze[z], ni ukuvuga u Rwanda[rgw] cyane[kj] kuko nubwo twerekanye[r] umuco ntitwabonye umwanya wo kuvuga ngo tuvuge uko u Rwanda rumeze[z], uko rungana[r], hari benshi batazi[z] u Rwanda[rgw] bumva u Rwanda[rgw] gusa batazi[z] n?aho ruri[r] ubungubu nk?igihugu. Yeah, yarumenye[r] kuko idrapo ryacu ryakomeje kugaragara[r] ahantu henshi, ubu rwose[rgw] ubungubu ryamenyekanye nk?uko tubona irya Amerika[r] tukamenya ngo ni irya Amerika[r]. Nka mirongo[r] inani kw?ijana bavuye aha bazi[z] u Rwanda[rgw]. Speaker 4 (GR122E) Njyewe[ngj] ndabona mu Rwanda[rgw] twara[r]komeje umuco wacu, kandi mbona tuza[z]wukomeza[z]?.Umuco wacu n?ukuntu duteye, .. yewe tubaru[r]sha byinshi?umuco wacu ni uwambere[r]?eh?tuza[z]shyi[?]ra[r] tuge re[r] kuri[r] international level. Usanga nyine abantu batumenyera[r] kubyo dukora[r], nko mu kubyina, kwivuga, guhamiri[z]za[z] n?ibindi. Yewe u Rwanda[rgw] rurazwi[r] cyane[t?] ku muco warwo[rgw], naha wabonye ko basaba ko dusubiramo[r] kubyina kuko batwishimiye. Speaker 5 (GR111F) Numva ko iyo habaye nka manifestations nk?izingizi[z], eh?numva groupe y?abantu bishyi[?]ze[z] hamwe, numva iyo berekana[r] umuco bita ku bintu bya originalit? byerekana[r] nyine iby?iwabo uko biba bimeze[z], kandi ni ukuvuga ko kubera[r] ko biba biruhije[r] kubona ibyangombwa byose byerekana umuco, cyane[t?] cyane[t?] iyo uri[r] mu mahanga nko muri iyi exposition hagombye kwerekanwa[r] vraiment ibintu traditionels, umunyarwanda[rgw] ugeze hano abona koko ko ari ibintu by?iwabo. Ibyo nibyo bigira[r] comportement culturel. Eh? kubyerekeye[r] ibintu by?indirimbo[r] numvise commentaires z?abantu b?abanyamahanga bari bazi[z] indirimbo[r] za[z]cu za[z] kera[r] bavuze[z] ko indirimbo[r] z?ubungubu ari[r] modernis?s. Abantu bazi[z] utuntu twa kera[r] turi[r] specifiques tw?umuco bavuga ko byahindutse birumvikana[r] ko ubungubu ari[r] moderne. Speaker 6 (GR112F) Hariho [r] abantu bumvise uburemere [r] bw?indimi, ariko hari abavuga ngo ndabizi [z] ntibige indimi uko bikwiye, ugasanga undi wafashe amezi atandatu akiga rendement ye ari nziza [z] kurusha[r] wa wundi utari[r]ze[z]. Ibyo byo tumaze[z] ku biromarqua, mbese ugasanga vraiment amasomo y?icyongereza [kj] hari[r] ukuntu adufasha kwiga urwo [rgw] rurimi[r]. Numva njyewe [ngj] EPLM yarangiriye[ngj] akamaro ku buryo numva ubu nakora memoire mu Cyo[kj]nge[ngj]reza. Ariko nkareba muri faculte iwacu, muri d?partement ugasanga nta gukurikirana abanyeshuri[r] bize[z] Icyo[kj]nge[ngj]reza kuko ibyinshi biba byigishwa mu Gifaransa. Ugasanga rero[r] uburemere bw?Icyo[kj]nge[ngj]reza atari valoris?e. Speaker 7 (GR121F) Eh?byifashe neza [z], abana ntabwo bataye, babikomeyeho rwose [rgw] kandi umuntu akwiye kuba encourageant kuko badakwiye gutakaza[z]. Eh?yeah, ntabwo twabonye umwanya, abanyarwanda [rgw] ntabwo babyina kuriya [r] gusa hari[r] imbyino nyinshi hari[r] amoko y?imbyino nyinshi cyane [kj], bagera[r]geza[z]ga ariko[r] kuko umwanya ari[r] muto ntibakoze [z] imbyino nyinshi, umwanya ari mwinshi twage[gj]rage[gj]za [z] tukerekana imbyino nyinshi. Kuri njye [ngj] baduhaye nk?umwanya bakatubwira ngo murabyina nk?imbyino nk?enye cyangwa eshanu twava hasi tukabereka[r]?.Eh?twerekanye[r] ibishyimbo [?] bitetse kinyarwanda [rgw], twerekana[r] isombe, imyumbati, ibijumba n?ibindi. Speaker 8 (GR122F) Tura[r]gera[r]geza[dz] kuwerekana[r] cyane [t?], umuntu akumva ari mu Rwanda[gw] eh?tura[r]were[r]kana cyane [t?], turi fier niyo mpamvu abandi babikunda. Imbyino nizo [dz] za[dz] mbere[r] kuko urabona[r] tura[r]byina neza[dz], turaseka[r] neza[dz], kandi turishimimye n?izi[dz] ndirimbo[r] kuko tura[r]byina neza[dz]?eh?urabona ubumwe, eh? unit? yacu nicyo[t?] cya[t?] mbere en fait eh?, twishimiye umuco wacu kandi ni mwiza, mbona tuzashyira [?] tukagera ku rwego[gw] international, abanyarwanda[gw] bakaba aba mbere ku Isi yose ku by?umuco. Speaker 9 (GR 211E) Kubwanjye [ndYogh] umuco w?abanyarwanda [gw] uko wahoze[z] kera[r] ngira[r] ngo n?ubu siko ukimeze[z] kubera[r] amajyambere[dYogh] nyine kwisi hose ariko[r] nta kinini wahinduyeho. I mean, iyo urebye[r] uko u Rwanda [gw] rwavugwaga [gw] kera[r], igihugu, abantu, umuco, usanga, eh?really hari ibikiri[r] nk?uko byahoze [z] kera[r] ariko[r] mu mahanga ho iyo ugezeyo[z] usanga umuco wacu ugaragara[z] neza [z] kuruta[r] andi mahanga yose, kuko iyo urebye[r] usanga ari[r] umukuru[r] ari[r] umwana usanga bose bawusangiye?badukomeye amashyi [?] menshi cyane [t?], byose ni ok. Speaker 10 (GR 212E) Mbese sinzi niba uvuga function nkizi[z] cyangwa [kj] se ibindi. Eh?muri [r] ru[r]sange [ngj] icya [kj] mbere[r] ni n?imyifatire[r] yonyine. Si ukuvuga ko baza[z]jya [gj] biyerekana[r] ki[kj]nyarwanda [rgw] kubera[r] nka function yabaye, nkaha gusa ariko[r] noneho imyambarire[r], imijye[gj]ndere [r], imikorere[r] ndetse n?ibindi bisanzwe nk?uko abantu basabana mu Rwanda[rgw]. Twaguma nyine tugakomeza[z] umuco wacu?.Imbyino nazo[z] nizo[z] nyine. Hari izindi[z] se twasizeyo[z]? Sinabonye intore[r] zibyina[z] nabonye abakobwa babyina. Speaker 11 (GR221E) Turerekana [r] umuco wacu kandi byagaragaye [r] ko tutarawibagirwa [rgw] kabisa, you know, banasabye ngo tugaruke[r] ubwa kabiri[r] turabyina[r], bose bishimye kabisa. Ubutaha, ok, twaza[z]shyiramo [?] imbyino nyinshi, tukere[r]kana n?imyenda ya kera[r]. Byari[r] byiza[z] cyane [t?] nabonye byose bitari[r] bihari[r], simbizi [z] neza[z], nk?amata yari[r] yabuze[z], n?ibindi bijyana [dYogh] n?amata, urumva ko hari ibyabuze [z]. Eh?kabisa nk?ijana ku ijana. Speaker 12 (GR222E) Ni gike, I can?t. I think that they still maintain the Rwandan culture, we showed our culture and you saw these girls dancing eh? the Rwandan dance is liked by many people, you know, twanasubiyemo, byari [r] byiza [dz]! They asked us to repeat. Eh?ibishyimbo [?] eh?cassava ni iki mu Kinyarwanda [gw]? Yeah, imyumbati, isombe, and so on. Eh?I don?t know what they believe but people liked our culture. Njyewe [ndYogh] ntabwo, kubyina, ?I don?t know?yego,?cyane [t?] rwose [gw]. Thank you. Speaker 13 (GR211F) Ibiryo vyari[r] vyiza[dz] cyane[t?],?imbyino z?ubwoko bwose, eh?ndumva ivyari[r] bihari[r] vyari[r] bihagije cyane[t?] nkumva wenda twakongeraho[r] ariko[r] sicyo[t?] cyatuma[t?] tugara[r]gaza[dz] umuco kurusha uyu munsi?.vraiment, vyari bihagije rwose [gw] abantu babonye umuco kandi nta bwo namenya neza [dz] ariko ivyakozwe vyari bimeze[dz] neza[dz] nta kibazo[dz] rwose [gw]?ibishyimbo [?] se? Ibishyimbo [?] bitetse kinyarwanda [gw] nanjye [ndYogh] nari maze[dz] igihe ntabirya ariko vyari vyiza[dz] pe! Speaker 14 (GR212F) Umuntu yerekana[r] imibereho[r] y?abantu bikurikije[r] umuco. Ubundi intore rero[r] za[z]ri[r] ingabo z?umwami. Ingabo z?umwami rero zigomba kumenya ko ibyo zikoze[z] byose zi[z]seru[r]ka nk?intore[r]. Iyo usohotse uri[r] intore useruka[r] gitore, ukajyenda [gj] gitore[gj] n?iyo uri ku rugamba ubyitwaramo neza [z]. Mbega ibintu byose ni urugamba rw?umwami [rgw]?Ubutaha? Kuri twebwe nta kibazo [z] na kimwe[kj] twagi[gj]ze[z] gusa nta gihe cyo[kj] kwitegura. Ubutaha bazaduha[z] umwanya uhagije[gj] wo kwitegura, tukaza twiteguye cyane [kj] koko. Aho twabyiniye naho ni hato, baduha ahanini noneho intore zigatamba koko, zi[z]kere[r]kana uko zatojwe[z]. Kandi wabonye ko hari[r] n?intore[r] nkeya zi[z]dahagije[gj]. Speaker 15 (GR221F) Wifashe neza [dz] kabisa?yeah?kuko abantu benshi badusavye kuvyina bwa kabiri [r]?.vyose vyose ..imbyino, indirimbo[r], ibiryo n?ibindi vyishi?cyane[t?]?cyane[t?] kabisa. Eh?nk?amashyi [?], rythme, dence, eh?vraiment on a bien fait, abanyarwanda [gw] twerekanye [r] notre culture. Speaker 16 (GR222F) Vraiment umuco w? i Rwanda[gw] twawerekanye[r], je pense que imbyino, intore[r], on a en fait montr? ce que les Rwandais ont comme culture. Eh?abantu bakomye amashyi[?], bishimye ni byiza[z] kabisa. Byashyushye [?] cyane [t?] pe! N?ubutaha tuzo[z]ngere[r]. Yego,?yego cyane [t?]. ?mugi [dYogh] si kimwe no mu cya[t?]ro[r] kuko umugi [dYogh] ni modernis?. Merci. Speaker 17 (GR311E) Nabonye ko abanyarwanda [rgw] bagi[gj]komeje umuco wabo wa ke[kj]ra [r], ndibuka ko ke[kj]ra[r] twataramaga[r], tukivuga, tugahamiri[r]za [z], abakobwa bakavuna sambwe, tukishima. Nubwo twajye[gj]ze[z] mu mahanga tukabona culture z?abanyamahanga ntitwibagiwe umuco wacu. Eh? nakunze imbyino, umuhamiri[r]zo[z] wa bariya[r] basore[r, ndetse n?imitekere ya kinyarwanda [rgw]. Yeee?nk?ibishyimbo [??], ahubwo iyo haboneka n?isojyi [gj] nyarwanda[rgw] bakage[gj]re[r]kaho byari kurushaho?. Ubutaha bakwita cyane [kj] ku myambarire n?imbyino zinyuranye byarushaho[r] kuba byiza[z]?.Ndumva icyo [kj] nakongeraho[r] ari[r] ugushimira[r] aba basore n?inkumi biyeretse[r] bakadufasha kwerekana[r] umuco wacu muri aya mahanga. Ni ikintu gishimishije cyane [kj]. Speaker 18 (GR312E) I am sorry my Kinyarwanda [gw] is zero! Ni byo!?eh?byari [r] byiza [z]. ?yego cyane [t?]. Nko muri town, eh?umugi [dYogh] thank you. Eh?ibishyimbo [?] bya Kinyarwanda[gw] byari [r] byiza [z]. Ubutaha se? Twakora [r] improvement ku bijyana[dYogh] na culture yacu, ubundi kubyina, guhamiri[r]za[z], n?ibindi bigara[r]gaza[z] igihugu cy?u Rwanda[gw]. Speaker 19 (GR 321E) Muri EPLM higishwa Icyongereza [kj] n?Igi[gj]fara[r]nsa. Njyewe [ngj] rero [r] nsanga imyigi[gj]shirize [z] y?izo ndimi ifite akamaro iyo wize[z], ariko [r] rero [r] ntabwo wavuga ngo uzamenya[z] ururimi[r] utize[z], ugomba kumva iyo wize[z] nka listening, ugasoma ukumva,umwarimu[r] uje yigisha[gj] mu Cyo[kj]ngere[r]za[z] ukamwumva, nawe ubwawe ukandika iki[kj]ntu mu Cyo[kj]ngereza nkuko uba wakize[z]. Hari nk?umwarimu[r] uza[z] avuga american English,ukamwumva,uje avuga British nawe ukamwumva, ushobora[r] kugi[gj]ra[r] ikibazo[z] cyo kumva byaterwa [rgw] n?abari[r]mu uko bavuga, ariko urashyira [??] ukumva iyo umaze[z] kumumenyera. Ikindi [kj] nk?iyo ubonye iki[kj]nyamakuru ukagisoma bige[gj]nda biza[z] ugasanga ururimi[r] wararumenye[r] kurushaho[r]. Mbese ururimi ni uguhozaho[z] wiga kuge[gj]za urumenye neza[z]. Speaker 20 (GR 322E) Namenyereye [r] kumva Icyo[kj]ngere[r]za[z], umuntu yaba ari[r] imbere[r] yanjye [ngj] avuga Icyo[kj]ngereza[z] nkumva ko ibyo ari buvuge ndibubyumve, nanjye [ngj] kuba navuga naba ndi ahantu ntumva mu isomo nkaba nabaza [z] iki[kj]bazo[z] mu Cyo[kj]ngereza, nkumva ko ururimi [r] ni ikintu cya mbere, nka gutya muri pause ukaganira na muge[gj]nzi wawe kugira[gj] ngo utakibagirwa [rgw]. Ibyo byose bige[gj]nda bishyira [??] ubumenyi bwiza[z] bw?ururimi[r]. Nabonye mu kwigisha hari ibintu bagenda[gj] bibandaho nka grammaire, ntibibande ku bintu abantu bagi[gj]ye bihitiramo, nka science baza[z]kuriki[kj]ra ngo babe bayihera muri EPLM bakajya [gj] babanyuriramo gake[kj]ya. Speaker 21 (GR311F) Kubwanjye [ngj], umuco ntujya[gj] uba mubi, inge[ngj]so nizo [z] ziba [z] mbi. Umuco, cyane [kj] umuco ubwawo ntabwo uba mubi kuko umuco uberaho [r] kugi[gj]ra[r] ngo societ? ibeho ikuri[r]ki[kj]je normes zawo?.Ngira[ngj] ngo byagaragaye[r] ko nkurikije ibyabaye hano, ntabwo narebye[r] benshi ariko[r] atari uko ndi umunyarwanda [rgw] nabonye abantu babishimye, banabahamagaye ngo bagaru[r]ke, baduha amashyi [??] menshi, ni iki[kj]garagaza ko abantu babishimye! Uko abantu bajyendaga [gj] babyina par exemple, wasangaga hari ibintu babyina bisa n?ibyahandi hantu henshi, nk?uko abantu bavuza[z] ingoma, ntibitandukanye n?ibyo muri[r] Congo, ntibitandukanye n?ibyo muri[r] South Africa, ntibitandukanye n?ibyo muri[r] Mozambique, n?iby?ahandi, ariko dence y?abanyarwanda [rgw] ni originale, ni originalit? y?abanyarwanda [rgw], ubona harimo ikintu gitandukanye n?ibyahandi usanga kidasanzwe. Speaker 22 (GR312F) Uko n?ubundi nabyifuzaga[z] ndabona twabigezeho[z]. Urebye[r] kuri[r] twebwe twashakaga kwereka[r] abanyamahanga ko dufite umuco ukubiyemo ibintu byinshi cyane [kj] nk?imbyino za kinyarwanda[rgw], uretse[r] n?imbyino twerekanye[r] n?ibintu byinshi nk?ibiseke[kj], ibiryo nk?ibishyimbo[??] bitetse kinyarwanda[rgw], inzoga imyambaro[r] y?intore[r], ibyo byose ni ukwerekana uko abanyarwanda[rgw] babagaho. Hano rero twagi[gj]ze[z] n?ikintu[kj] cy?akarusho kuko nko mu myaka yashize ntabwo twige[gj]ze[z] twerekana[r] ibiryo by?iwacu, uno munsi kandi icyadushimishije cyane [kj] ni uko abanyamahanga twabonye babikunze cyane[kj], byanashize[z] rwose[rgw]. Ikindi[kj] gishimishije kuri uyu munsi ni ukuntu abantu bishimiye imbyino z?abanyarwanda[rgw] kuko ubwa mbere twabyinnye, nyuma barongera badusaba ngo twonge[ngj]re duseruke, dore na nubu abantu baracyabyina, urumva ko umudiho w?i Rwanda[rgw] wihagazeho rwose[rgw]. Speaker 23 (GR321F) Rwose [gw] umuco wacu twawerekanye [r], banawushimye cyane [t?], n?ikimenyimenyi twasubiyemo kabiri[r] ariko[r] babishaka kubireba[r]. Twage[dYogh]rage[dYogh]je rwose[gw] gukomera ku muco wacu. Byari[r] bishyu[?]shye[?] kabisa, badukomeye amashyi[?] menshi cyane[t?], vraiment twara[r]tsinze. Ni ukuzi[z]tegura[r] neza[z] bakaduha iminsi myinshi, bakaduha nk?indirimbo[r] nk?ebyiri[r] zi[z]tandukanye, ?nta na kimwe rwose[gw]. Eh? nk?abantu babaye mu mijyi[dYogh] ntabyo bazi[z] ariko[r] ntibibuza[z] kwerekana[r] uko umuco uteye. Speaker 24 (GR322F) Byose biterwa[gw] na niveau y?Icyo[t?]ngere[r]za[z] baba bafite n?uko unakomeza[z] kubikoresha[r]. Ntibingana, Ikinyarwanda[gw] nicyo[?] twisanzura[r]mo cyane[t?], tuzivuga[z] nyine nk?iyo tuba turimo[r] kwiga cyangwa se muri[r] administration ariko ubundi mu bisanzwe tuvuga Ikinyarwanda[gw]. Cyane[?] cyane[?] ko abanglophone nabo baba bashaka kumenya Ikinyarwanda[gw] cyangwa [t?] Igifaransa, natwe dushaka kumenya Icyongereza[?], noneho ugasanga icyo[?] mwese mushaka guhuriraho[r] ni Ikinyarwanda[?]. Muri Repubulika y?u Rwanda[gw] se ?...Yee, tuza[z]shyira[?] tuzimenye[z] zombi[z] kuko ubu turi mu guhugu Francophone-anglophone. Rwose[gw] hazagera [z] tumenye indimi nyinshi kandi neza[z]. APPENDIX 2 Questionnaires and interview results Language background ENGLISH Age group GR1 GR2 GR3 Gender Male Female Male Female Male Female Speakers Data Target sound Q1 S2 Q S Q S Q S Q S Q S /r/ [r] [r] [r] [r] [r] [r] [r] [r] [r] [r] [r] [r] /kj/ [t?] [kj] [t?] [kj] [t?] [t?] - [t?] - [kj] [kj] [kj] /??/ - [??] - [??] [?] [?] - [?] - [??] - [??] /gj/ - [gj] [gj] [gj] [dYogh] [dYogh] - [dYogh] - [gj] [dYogh] [gj] /ngj/ [ngj] [ngj] - [ngj] - [ndYogh] [ndYogh] - - - [ngj] [ngj] /rgw/ [rgw] [rgw] [rgw] [rgw] [rgw] [gw] - [rgw] - [rgw] [rgw] [rgw] Speaker 1 /z/ [z] [z] [z] [z] [z] [z] [z] [z] [z] [z] [z] [z] /r/ [l] [r] [r] [r] [r] [r] - [r] [r] [r] [r] [r] /kj/ - [kj] - [t?] [t?] [kj] - [t?] [k] [t?] [kj] [kj] /??/ - [??] [?] [?] [?] - - [?] - [?] - [??] /gj/ - [gj] [gj] - [dYogh] [gj] - - - [dYogh] [gj] [gj] /ngj/ [ngj] [ngj] [ngj] [ngj] - [ngj] - [ndYogh] - - [ngj] [ngj] /rgw/ [rgw] [rgw] [rgw] [rgw] [rgw] [rgw] - [gw] - [gw] [rgw] [rgw] Speaker 2 /z/ - [z] [z] [z] [z] [z] [z] [dz] - [z] [z] [z] 1 Q = Questionnaire 2 S = Speech Language background FRENCH Age group GR1 GR2 GR3 Gender Male Female Male Female Male Female Speakers Data Target sound Q S Q S Q S Q S Q S Q S /r/ [l] [r] [l] [r] [r] [r] [r] [r] [r] [r] [r] [r] /kj/ [t?] [t?] - [kj] [t?] [t?] [t?] [t?] - [kj] - [t?] /??/ [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] - [??] - [?] /gj/ [gj] - - [gj] [dYogh] - - - - [gj] [dYogh] [dYogh] /ngj/ [ndYogh] - - [ngj] [ndYogh] [ndYogh] [ndYogh] - - [ngj] - - /rgw/ [rgw] [rgw] - [rgw] [gw] [gw] [rgw] [gw] - [rgw] - [gw] Speaker 1 /z/ [z] [z] - [z] - [dz] - [dz] - [z] - [z] /r/ [r] [r] - [r] [r] [r] [r] [r] [r] [r] - [r] /kj/ [t?] [kj] - [t?] [kj] [kj] [t?] [t?] - [kj] [t?] [t?] /??/ [?] - [?] [?] - - [?] [?] - [??] - [?] /gj/ - [gj] - - [dYogh] [gj] [dYogh] [dYogh] - [gj] [dYogh] - /ngj/ - [ngj] - - [ndYogh] - [ndYogh] - - [ngj] [ndYogh] - /rgw/ [rgw] [rgw] - [gw] - [rgw] - [gw] [rgw] [rgw] [gw] [gw] Speaker 2 /z/ [z] [z] [z] [dz] [z] [z] [z] [z] [z] [z] [z] [z] APPENDIX 3A SUBJECT INFORMATION SHEET School of Literature and Language Studies Department of Linguistics University of Witwatersrand Johannesburg- South Africa Date:?????????. Dear respondent My name is Hilaire HABYARIMANA. I am conducting a research as part of a Master?s Degree in Linguistics. The aim of my study is to examine the effects of multilingualism on the Kinyarwanda sound system after 1994, the period in which Rwanda became a community of people from different areas with various languages. I am writing to you because you are a member of this community and can speak or understand Kinyarwanda. I wish to invite you to participate in this research by taking part in an individual interview and answering my questionnaire. The interview is expected to take approximately five minutes. You will be tape-recorded and your responses will be transcribed from the recording. The questionnaire will be filled in immediately after the interview, and it will also take about five minutes. Your responses will be treated with much confidentiality and your anonymity is guaranteed. Please note that your participation in this study is voluntary, and that you may withdraw your consent at any time. If you choose to participate in this study, please fill in the attached informed consent forms. For any further information, you can either e-mail me to habhil@yahoo.co.uk or call (+27) 0734926238. Thank you for your collaboration. Yours faithfully Hilaire HABYARIMANA Masters student APPENDIX 3B INFORMED CONSENT FORM FOR INTERVIEWEES I understand the aims of the study and the procedures involved. I understand that my participation in the study is voluntary and I can withdraw anytime I want to. I understand that my name will not appear on the interview schedule and it will not be used in the final report. Any information I reveal to the researcher will be treated with confidentiality. I agree to take part in the study by answering questions during the interview. I agree to allow the interview to be tape-recorded by the researcher. Signature:???????. Date??????? I, Hilaire HABYARIMANA, have explained the procedures and the aims of the study. I have assured the participant that participation is voluntary and that he/she can withdraw anytime he/she wants to. I have also guaranteed the participant that all information revealed to me will be treated with much confidentiality and that his/her name will not appear on the interview schedule and it will not be used in the final report. The recorded interviews will only be available to the supervisor and external examiner if requested. Once the exam process is completed the interview tapes will be destroyed. Signature:???????. Date:???????.. APPENDIX 3C INFORMED CONSENT FORM FOR QUESTIONNAIRES I understand the aims of the study and the procedures involved. I understand that my participation in the study is voluntary and I can withdraw anytime I want to. I understand that my name will not appear on the questionnaire schedule and it will not be used in the final report. Any information I reveal to the researcher will be treated with confidentiality. I agree to take part in the study by answering questions on the questionnaires. Signature:???????. Date??????? I, Hilaire HABYARIMANA, have explained the procedures and the aims of the study. I have assured the participant that participation is voluntary and that he/she can withdraw anytime he/she wants to. I have also guaranteed the participant that all information revealed to me will be treated with much confidentiality and that his/her name will not appear on the questionnaire schedule and it will not be used in the final report. The questionnaire answers will only be available to the supervisor and external examiner if requested. Once the exam process is completed the questionnaire answers will be burnt. Signature:???????. Date:???????.. APPENDIX 3D INTERVIEW FORM A. Personal details (optional) B. Questions As my research aims at finding out the effects of multilingualism on the Kinyarwanda sound system, the interview will be held in Kinyarwanda in order to allow me to identify linguistic variables for language variation due to language contact. The questions I will ask will be related to topics which can help the interviewees hold a 3 to 5 minutes talk. The main topics will be ?Ubona ute umuco w?u Rwanda muri Africa Yepho?? (How is the Rwandan culture in South Africa?), ?Utekereza iki ku kugira indimi nyinshi mu Rwanda?? (What is your personal view about having more than one language in Rwanda?). Subsequent questions: - Indimi uvuga z?amahanga zaba zifite ingaruka ku Kinyarwanda ? Gute? (Do foreign languages that you can speak affect your Kinyarwanda? How?). - Iyo uganira mu Kinyarwanda wumva abo muvugana bakoresha amajwi asa n?ayawe? (During a conversation in Kinyarwanda, do you feel all speakers use the same sounds as you do?). - Wumva indimi nyinshi zivugwa mu Rwanda nyuma ya 1994 hari icyo zatwaye amajwi y?Ikinyarwanda? (Do you think that many languages brought in Rwanda after 1994 have changed some of Kinyarwanda sounds?). APPENDIX 3E Questionnaire (Kinyarwanda and English) (Shyira akamenyetso imbere y?igisubizo cyawe/Tick in front of your answer) Umwirondoro/Identification Igitsina: gabo??..gore??? Sex: male??..female???.. Imyaka/age: 10?20???? 21?35???... Hejuru ya/over 35??? Ibibazo/Questions 1. Wize ikinyarwanda ryari? Ndi umwana???? Nkuze???.. When did you learn Kinyarwanda? When I was a child???? Grown up???????. 2. Wakigiye he? Mu mahanga?.......... Mu Rwanda??............... Where did you learn it from? Abroad??? Rwanda???? (Andika igisubizo cyawe/write your answer) 3. Mu buzima bwawe wakunze gukoresha uruhe rurimi? ............................................ Which language have you spoken most often? ??????????????.. 4. Muri iki gihe wumva ari uruhe rurimi rukoroheye? ????????????. Which language among those you can speak do you feel is easier for you? ???????????????. 5. Kuki? ?????????????????????????????? Why? ??????????????????????????????. 6. Iyo uganira mu Kinyarwanda ushobora kumva ko mugenzi wawe avuga amajwi atandukanye n?ayawe? Yego???. Oya???? Simbizi????. ??.. When speaking Kinyarwanda can you realize that your interlocutor is using different sounds from yours? Yes???. No???? Don?t know????.. 7. Ushobora kumenya aho umuntu yarerewe wumvise amajwi y?ikinyarwanda avuga? Yego???? Oya????. Simbizi????? Can you guess where a Kinyarwanda speaker grew up simply by listening to his/her Kinyarwanda speech sounds? Yes???. No???. Don?t know???. 8. Wemera ko kuba abanyarwanda barahuye baturuka mu duce dutandukanye, bavuga indimi zitandukanye byarahinduye Ikinyarwanda? Yego????. Oya ??.. Simbizi????. Do you think that the fact that the Rwandan speech community is made of people from different areas with different languages has changed Kinyarwanda? Yes???. No???.. Don?t know???? 9. Tanga ijambo mu rundi rurimi uzi rifite ijwi rimwe n?iriciyeho akarongo muri aya y?Ikinyarwanda/ Give an example of words in another language that you speak that have the same sound as the underlined one in the following Kinyarwanda words: a. umurimo ??????.............. b. gucyura ?????????? c. ibishyimbo ????????? d. umujyi ??????????.. e. njyewe??????????? f. umunyarwanda???????.. g. byiza???????????... Urakoze / Thank you.