BOOK OF ABSTRACTS WABER SuDBE CONFERENCE 2024 30 – 31 July 2024 University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa EDITORS Prof. Samuel Laryea, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Prof. Baizhan Li, Chongqing University, China A/Prof. Emmanuel Adu Essah, University of Reading, United Kingdom A/Prof. Sarfo Mensah, Kumasi Technical University, Ghana Prof. Hong Liu, Chongqing University, China Prof. Runming Yao, University of Reading, UK/Chongqing University, China ISBN: 978-0-7961-6310-3 In collaboration with: i Proceedings of the WABER SuDBE 2024 Conference 30th – 31st July 2024 University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa © Copyright The copyright for papers in this publication belongs to the authors of the papers. ISBN: 978-0-7961-6310-3 (e-book) The ISBN for this publication was provided by the National Library of South Africa. Legal deposits of the publication have been supplied to the National Library of South Africa, Library of Parliament, and other places of Legal Deposit. First published in July 2024 Published by: WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 C/o Professor Samuel Laryea, Conference chair School of Construction Economics and Management University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Email: info@wabersudbe.com / samuel.laryea@wits.ac.za Website: www.wabersudbe.com Editors Prof Samuel Laryea, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Prof Baizhan Li, Chongqing University, China A/Prof Emmanuel Adu Essah, University of Reading, United Kingdom A/Prof Sarfo Mensah, Kumasi Technical University, Ghana Prof Hong Liu, Chongqing University, China Prof Runming Yao, University of Reading, UK / Chongqing University, China Declaration All papers in this publication have been through a review process involving a review of abstracts, peer review of full papers by at least two referees, reporting of comments to authors, revision of papers by authors and re- evaluation of the revised papers to ensure quality of content. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ii Foreword iii Conference organising and scientific committee v Confirmation of 60/40 rule ix Programme and profile of speakers xi Conference themes xv Conference papers xvii Index of authors 169 Index of keywords 173 iii FOREWORD It is my pleasure to welcome you to this special WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 which is a joint international conference co-organised by the West Africa Built Environment Research (WABER) Conference and the International Conference on Sustainable Development in Building and Environment (SuDBE) in collaboration with various partners. The International Conference on Sustainable Development in Building and Environment (SuDBE) was initiated in 2003 by the National Centre for International Research of Low- carbon Green Buildings at Chongqing University, China. The West Africa Built Environment Research (WABER) Conference was initiated in 2008 as an initiative of the School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading, UK, and provides a platform for sharing the latest ideas in built environment research on the African continent. I am pleased to welcome everyone to Wits University, Johannesburg. I hope you enjoy this Conference in the beautiful environment of our university. There are two days of technical presentations and an industry panel discussion, with a welcome cocktail party on the first night, and a conference dinner on the second night. This is followed by two days of technical tours, which provide an opportunity to see some landmark buildings in Pretoria, and two green rated developments by Growthpoint Properties in Rosebank and Sandton, Johannesburg. The technical presentations consist of seven keynote speeches and 130 paper presentations. The keynote speeches focus on an array of interesting topics that relate to the general conference theme of sustainable built environments. We have four keynote speeches relating to the theme of adaptability of the built environment to climate change and the sustainable development goals. The three other keynote speeches address matters of resilient and sustainable futures, the use of digital technologies to improve the sustainability of buildings, and artificial intelligence and carbon neutrality. The academic and industry leaders speaking on these topics are very experienced and their keynote presentations are expected to stimulate new ideas and discussion in the conference. The accepted papers to be presented in the parallel sessions relate to eight themes namely: • Climate Responsive Built Environments • Air Quality and Healthy Building • Thermal Comfort and Intelligent Operation • Low Carbon Technology and Energy System • Sustainable Urban Renewal • Building Technology and Performance • Construction and Project Management • Real Estate and Property Management Thank you and congratulations to all the authors of papers in this publication. I also want to sincerely recognise and appreciate the efforts of the 154 reviewers from 21 different countries who assisted enormously with the scientific work of reviewing the abstracts and full papers submitted for this Conference. We initially received 191 abstracts that were thoroughly reviewed to provide comments and decisions to authors. 161 full papers were subsequently received, and we would like to express our deepest appreciation to the reviewers below who did the hardwork of reviewing the 161 full papers and providing review reports which assisted the editors to make decisions on the papers and control the quality of the papers accepted for publication in the proceedings. Ultimately, 123 papers were accepted and published in this iv conference proceedings. I extend special thanks to A/Prof Emmanuel Essah and A/Prof Sarfo Mensah for leading the review processes and performing extensive editorial duties. There are also two workshops taking place during the conference. The first one is a Workshop on "Low-carbon urban and city development towards carbon neutrality" which is led by Prof Yong Ding from Chongqing University. The second one is a Workshop on Sustainable construction industry growth which is facilitated by the cidb Centre of Excellence at Wits University. Lastly, we also have an industry panel discussion on the risks associated with South African renewable energy projects. This will be facilitated by A&O Shearman whom we are proud to have as our partners for this conference. The conference programme presents a valuable package that will facilitate intellectual and practical discussions on sustainable built environments and the construction sector’s role in addressing the global challenge of climate change and the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Special thanks to all our conference partners particularly A&O Shearman, the Construction Industry Development Board (cidb), Gauteng Tourism, and Growthpoint Properties for your valuable support. I would conclude by wishing all participants a stimulating, rewarding and enjoyable conference. I look forward to enjoying your presentations, debates and company over the conference period of 29th July to 2nd August. Thank you. Professor Samuel Laryea WABER SuDBE 2024 Conference Co-Chair Wits University, Johannesburg, South Africa 29th July 2024 v CONFERENCE ORGANISING COMMITTEE • Professor Samuel Laryea, Wits University, South Africa, Conference Co-Chair • Professor Baizhan Li, Chongqing University, China, Conference Co-Chair • Professor Runming Yao, University of Reading, UK / Chongqing University, China, Conference Secretary • Professor Hong Liu, Chongqing University, China, Conference Secretary • A/Professor Emmanuel Essah, University of Reading, UK, Conference Secretary CONFERENCE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE AND REVIEW PANEL 1. Prof. Samuel Laryea, Wits University, Johannesburg, South Africa 2. A/Prof Emmanuel Essah, University of Reading, United Kingdom 3. A/Prof Sarfo Mensah, Kumasi Technical University, Kumasi, Ghana 4. Prof Runming Yao, University of Reading, UK / Chongqing University, China 5. Prof Zhiwen Luo, Cardiff University, United Kingdom 6. Prof Bankole Awuzie, University of Johannesburg, South Africa 7. A/Prof Collins Ameyaw, Kumasi Technical University, Ghana 8. A/Prof Ebenezer Adaku, Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, Ghana 9. A/Prof Ehsan Saghatforoush, Wits University, Johannesburg, South Africa 10. A/Prof Elvis Attakora-Amaniampong, SDD-UBIDS, Ghana 11. A/Prof Haruna Musa Moda, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar 12. A/Prof Ian Ewart, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom 13. A/Prof Justus Agumba, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa 14. A/Prof Kathy Michell, University of Cape Town, South Africa 15. A/Prof Kola Akinsomi, Wits University, South Africa 16. A/Prof Lekan Amusan, Covenant University, Nigeria 17. A/Prof Mehdi Shahrestani, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom 18. A/Prof Moshood Fadeyi, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore 19. A/Prof Norhayati Mahyuddin, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 20. Dr. Ogbeifun Edoghogho, University of Jos, Nigeria / Univ. of Johannesburg, South Africa 21. A/Prof Shen Wei, University College London, United Kingdom 22. Prof Divine Ahadzie, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana 23. A/Prof Yakubu Aminu Dodo, Najran University, Saudi Arabia 24. A/Prof Yewande Adewunmi, Wits University, South Africa 25. A/Prof. Alex Opoku, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates 26. A/Prof. Callistus Tengan, Bolgatanga Technical University, Ghana 27. A/Prof. Ebenezer Boakye, Takoradi Technical University, Takoradi, Ghana 28. A/Prof. Emmanuel Manu, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom 29. A/Prof. Evans Zoya Kpamma, Sunyani Technical University, Ghana 30. A/Prof. Francis Kwesi Bondinuba, Kumasi Technical University, Ghana 31. A/Prof. Mavis Osei, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana 32. A/Prof. Richard Ohene Asiedu, Koforidua Technical University, Ghana vi 33. Dr Adedeji Afolabi, Covenant University, Nigeria 34. Dr Adwoa Ofori, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland 35. Dr Afolabi Dania, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom 36. Dr Akosua B.K. Amaka-Otchere, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana 37. Dr Amna Shibeika, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom 38. Dr Baba Adama Kolo, Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria 39. Dr Bashar Mohammed Al-Falah, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia 40. Dr Bismark Duodu, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana 41. Dr Bruno Lot Tanko, University of Reading-Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia 42. Dr Christopher Amoah, University of the Free State, South Africa 43. Dr Christos Halios, University of Reading, United Kingdom 44. Dr Cynthia Adeokun, O.N.A Architects Ltd., United Kingdom 45. Dr Emmanuel Selorm Adukpo, University College London, United Kingdom 46. Dr Eng L Ofetotse, Greenwich University, London, United Kingdom 47. Dr Faizah Mohammed Bashir, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia 48. Dr Folake Ekundayo, Design Studio, United Kingdom 49. Dr Frank Ametefe, University of Cape Town, South Africa 50. Dr Gabriel Nani, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana 51. Dr Geoff Cook, University of Reading, United Kingdom 52. Dr Hafizah Mohd Latif, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia 53. Dr Hua Zhong, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom 54. Dr Immanuel Darkwa, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland 55. Dr Jeremy Gibberd Wits University, Johannesburg, South Africa 56. Dr Jesse Nor, Abuja Metropolitan Management Council, Abuja, Nigeria 57. Dr Koech Cheruiyot, Wits University, Johannesburg, South Africa 58. Dr Kwadwo Oti-Sarpong, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom 59. Dr Lewis Abedi Asante, Kumasi Technical University, Ghana 60. Dr Lovelin Obi, Northumbria University , United Kingdom 61. Dr Lungie Maseko, Wits University, Johannesburg, South Africa 62. Dr Luqman Oyewobi, FUT, Minna, Nigeria 63. Dr Mate Janos Lorincz , University of Reading, United Kingdom 64. Dr Maxwell Antwi-Afari Fordjour, Aston University, United Kingdom 65. Dr Michael Peters, University of Reading, United Kingdom 66. Dr Mojtaba Amiri, Wits University, Johannesburg, South Africa 67. Dr Neil Govender, Wits University, Johannesburg, South Africa 68. Dr Oluseyi Odeyale, University of Ibadan, Nigeria 69. Dr Oluwaseun Dosumu, University of Rwanda, Rwanda 70. Dr Prisca Simbanegavi, Wits University, South Africa 71. Dr Qingqin Wang, China Academy of Building Research, China 72. Dr Ravi Rangarajan, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Qatar 73. Dr Razaq Sherif , Abuja Metropolitan Management Council, Abuja, Nigeria 74. Dr Rolien Terblanche, University of Cape Town, South Africa 75. Dr Ronan Champion, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom 76. Dr Sena Agbodjah, Academic City University College, Ghana vii 77. Dr Shiyu Han, Chongqing University, China 78. Dr Stanley Okangba, Wits University, Johannesburg, South Africa 79. Dr Thabelo Ramantswana, Wits University, South Africa 80. Dr Tunji-Olayeni Patience Fikiemo, Covenant University, Nigeria 81. Dr. Elijah Boadu Frimpong, Kumasi Technical University, Ghana 82. Dr. Elizabeth Ojo-Fafore, Wits University, South Africa 83. Dr. Emefa Amponsah, Takoradi Technical University, Ghana 84. Dr. Godwin Kumi Acquah, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana 85. Dr. Isaac Mensah, Department of Feeder Roads, Accra, Ghana 86. Dr. Kofi Agyekum, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana 87. Dr. Kofi Owusu Adjei, Kumasi Technical University, Ghana 88. Dr. Kwabena Fosuhene M-Ansong, Kumasi Technical University, Ghana 89. Dr. Kwadwo Twumasi-Ampofo, Center for Scientific and Industrial Research, Ghana 90. Dr. Michael Adabre, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 91. Dr. Michael Nii Addy, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana 92. Dr. Olumuyiwa Bayode Adegun, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 93. Dr. Stephen Agyefi-Mensah, Cape Coast Technical University, Ghana 94. Dr. Kwabena Abrokwa Gyimah, Kwame Nkrumah Univ. of Science & Technology, Ghana 95. Dr. Timothy Crentsil, Kumasi Technical University, Ghana 96. Dr Bernard Acheampong, University of Reading, United Kingdom 97. Mr Faranani Gethe, Wits University, Johannesburg, South Africa 98. Mr Hillary Chanda, University of Reading, United Kingdom 99. Mr. Kingford Mkandawire, University of Reading, United Kingdom 100. Ms Emma Ayesu-Koranteng, Nelson Mandela University, South Africa 101. Ms Lerato Mompati, Wits University, Johannesburg, South Africa 102. Ms Zamageda Zungu, Wits University, Johannesburg, South Africa 103. Oscar Kwasafo, Wits University, Johannesburg, South Africa 104. Prof Cheng Sun, Harbin Institute of Technology, China 105. Prof Da Yan, Tsinghua University, China 106. Prof Dengjia Wang, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, China 107. Prof Xinhua Xu, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China 108. Prof Yong Ding, Chongqing University, China 109. Prof Zhijian Liu, North China Electric Power University, China 110. Prof Abimbola Windapo, University of Cape Town, South Africa 111. Prof Ahmed Doko Ibrahim, Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria 112. Prof Armando Oliveira, Porto University , Portugal 113. Prof Borong Lin, Tsinghua University, China 114. Prof Carmel Lindkvist, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway 115. Prof Chi Feng, Chongqing University, 116. Prof Chimay Anumba, University of Florida, USA 117. Prof Christopher Pain , Imperial College London, United Kingdom 118. Prof Deji Ogunsemi, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 119. Prof Eziyi Ibem, University of Nigeria, Nigeria 120. Prof Fidelis Emuze, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa 121. Prof George Ofori, London South Bank University, United Kingdom 122. Prof Guangyu Cao, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway viii 123. Prof GWK Intsiful, University of Liberia, Liberia 124. Prof Immaculate Nwokoro, University of Lagos, Nigeria 125. Prof Jianlei Niu, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , China 126. Prof Joy Maina, Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria 127. Prof Kemiki Olurotimi, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria 128. Prof Kulomri Adogbo, Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria 129. Prof Larry Bellamy, University of Canterbury, New Zealand 130. Prof Linhua Zhang, Shandong Jianzhu University, China 131. Prof Nathaniel Aniekwu, University of Benin, Nigeria 132. Prof Neng Zhu, Tianjin University, China 133. Prof Nishani Harinarain, University of Kwazulu Natal, South Africa 134. Prof Prashant Kumar, University of Surrey, United Kingdom 135. Prof Ron Watermeyer, Infrastructure Options / Wits University, South Africa 136. Prof Runping Niu, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China 137. Prof Salman Azhar, Auburn University, USA 138. Prof Santiago Gassó-Domingo, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Spain 139. Prof Sarah Hayes, Bath Spa University, United Kingdom 140. Prof Sasan Sadrizadeh, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden 141. Prof Shijie Cao, Southeast University, China 142. Prof Shilei Lyu, Tianjin University, China 143. Prof Stephen Oluigbo, Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria 144. Prof Winston Shakantu, Nelson Mandela University, South Africa 145. Prof Xianting Li, Tsinghua University, China 146. Prof Xudong Yang, Tsinghua University , China 147. Prof. Humphrey Danso, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana 148. Dr Matthew Ikuabe, Wits University, South Africa 149. Dr Timothy Ayodele, Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria 150. Dr Chidinma Emma-Ochu, Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri, Nigeria 151. Dr Miriam Chukwuma-Uchegbu, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria 152. Dr Partson Paradza, BA ISAGO University, Botswana 153. Dr Lynda Mbadugha, Wits University, South Africa 154. Patricia Kio, Fitchburg State University, USA THANK YOU VERY MUCH TO ALL 154 REVIEWERS BASED IN 21 DIFFERENT COUNTRIES!!! ix CONFIRMATION OF DHET 60-40% CONFERENCE RULE 29th July 2024 TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN I confirm that the papers accepted for publication in the WABER SuDBE 2024 Conference proceedings in July 2024 were peer-reviewed by at least two referees. The peer review process entailed initial screening of abstracts, review of full papers by at least two referees, reporting of the review reports to authors, revision of papers by authors, and re-evaluation of re- submitted papers to ensure quality of content. A paper is only accepted for publication in the conference proceedings based on the reviewers' recommendation. I also confirm that the accepted papers were from multiple institutions as detailed below. Institution No of papers % Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria 3 2.4% Arusha Technical College, Tanzania 1 0.8% Ashesi University, Ghana 1 0.8% Beijing Institute of Technology, China 1 0.8% Central University of Technology, South Africa 3 2.4% Chongqing Jiaotong University, China 1 0.8% Chongqing University, China 51 41.5% Dalian University of Technology, China 2 1.6% Durban University of Technology, South Africa 3 2.4% Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 1 0.8% Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria 1 0.8% Fitchburg State University, United States of America 1 0.8% Guangdong Midea Air-Conditioning Equipment Co. Ltd, China 3 2.4% Hebei University of Technology, China 2 1.6% Henan Polytechnic University, China 2 1.6% Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China 5 4.1% Kano State Polytechnic, Nigeria 1 0.8% Kumasi Technical University, Ghana 2 1.6% Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Ghana 1 0.8% Norwegian University of Science & Technology, Norway 1 0.8% Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria 1 0.8% The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom 1 0.8% Tsinghua University, China 2 1.6% Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia 1 0.8% University of Johannesburg, South Africa 1 0.8% University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 4 3.3% University of Reading, United Kingdom 4 3.3% University of the Free State, South Africa 2 1.6% x University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa 12 9.8% Walter Sisulu University, South Africa 1 0.8% Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China 1 0.8% Wuhan University of Technology, China 2 1.6% Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, China 1 0.8% Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, China 4 3.3% As shown in the Table above, only 9.8% of the papers emanated from the University of the Witwatersrand, which was the host institution, with the remaining 90.2% coming from diverse institutions. Based on the above, the WABER SuDBE 2024 Conference, met the 60-40 percentage policy. Papers accepted for publication were published via the conference proceedings. The conference proceedings’ ISBN is: 978-0-7961-6032-4 (e-book) Yours Sincerely, Prof Sam Laryea University of the Witwatersrand Co-Chair of WABER SuDBE 2024 Conference xi PROFILES OF KEYNOTE SPEAKERS Chimay Anumba is a Professor and Dean of the College of Design, Construction and Planning at the University of Florida. A Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, FREng, he holds a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from the University of Leeds, UK; a higher doctorate – D.Sc. (Doctor of Science) - from Loughborough University, UK; and an Honorary Doctorate (Dr.h.c.) from Delft University of Technology in The Netherlands. He has over 500 scientific publications and his work has received support worth over $150m from a variety of sources. He has also supervised 57 doctoral candidates to completion and mentored over 25 postdoctoral researchers. He is the recipient of the 2018 ASCE Computing in Civil Engineering Award and is a member of the US National Academy of Construction (NAC). Tim Broyd is Director of the Institute for Digital Innovation in the Built Environment and Professor of Built Environment Foresight at the University College London, The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction. He moved to UCL following a career in industry, and has substantial experience as corporate director of technology, innovation and sustainability for globally operating engineering design consultancies, including both Atkins and Halcrow. In addition, he was CEO of construction industry research body CIRIA from 2002 to 2007. Within his new role he works with leading individuals in industry and government to understand and prepare for the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. This recently included the responsibility for a 'foresight' input to the UK Government's developing strategy for construction as well as leading the strategic planning of the UK's development and implementation of BIM. Tim is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, the Institution of Civil Engineers and the Royal Society for Arts, manufactures and Commerce. He is also a Visiting Professor in Construction Management at the University of Reading and in Civil Engineering at the University of Dundee. He has maintained an active engagement in the development and deployment of BIM techniques for over a decade, is Vice Chairman of BuildingSmart (UK) Ltd and sits on the UK Government's BIM Task Force. He is also a Director of CEEQUAL Limited, which is responsible for developing and marketing CEEQUAL, the world's leading Keynote Title: Resilient and Sustainable Futures – Opportunities to Leverage Emerging Technologies Professor Chimay Anumba FREng, Ph.D., D.Sc., Dr.h.c., CEng/PE, FICE, FIStructE, FASCE, NAC University of Florida, USA Keynote Title: The use of digital techniques to improve the sustainability of buildings Professor Tim Broyd University College of London, UK xii technique for assessing the sustainability of infrastructure projects. He became Vice President of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 2011, with particular responsibility for Public Voice and Policy. He was subsequently elected the 152nd President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, taking office in November 2016. Borong LIN is the Professor and Deputy Dean in the Faculty of Building Science and technology at Tsinghua University. He also serves as the Dean of Key Laboratory of Eco Planning & Green Building commissioned by the Ministry of Education, and the Fellow of IBPSA (International Building Performance Simulation Association). Prof. Lin was the winner of The National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars in 2018, awarded the National Changjiang Scholar at 2019 and 2020 Xplorer Prize. He was selected as World's Top 2% Scientists by Stanford University and Elsevier China Highly Cited Scholars. Prof. Lin’s research focuses on the whole life cycle technology innovation for enhancing built environment quality, energy efficiency and carbon neutrality from the architectural design phase to new product development and real operation. As PI, Prof. Lin won the second prize of national S&T award and 5 first prize of provincial or ministerial S&T awards. He has published over 150 SCI journal papers and is an editorial member of five international peer reviewed journals. Jeremy Gibberd is a Co-coordinator of the Construction Industry Board (CIB) Working Group (W116) on Smart and Sustainable Built Environments (SASBE) and a member of the Multi-stakeholder Advisory Committee (MAC) of UNEP’s Sustainable Building and Construction programme. He has developed specialist expertise in sustainable built environments, education and community architecture, building performance analysis and facilities management. Jeremy completed his PhD at the University of Pretoria in 2003 on methodologies for integrating sustainability into built environments in developing country contexts. Jeremy has lectured on environmental design, advanced technology and design at SCAD in the USA and has developed and taught courses on urban design, architectural design, materials, sustainability, energy and facilities management with various organisations. He regularly works as a research scientist and consultant to government, business and community organisations. Jeremy has published widely and Keynote Title: Artificial intelligence and carbon neutrality: several case studies Professor Borong Lin Tsinghua University, China Keynote Title: Sustainability through smart infrastructures Professor Jeremy Gibberd University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa xiii presented as invited or keynote speaker at numerous international meetings and conferences. Humphrey Danso is a Professor and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies at Akenten Appiah Minkah University of Skills Training and Development in Ghana. Previously, he was also Dean of the Faculty of Technical Education. He holds a PhD in Civil Engineering from the University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom; MPhil in Civil Engineering from Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Russia; MSc in Strategic Management and Leadership, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana, 2019-2021; and MTech in Competency-Based Training from the University of Education Winneba in Ghana. Humphrey has published over Ninety (90) publications in international outlets in the areas of construction materials, construction management, and sustainable construction. Kathy is on the full-time academic staff at the University of Cape Town and was Head of the Department of Construction Economics and Management from 2017 to 2020 and the Deputy Dean for Undergraduate Studies (Teaching & Learning) in the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment from 2021 – 2023. Kathy holds a Doctorate in property and facilities management from the University of Salford (United Kingdom), an MPhil in cost and systems engineering and BSc (Hons) in Quantity Surveying from the University of Cape Town. She is the Director of the Sustainability oriented and Cyber Research Unit for the Built Environment at UCT. She is a registered Professional Quantity Surveyor with the South African Council for the Quantity Surveying Profession and a member of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, the Association of South African Quantity Surveyors, and the South African Facilities Management Association. Kathy is a Past-President of the South African Council for the Quantity Surveying Profession and served a four-year term as a Council Member on the Council for the Built Environment in South Africa. She was the Africa Market Seat on the Governing Council of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (2020 – 2023), is a current member of the Board of the Keynote Title: Sustainability through construction materials Professor Humphrey Danso AAMUSTED University, Ghana Keynote Title: Sustainable urban development and management Professor Kathy Michell University of Cape Town, South Africa xiv CIB International Council for Building and Construction Research, a member of the International Facilities Management Association Research Advisory Committee and is a founding Director of the Africa Facilities Management Association. . Ron Watermeyer served as the South African Institution of Civil Engineering’s 101st President in 2004. In 2009 he obtained a senior doctorate (Doctor of Engineering) from the University of the Witwatersrand for his engineering development work which has significantly contributed to the delivery of infrastructure for the advancement of a changing South African society. He has published more than 100 papers, articles and book chapters on various aspects on the delivery of infrastructure. He is currently a Trustee of Engineers Against Poverty (London based international charity), a visiting adjunct professor, School of Construction Economics and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, the Chair of ISO TC 59 / SC18 (Construction procurement), a Member of the Certification Board of FIDIC Credentialing Limited and a Director of Infrastructure Options (Pty)Ltd. Ron has been at the forefront of many development initiatives in South Africa since the early 1990s. He has reinterpreted building regulations, developed systems for the classification of sites in terms of geotechnical characteristics and building practice and established technical requirements for a structural warranty scheme for houses. He has also changed construction methods, technologies and practices to facilitate socio- economic development imperatives and pioneered the development of construction procurement procedures, practices, tactics and strategy and client delivery management practices aimed at improving infrastructure project outcomes. Keynote Title: Role of the client in achieving sustainable built environments Professor Ron Watermeyer DEng, CEng, PrEng, PrCM, PrCPM, Hon.FSAICE, FIStructE, FICE, FSAAE University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa xv CONFERENCE THEMES • T1 Climate Responsive Built Environments • T2 Air Quality and Healthy Building • T3 Thermal Comfort and Intelligent Operation • T4 Low Carbon Technology and Energy System • T5 Sustainable Urban Renewal • T6 Building Technology and Performance • T7 Construction and Project Management • T8 Real Estate and Property Management xvi CONFERENCE PAPERS T1 CLIMATE-RESPONSIVE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS 1 A unified data mining framework for air source heat pump performance prediction and key influencing factor analysis – Yang, Y., Lin, B., Geng, Y., Pei, X. and Ji, W 3 Addressing compliance checking matters of buildings to green standards using natural language processing: a review – Yamusa, M. A., Abdullahi, M., Ibrahim, Y. M., Ahmadu, H. A., and Abubakar, M. 4 Analyzing urban spatial agglomeration based on POI data: a case study of Shihezi city, Xinjiang – Han, Y., Liu, Q., Wu, X. and Su, Y. 5 Climate adaptation mechanism of traditional Yi dwellings from an e[m]ergy perspective – Ahou, Y., Yang, Z. and Xia, Q. 6 Exploration of the sustainable design strategies for the social houses of rural area – Wang, M. and Duan, D. 7 Female students’ perceptions of environmental sustainability: a case study of a university building in the UAE – Shibeika, A. 8 Hydrophobicity optimization and exploration of a novel building envelope material – Zhao, H., Wu, S., Wu, Y., Sun, H. and Lin, B. 9 Infrastructure in Johannesburg from a sustainable development perspective – Jia, S. and Yang, Y 11 Numerical simulation study on the effect of water diffuser on the performance of heat storage tank – Ren, Y., Ren, Z., Xiao, Y., Zhang, Z., Yang, Z., Pang, Y.. and E, Reaihan. 12 Research and application of ecological environment functional materials in China – Liang, J., Lei, Y., Han, X., Dong, B. Zhang, H., Zhang, N. and Wang, L. 13 Study of the moisture buffering characteristics of building envelopes with double-layer hygroscopic materials – Liu, S., Yan, T., Xu, X., Wan, H. and Huang, G. 14 Towards a decision support for green public procurement implementation: a review of the primary decision- making factors – Yamusa, M. A., Abubakar, M., Nasir, R. M. and Abdulzaziz, M. 15 T2 AIR QUALITY AND HEALTHY BUILDING 16 A study of the effect of air purifiers on the concentration of particulate matter in primary school classrooms – Luo, H., Chen, Y., Yuan, F. and Yao, R. 17 A study of the effect of indoor glare on personnel's emotions based on the PAD (Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance) emotion model – Li, H. Zhu, Y., Song, B. and Li, B. 19 An experimental study of human activity patterns on particle resuspension in a test chamber – Yuan, F., Luo, H. and Yao, R. 20 Analysis on occupant behavior and energy consumption characteristics of air conditioning usage in residential buildings – Ao, J., Chen, Z., and Du, C. 21 Characteristics and prediction of air conditioners use in residential rooms based on fractal theory – Fu, C., Liu, M. and Li, Z. 22 Distribution and characteristic analysis of indoor thermal environment monitoring points during air conditioning heating – Ding, Y., Yu, Z. and Liu, Y. 23 Evaluation of the aerosol transport behaviour and infection risk in an isolation ward by a CFD modelling – Wang, F., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y. and Xu, X. 25 Experimental study of the disinfection efficacy of microwave radiation on A. Variegatus attached to the filter – Zhang, Y., Xu, X., Wang, F. and Yan, T. 26 Implications of indoor heating terminals on allergic and respiratory diseases in childhood: repeated cross- sectional surveys in China – Wang, C., Yu, W., Wei, S., Zhou, H. and Zhang, Y. 27 Indoor particles exposure and air filtration intervention association with children health-review – Zhong, T. and Du, C. 28 Investigating the impact of the indoor environmental quality of vehicles with different fuel transmission: emphasis on particulate matter –Mohamed, A. and Essah, E., A. 29 Relationship between indoor environment factors of residential settings and rheumatic diseases in older adults – Gao, N. and Yu, W. 30 Research on the correction method of carbon dioxide monitoring sensor in human respiratory zone – Wang H. and Yu W. 31 xvii Study on efficient removal technology of toluene from indoor ambient air – Wang, J., Chen, J., Chen, D. and Yang, C. 33 The effect of air purifiers on the concentration of particulate matter 2.5 -a review – Cheng, L. and Li, M. 35 The impact of different indoor mould concentrations on lung tissue inflammation in mice – Wu, M., Du, C., Ma, P. and Yang, X. 37 The impact of short-term exposure to different air-conditioning environments on human thermal adaptation – Pan, Y., Shi F., Sun Z., Guo S. and Yan H. 38 The optimal parameters of airflow comfort and validation in air conditioners – Liu, Y., Wang, B., Wang, Y., Fan, J., Zhang, L. and Zhu, Y. 39 T3 THERMAL COMFORT AND INTELLIGENT OPERATION 40 A study of corrected skin wettedness levels in a downward outdoor-indoor temperature transient environment – Guo, J., Liu, H. and Chen, G. 41 A study of human perception and response under a high temperature local radiation – Wang, W., He, B. and Liu, H. 43 A study of the effect of long-term thermal history on thermal comfort of indoor occupants in summer climate chamber – Fu, Y. and Liu, H. 45 A study of thermal comfort experienced by postpartum women during sleeping hours – Wang, Y., Yu, W. and Shi, W. 47 Analysis of thermal comfort in indoor air conditioning environment for summer rest in hot summer and warm winter zone – Ma, X., Yu, W., Guo, L. and Zhang, Y. 49 Assessment of the effect of differences in human constitutional characteristics on thermal comfort – Ming, R., Miao, T., Wang, B., Wu, X. and Li, J. 50 Dynamic thermal sensation prediction model of the elderly using a machine learning method – Zhou, S. and Li, B. 51 Effects of different vegetation types on outdoor thermal comfort – Lei, H and Yuan, M. 53 Evaluation of the indoor environment and perceived IEQ: a case study in Norwegian primary schools – Chaulagain, A., Mathisen, H., M., Alam, B., G., Bartonova, A., Fredriksen, M., Høiskar, B., A., K., Gustavsen, K., Canet, A., M., Fredriksen, T. and Cao, G. 55 Experimental study on the thermal environment demand of underground stations in Chongqing – Ding, Y., Liu, Y. and Jiang, X. 57 Heat transfer analysis of separated gravity heat pipe used in a self-activated PCM wall – Xu, D., Yan, T., Xu, X., Wu, W., Long, W, Ming, T. and Wu, Y. 59 Human thermal comfort based dynamic regulation of air conditioning during cooling in residential buildings – Jing, M., Du, C., Zhang N. and Yu W. 60 Investigating the impact of infant BMI values on heat comfort perception in hot summer and cold winter regions – Shi, W., Yu W.，Zhou, H. and Wang Y. 61 Predictive control model for regional cooling system combined with ice storage technology – Tang, C. Bao, L. and Li, N. 63 Research on human thermal response in naturally slightly hotter indoor environment – Ding, Y. Zhou, Z. and Zhang, X. 65 Research on thermal comfort influence and improvement strategy of air conditioning dynamic environment – Guo, L., Yu, W., Zhang, Y. and Guo, R. 66 Study on the effect of light environment on human comfort in a warmer office environment – Bai, S., and Li, Z. 67 Study on thermal comfort of postpartum mothers in air-conditioned environment in summer – Huang, X., Yu, W., Du, C. and Zhou, H 68 Study on thermal sensation prediction and temperature satisfaction of air conditioning dynamic environment in winter – Zhang, Y., Yu, W. and Guo, L. 69 The spatiotemporal variation pattern of indoor thermal environment under different set temperatures in summer intermittent convective cooling environment – Guo, S., Sun, Z., Shi, F., Pan, Y. and Yan, H. 71 Thermal comfort in hot summer and cold winter area with retrofitted traditional electric heating devices (Huo Xiang) – Huang, D. and Liu, H. 73 xviii Thermal comfort in urban parks: a review – Zheng, P. and Yao, R 74 Thermal comfort prediction model based on optimized random forest algorithm – Jiang, Y. 75 T4 LOW CARBON TECHNOLOGY AND ENERGY SYSTEM 76 A general energy saving potential evaluation method of a pipe-embedded wall integrated with natural energy based on revised degree hour – Fan, S., Yan, T., Tang, X., Yu, Z., Li, X., Lyu, W. and Xu, X. 77 A low-carbon distributed energy system suitable for residents in mountainous areas of southwestern China: a case study of Weining County in Guizhou Province – Zhang, Z. and Xiao, Y. 78 Achieving sustainability in student housing: nexus of student housing design and energy use behaviour in northern Ghana – Appau, W. M., Anugwo, I. C., Attakora-Amaniampong, E. and Simpeh, F. 79 Comprehensive life cycle assessment of carbon emissions in the construction industry: a review of methods, tools, and applications – Zhu, T., Hua, J., Huang, L. and Zhang, X. 80 Developing an integrated real-time urban construction carbon emission monitoring framework: towards sustainable urban development – He, Y., Ding, Y., Jiang, X. and Zhao, W. 81 Efficient matching method of cold and heat sources under dynamic load demand characteristics – Ding, Y., Yu, X., Jiang, X. and Zhao, W. 83 Energy-saving optimal control strategy of an ASHP integrated central air-conditioning system – Gao, J., Yang, Y., Yan, J., Xu, X. and Liu, Y. 85 Global energy-saving potential estimation of Radiative Sky Cooling (RSC) used in the pipe-embedded wall cooling system – Yan, T., Fan, S., Xu, X., Lyu, W., Ming, T. and Wu, Y. 87 Low carbon concrete formulation and construction technology in construction phase – Zhao, W., Ding Y., Lai, W., Jiang, X. and He Y. 88 Main accounting indexes of building carbon emissions – Ding, Y. and Chen, W. 89 T5 SUSTAINABLE URBAN RENEWAL 90 Application of Chinese traditional mural materials in modern architectural wall decoration – Liu, C. and Syed, A. S. A. B. 91 Correlation between summer outdoor thermal environment and comfort in urban block of Northern Xinjiang – Su, Y., Huang, Z. and Wu, X. 92 Effective integration of traditional mural elements to enhance the attractiveness and artistry of installation artworks through Ryan’s narrative theory – Li T., Feng Y., Ye Q. and Liu C. 93 Enlightenment of American buildings to China of sustainable integrated design –Zhu, X. 94 Environmental safety assessment of street road lighting combining visual characteristics and physical quantities – Liang, B., Huang, Z., Qin, Y., Li, Z.. and Luo, H. 95 Exploration of interactive dream analysis installation in art design in community public facilities – Ye, Q., Zeng, C., Li, T. and Liu, C. 96 Population, texture, green volume - the suitable density of historic districts based on intrinsic ecology – Hu, C. and Gong, C. 97 Public art and cultural education function of digital exhibition in museums – Li, L. 98 Research on design of interactive installation based on cultural sustainable intangible cultural heritage – Zeng, C., Ye, Q. , Li L. and Liu, C. 99 Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of thermal environment of subway stations - an experimental study – Ding, Y., Jiang, X., He, Y., Zhao, W., Liu, Y. and Hou, Y. 101 The impact of road expansion on nearby infrastructure – the case of N11 in Mokopane, South Africa – Mogale, W., Musonda, E. and Harinarain, N. 102 Utilising African epistemologies to augment Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) initiatives in the built environment field – Qumbisa, N. and Makhwabe, S. 103 T6 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND PERFORMANCE 104 A review of the impact of office lighting environment on employees’ emotional state – Li, M. and Cheng, L. 105 A review on indoor lighting evaluation regarding its' effects and indicators – Lin, S. and Du, C. 107 xix A study on the impact of enhancing window airtightness on residential building energy consumption in hot summer and cold winter region – Yu, Z., Zhang, C., Xu, X., Tang, X. and Yu, Z. 108 An advanced design method of intelligent buildings in sustainable development – Xia, Q., Yang, Z. and Ahou, Y. 109 Assessing the performance of PCM embedded non-linear thermal wall – Li, S., Ji, W., Liu, S., Kwanda, L, T. and Kusakana, K. 111 Development and prospection of occupant behavior in residential building – Liao, X, and Li, B. 112 Effect of elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of high volume recycled coarse aggregate concrete containing volcanic ash – Gambo, S., Yahaya, M. W. and Ibrahim, A. G. 113 Effects of masonry materials characteristics on painted external wall surfaces – Afful, M. O., Mensah, S., Orgen, N. K. and Ameyaw, C. 114 Experimental investigation on post-fire mechanical properties of Q960 ultra-high-strength steel after cold- forming process – Wang, J. and Shi, Y. 115 Housing characteristics and heat perception: comparison across formal and informal neighbourhoods in Lagos, Nigeria – Adegun, O. B., Morakinyo, T. E., Akinbobola, A., Obe, B. and Olusoga, O. O. 116 Impact of PCMC roof on indoor thermal-humidity environment and air conditioning energy consumption – Jiang, L., Gao, Y., Liu, S. Rashidov, J., Zhang, X. and Fan, Z. 117 Numerical study on lateral behavior of cold-formed steel composite shear wall – Xiaowei, R., and Yu, S. 119 Research on the structural regulation of sepiolite fibre and application as self-humidity-control functional building materials – Han, X., Tang, R., Hao, L., Dong, B., Wang, L. and Liang, J. 120 Sociotechnical system failure in construction projects: a distributed situation awareness of sky central roof damage – Mkandawire, K., Kabiri, S. and Connaughton, J. 121 The effect of Melanopic equivalent daylighting illuminance (m-EDI) on satisfaction and productivity in the workplace – Li, Z., Yao, R., Bai, S. and Zhu, Y. 122 Thermal properties of surrounding rock in deep-buried metro station fresh air shafts enhanced by phase change materials: a case study from Chongqing, China – Ren, Z., Ren, Y., Yang, Z., and Xiao, Y. 123 T7 CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT 124 A digital skills gap analysis of building inspectors: the case of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Authority – Gethe, F., Awuzie, B., Simbanegavi, P. and Chiloane, M. B. 125 Academia-industry linkages: a missing link in TVET institutions in Tanzania - Mhando, Y., Mamboya, F. and Chacha, M. 126 An evaluation of the quantitative risk assessment simulation undertaken during the planning stage of mega- projects – Zwane, S., Schutte, D., Maila, S. and Jones, R. 127 Ascertaining the knowledge of Ghanaian construction professionals on the use of clay bricks as a sustainable construction material – Darko, P., D., Nani, G., Mensah, N., A., A., O., Yusif, M. and Badii, P. 129 Barriers to digitalization of procurement – a review – Ojo-Fafore, E. and Laryea, S. 130 Bibliometric analysis of virtual reality in construction education – Kio, P., Ohochuku, C., Aduloju, T., and Agidani, J. 131 Bibliometric review of social value in construction literature – Laryea, S., Kwasafo, O., K. and Mensah, S. 133 Buried alive: the challenges facing the emerging contractors in the Limpopo province, South Africa – Moeti, M., Amoah, C. and Le Roux, L. 134 Challenges associated with differential measurements in stairs construction in low rise residential buildings – Boadi, E. O., Mensah, S., Ameyaw, C., Orgen, N. K. and Bondinuba, F. K. 135 Construction materials management techniques used in building projects in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria – Wudil, B. I., Bashir, K., K., Sani U., and Aikawa, I. U. 136 Detecting and preventing unbalanced bidding in South African public sector construction – Tilese, N., Makhaga, T., Mphahlele, M. and Zungu, Z. 137 Establishing success and failure factors of circular economy transitions in property development firms: a servitized business model approach – Nemakhavhani, R., Awuzie, B. and Aigbavboa, C. 138 Evaluating the new universities project outcomes using the PMBOK project performance domains – Mosalaesi, T. and Laryea, S. 139 xx Exploring the challenges in the performance of small-medium contractors in South Africa: a consultants' perspective – Simpeh, F., Baba, V. and Anugwo, I., C. 141 Fostering construction firm resilience through persuasive narratives of strategy: a conceptual framework – Zungu, Z., Laryea, S. and Nkado, R. 142 Investigate the potential impact of individual tracking technology in the Construction Industry – Lai, H., Y. and Essah, E., A. 143 Investigating management practices in the construction and delivery of electricity projects in Nigeria – Oladiran, O., J. and Oguntona, O., A. 144 Key barriers to green building implementation in South Africa – Mompati, L., Mandlate, M., Kabini, K. and Nomvalo, U. 145 Modelling leadership development determinants in Ghana’s construction industry: the moderating role of professional capability – Sam, A.. Aigbavboa, C. O. and Thwala, W. D. 147 Perceptions of tender document quality and its impact on construction estimates – Nezambe, B. Laryea, S. and Govender, N. 149 Risk factors that contribute to the collapse of major construction companies: the case of fallen South African construction giants – Scholtz, R., Deacon, H., A., Le Roux, L. and Amoah, C. 150 Team communication in the built environment: the South African land surveyor’s perspective – Harinarain, N. and Mbanjwa, S. 151 The job satisfaction of black female quantity surveyors – Punungwe, F. and Terblanche, R. 153 Understanding mason training in South Africa – Khuzwayo, B., Walker, M. and Graham, B. 154 Using dynamic BIM to improve construction safety culture – Amiri, M., Saghatforoush, E. and Laryea, S. 155 Wearable technology to reduce fatigue risks for construction workers: a scoping review – Mtetwa, S. I., Mollo, L., G. and Emuze, F., A. 157 T8 REAL ESTATE AND PROPERTY MANAGEMENT 158 Assessment of void periods in residential buildings in Minna, Nigeria – Ogunbajo, R. A. and Kuma, S. S. 159 Prop-tech trend in Nigerian real estate practice: adoption and challenges – Araloyin, F. M., Fateye, T. B. and Adebowale, O. O. 160 Remote sensing to map and estimate the extent of flood damage – a South African case study – Malusi, B., Musonda, E. and Harinarain, N. 161 Residential choice and preferences in Ashesi University: comparative study of stated and revealed preferences – Doamekpor, N., A., A., Nyarko, G., K. and Adeku, V. 163 The impact of inflation on house prices in South Africa: effects of COVID-19 – Mpofu, B., Simbanegavi, P., Moobela, C. and Weaich, M. 165 Utilisation of digital elevation modelling to determine areas affected by floods in KwaZulu-Natal – Zwane, S., Musonda, E. and Harinarain, N. 167 INDEX OF AUTHORS 169 INDEX OF KEYWORDS 173 1 T1 CLIMATE-RESPONSIVE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS A unified data mining framework for air source heat pump performance prediction and key influencing factor analysis – Yang, Y., Lin, B., Geng, Y., Pei, X. and Ji, W 3 Addressing compliance checking matters of buildings to green standards using natural language processing: a review – Yamusa, M. A., Abdullahi, M., Ibrahim, Y. M., Ahmadu, H. A., and Abubakar, M. 4 Analyzing urban spatial agglomeration based on POI data: a case study of Shihezi city, Xinjiang – Han, Y., Liu, Q., Wu, X. and Su, Y. 5 Climate adaptation mechanism of traditional Yi dwellings from an e[m]ergy perspective – Ahou, Y., Yang, Z. and Xia, Q. 6 Exploration of the sustainable design strategies for the social houses of rural area – Wang, M. and Duan, D. 7 Female students’ perceptions of environmental sustainability: a case study of a university building in the UAE – Shibeika, A. 8 Hydrophobicity optimization and exploration of a novel building envelope material – Zhao, H., Wu, S., Wu, Y., Sun, H. and Lin, B. 9 Infrastructure in Johannesburg from a sustainable development perspective – Jia, S. and Yang, Y 11 Numerical simulation study on the effect of water diffuser on the performance of heat storage tank – Ren, Y., Ren, Z., Xiao, Y., Zhang, Z., Yang, Z., Pang, Y.. and E, Reaihan. 12 Research and application of ecological environment functional materials in China – Liang, J., Lei, Y., Han, X., Dong, B. Zhang, H., Zhang, N. and Wang, L. 13 Study of the moisture buffering characteristics of building envelopes with double-layer hygroscopic materials – Liu, S., Yan, T., Xu, X., Wan, H. and Huang, G. 14 Towards a decision support for green public procurement implementation: a review of the primary decision- making factors – Yamusa, M. A., Abubakar, M., Nasir, R. M. and Abdulzaziz, M. 15 Yang, et al. (2024) A unified data mining framework for air source heat pump performance prediction and key influencing factor analysis In: Laryea, S. et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the WABER SuDBE Conference, 30 to 31 July 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa 2-9 3 WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 30 – 31 July 2024 Johannesburg, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7961-6032-4 A UNIFIED DATA MINING FRAMEWORK FOR AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMP PERFORMANCE PREDICTION AND KEY INFLUENCING FACTOR ANALYSIS Yuren Yang1, Borong Lin2, Yang Geng3, Xingyu Pei4 and Wenjie Ji5 1, 2, 3Key Laboratory of Eco Planning & Green Building, Tsinghua University, China; School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, China 4, 5School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, China Air source heat pumps (ASHPs) have significant emission reduction potential, low operating costs, low maintenance requirements, and suitability for various geographic conditions. Accurate prediction and analysis for the operational performance of ASHPs is crucial for developing optimal control strategies and ensuring the efficient and stable operation of heat pump systems. This study proposes a framework utilizing machine learning algorithms for performance prediction and interpretability analysis of ASHP systems. The proposed framework comprises three modules: data preprocessing, model construction, and interpretability analysis. It focuses on predicting the performance of ASHP systems based on real-time operational parameters, meteorological parameters, time indices, and other features, as well as extracting key influencing features and analysing the effects of each feature on system performance across different intervals. The proposed framework was applied to an ASHP system in a secondary school in Beijing, China, achieving an accuracy of 78.24% in predicting its heating capacity for the next hour. The interpretability analysis was performed using the SHAP method, which is based on cooperative game theory. The analysis revealed that instantaneous flow rate had the greatest impact on the heating capacity, but its influence varied significantly across different flow rate intervals. Keywords: air source heat pump (ASHP), heating capacity, interpretability analysis, machine learning 1 yangyuren@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn 2 linbr@tsinghua.edu.cn 3 gengy@tsinghua.edu.cn 4 pxy0937@gmail.com 5 jiwenjie@bit.edu.cn Yamusa, et al. (2024) Addressing compliance checking matters of buildings to green standards using natural language processing: a review In: Laryea, S. et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the WABER SuDBE Conference, 30 to 31 July 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa 11-19 4 WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 30 – 31 July 2024 Johannesburg, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7961-6032-4 ADDRESSING COMPLIANCE CHECKING MATTERS OF BUILDINGS TO GREEN STANDARDS USING NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING: A REVIEW Muhammad Aliyu Yamusa1, Muhammad Abdullahi2, Yahaya Makarfi Ibrahim3, Hassan Adaviriku Ahmadu4 and Mu’awiya Abubakar5 1,2Department of Quantity Surveying & Public Procurement Research Centre, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria 3,4Department of Quantity Surveying, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria 5Department of Building & Public Procurement Research Centre, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria The incorporation of sustainability objectives in green building (GB) projects adds complexity to their design, construction, and management. Current developments in the area of artificial intelligence, precisely natural language processing (NLP) techniques have provided great potential in analysing voluminous regulatory documents to draw insightful information relating to the standards, requirements, and codes to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of compliance checking. However, there is a dearth of attempts to tap the potential of NLP to facilitate automated compliance checking, especially within the context of green buildings. This paper, therefore, aims to assess the benefits and limitations of the current advancements in NLP-based methodologies for automated compliance checking of regulatory documents in green buildings. This paper conducts a systematic review of literature to achieve its aim. The challenges and benefits, as well as the areas of the application of NLP in automated compliance checking of regulatory documents in green buildings, are highlighted. The research offers a guide for future investigations aimed at broadening the utilisation of NLP in automating the compliance verification process for regulatory documents in green buildings and the construction sector as a whole. Keywords: compliance checking, green building, NLP, regulatory documents, standards 1 yamusajf@yahoo.com 2 bnabdallah02@gmail.com 3 makarfi@gmail.com 4 ahmaduhassan@rocketmail.com 5 muawiyaabubakar1@gmail.com Han, et al. (2024) Analyzing urban spatial agglomeration based on POI data: a case study of Shihezi city, Xinjiang In: Laryea, S. et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the WABER SuDBE Conference, 30 to 31 July 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa 21-29 5 WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 30 - 31 July 2024 Johannesburg, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7961-6032-4 ANALYZING URBAN SPATIAL AGGLOMERATION BASED ON POI DATA: A CASE STUDY OF SHIHEZI CITY, XINJIANG Yu Han1, Qiaochu Liu2, Xuezheng Wu3 and Yuan Su4 1，2，3，4 School of Architecture & Fine Art, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China Numerous cities within developing nations possess vast potential across dimensions such as population density, geographical positioning, and natural resource endowments. However, their urban transportation frameworks and spatial planning strategies often fail to align effectively with the pivotal gathering spaces for residents. This study aims to extensively leverage urban Point of Interest (POI) data to decipher urban structures, pinpoint core urban blocks, and conduct centrality research employing spatial algorithms. Utilizing Shihezi in Xinjiang as a case study, this research initiates data collection of the city's POI through POI-kit software, organizing information points in a zonal framework. Subsequently, POI is categorized into distinct types, assigning differential weightage based on their types. Furthermore, precise aggregation features of POI points are delineated through kernel density analysis. Building upon this, the centre is quantified using ArcGIS's Getis-Ord Gi* index method to derive refined POI data. By amalgamating the aggregation characteristics of blocks derived from kernel density analysis and analyzing the data for hot spots and cold spots using the Getis-Ord Gi* index, visualization of the distribution of diverse types of POI points and population aggregation within Shihezi city is facilitated. Theoretical contributions encompass a streamlined method for urban POI data, aligning it with the distribution of core urban blocks while ensuring typological diversity. On a practical front, this study furnishes rapid analyses of varied urban centralities in response to shifts in spatial arrangements. Consequently, it aids designers in optimizing urban milieu, furnishing effective renewal strategies. Keywords: aggregation analysis, kernel density analysis, POI, urban centrality, Shihezi. 1 13506713000@163.com 2 lqc_arch@163.com 3 505183538@qq.com 4 suyuan@dlut.edu.cn Ahou, Yang and Xia (2024) Climate adaptation mechanism of traditional Yi dwellings from an e[m]ergy perspective In: Laryea, S. et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the WABER SuDBE Conference, 30 to 31 July 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa 30-44 6 WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 30 - 31 July 2024 Johannesburg, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7961-6032-4 CLIMATE ADAPTATION MECHANISM OF TRADITIONAL YI DWELLINGS FROM AN E[M]ERGY PERSPECTIVE Yimu Ahou1, Zhenjing Yang2 and Qing Xia3 1,2,3School of Architecture and Urban Planning Chongqing University The traditional dwellings of the Yi ethnic group in Southwest China embody the wisdom of local residents in adapting to the climate. Scientific refinement of this wisdom can guide modern energy-saving building design. Previous studies on these dwellings often focus on specific architectural elements, rarely discuss their synergistic effects, and seldom delve into energy levels, making holistic conclusions difficult. This research aims to explore how various elements within the dwelling work synergistically through the lens of energy flow. By introducing H.T. Odum's e[M]ergy (In order to distinguish it from energy, [M] is used here. For details on the concept of e[M]ergy, see 1.1) theory, the study interprets how buildings achieve climate adaptation from a holistic perspective. This research uses detailed indoor temperature and energy data from field measurements and software simulations. E[M]ergy theory is then used to discuss the relationship between building energy flow and climate adaptation. Traditional Yi dwellings cope with the local winter season through heat storage in the envelope and heat supply from the fire pit. The two modes of heating work synergistically, as the airflow brought by the use of the fire pit facilitates the release of heat stored in the envelope. Yi traditional houses use minimal non-renewable energy (firewood) to drive renewable energy (sunlight) for heating, aligning with e[M]ergy theory's self-organization and achieving high renewable e[M]ergy efficiency. Keywords: climate adaptation, e[m]ergy, traditional dwelling of Yi 1 10642572392qq.com 2 ahym15181501002@gmail.com 3 fimberchen@126.com Wang and Duan (2024) Exploration of the sustainable design strategies for the social houses of rural area In: Laryea, S. et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the WABER SuDBE Conference, 30 to 31 July 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa 45 7 WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 30 - 31 July 2024 Johannesburg, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7961-6032-4 EXPLORATION OF THE SUSTAINABLE DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR THE SOCIAL HOUSES OF RURAL AREA Mingzhu Wang1 and Degang Duan2 1,2School of Architecture, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, China Climate change is one of the hugely significant challenges of the world in the twenty-first century. Most resident buildings, especially for housing, are ageing and deteriorating, and they cannot adapt to future climate conditions and occupant requirements. Also, social housing typically encompasses neighbourhoods with low socioeconomic status. Thus, social housing design strategies should jointly respond to climate change adaptation and life cycle assessments. According to the results of China's seventh population census, China has a population of 1.4 billion, of which the rural population accounts for 36.11 per cent. The existing urban habitable living area is limited, and it is impossible to turn the entire rural population into the urban population, so some scholars proposed the concept of "local urbanisation". Based on this, the construction of resettlement farmhouses is an important step to realise "local urbanisation" or "urbanisation in the vicinity", and it is an important hand to narrow the gap between urban and rural areas. This study investigates the strategy of sustainable design based on the adaptation of future climate and the life cycle cost. Those strategies could be beneficial to reducing energy consumption and the cost of social housing design. Space design is used to balance the pursuit of commonality and individuality. They are also, exploring the sustainable design goals of the resettlement of rural houses from three aspects: natural climate, social economy and building technology. Passive design strategies, such as a sunroom, can improve indoor space comfort and light, natural ventilation, air circulation and thermal insulation. This study provides new rural resettlement housing of "basic type + derivative type" to balance the government and rural occupancy economy investment. At present, a complete system of social security housing has been developed, and different scholars have done a certain number of researches on the construction of resettlement space and quality enhancement for the disadvantaged and low-income groups in urban shantytowns and urban villages, but there is still less attention and research on rural areas. Resettlement of agricultural housing as a kind of social security housing, the resettlement object is the villager who will be demolished in a specific village, generally using the method of resettlement in the nearest location. The resettlement target has the following characteristics: the same geographical environment as the original residence, the same dialect, and the same traditional customs and habits are determined. In this type of collective demolition in a village, there is a certain degree of blood relationship between the demolished households, the circle of interpersonal communication is fixed, and the social relationship is relatively stable. The study considers the wind and light environments of the overall village environment at the village layout level and the comfort of the indoor thermal environment for individual buildings. The design of the farmhouse enhances the comfort of the indoor environment and reduces the energy consumption during the operation phase of the building through several passive design strategies such as shading, cavity space and sunroom design. The study has been able to reduce the construction cost of the space building at the early stage of the building construction by proposing flexible policies and an optional construction menu for the resettled people to choose from. Keywords: flexible policies, passive design strategies, social housing of rural areas, sustainable 1 950709may@gmail.com Shibeika (2024) Female students’ perceptions of environmental sustainability: a case study of a university building in the UAE In: Laryea, S. et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the WABER SuDBE Conference, 30 to 31 July 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa 46-55 8 WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 30 - 31 July 2024 Johannesburg, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7961-6032-4 FEMALE STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY: A CASE STUDY OF A UNIVERSITY BUILDING IN THE UAE Amna Shibeika1 1School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading, UK University campuses are considered high consumers of natural resources and play an important role as leaders in diffusing sustainability concepts and behaviours. The relevant literature highlights the need to investigate the intersection between the micro (individual beliefs and actions) of building users and the macro (organizational programs and management practices) of environmental sustainability in university campuses. Hence, this study aimed to investigate students’ knowledge and perceptions of the environmental sustainability of their university campuses. This study engaged United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) students as researchers and respondents through an in-depth case study of a building on the UAEU campus in Al Ain, Abu Dhabi. The mixed methods analysis sheds light on students’ knowledge of environmental sustainability in general and their perception of sustainability practices for energy conservation, water conservation, waste recycling, sustainable landscaping, and sustainable transportation programs in the case study building. Students’ perceptions were influenced by their ability to realize relevant environmental design elements and university initiatives. Building automation and awareness campaigns are highlighted as potential areas of improvement. As higher education in developing countries accelerates, this study’s findings contribute to the emerging literature on the contribution and commitment of higher education institutions to sustainable development. Keywords: case study, environmental sustainability, student perceptions, university buildings 1 a.shibeika@reading.ac.uk Zhao, et al. (2024) Hydrophobicity optimization and exploration of a novel building envelope material In: Laryea, S. et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the WABER SuDBE Conference, 30 to 31 July 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa 57-63 9 WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 30 - 31 July 2024 Johannesburg, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7961-6032-4 HYDROPHOBICITY OPTIMIZATION AND EXPLORATION OF A NOVEL BUILDING ENVELOPE MATERIAL Hengxin Zhao1, Shuangdui Wu2, Yifan Wu3, Hongli Sun4 and Borong Lin5 1,2,3,5Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 1,2,3,4,5Key Laboratory of Eco Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University 4 College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China Due to the impact of global climate change and energy crisis, energy conservation in the building sector is crucial. As an important part of the building, the optimization of the building envelope is beneficial to reduce building energy consumption. However, the existing building envelope generally suffers from weak regulation and complex control. Therefore, this study proposes a thermal diode combining superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic materials, which can be combined with the building. The building envelope contributes to the dual carbon target in the building sector through passive insulation and heat removal. Furthermore, this study verifies the function of the hydrophobic surface on the property of the thermal diode by means of material fabrication and experimentation, while using simulations to demonstrate the potential of the structure for application in buildings. Due to the use of phase change heat transfer, the thermal diode has the unidirectional heat transfer capacity of 10 times, and it has a 12-21% cooling energy saving effect when applied in buildings. This research provides a technical reference for the development of new thermal diode and building envelopes. Keywords: building energy saving, novel thermal diode, smart building envelope, superhydrophobic material 1 zhx20@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn 2 wusd21@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn 3 wu-yf19@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn 4 shl@scu.edu.cn 5 linbr@tsinghua.edu.cn Jia and Yang (2024) Infrastructure in Johannesburg from a sustainable development perspective In: Laryea, S. et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the WABER SuDBE Conference, 30 to 31 July 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa 65-75 11 WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 30 - 31 July 2024 Johannesburg, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7961-6032-4 INFRASTRUCTURE IN JOHANNESBURG FROM A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE Sihao Jia1 and Yixuan Yang2 1Department of Urban Studies and Planning, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom 2The Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London, United Kingdom Transport and housing are critical components of urban development and play a significant role in sustainable development. South Africa's rapid urbanization presents several sustainability challenges, such as congestion, limited public transport options, low adoption rates of environmentally friendly transport modes, and affordability issues stemming from inadequate or unevenly distributed housing. This study focuses on the transport and housing problems in South African cities, examining these issues through a comprehensive lens of sustainable urban development. The primary aim of this study is to elucidate the interactions between transport and housing in Johannesburg and to explore how improvements in these areas can enhance the city's sustainability. The research employs an analytical approach that integrates policy analysis with empirical data and case studies, comparing Johannesburg with other cities in the Global South. The findings will offer solutions for integrated urban planning, public transport investments, sustainable mobility schemes, and affordable housing development strategies. This study provides a deeper understanding of the sustainable development challenges facing South African cities, using Johannesburg as a case study. It offers valuable insights and practical recommendations for policymakers and urban planners, helping them to address these challenges effectively. Keywords: housing, Johannesburg, sustainable development, transportation, urban planning 1 sjia13@sheffield.ac.uk 2 yixuan.yang.22@ucl.ac.uk Ren, et al. (2024) Numerical simulation study on the effect of water diffuser on the performance of heat storage tank In: Laryea, S. et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the WABER SuDBE Conference, 30 to 31 July 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa 76-86 12 WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 30 – 31 July 2024 Johannesburg, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7961-6032-4 NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF WATER DIFFUSER ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HEAT STORAGE TANK Yucheng Ren1, Zhili Ren2, Yimin Xiao3, Zhengfei Zhang4, Zehui Yang5, Yantao Pang6 and Reaihan E7 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China 1, 7College of Water Conservancy ＆ Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China Energy storage technology has received increasing attention in the context of “double carbon” goal. As an important component in natural layered thermal storage tanks, water diffusers play a significant role. However, water diffusers still exist uneven radial and vertical flow distribution problems, such as mixing of cold and hot water which result in poor stratification effect. A novel diffuser was designed based on an equal-diameter flared diffuser and has added three layers of concentric ring type uniform flow plates which are perforated with several 20 mm diameter holes. Three-dimensional numerical models were established using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to simulate the original water tank and the improved water tank equipped with a novel type of diffuser, respectively. Three key performance evaluation indicators, namely the thermocline thickness, energy storage efficiency, and velocity uniformity index, were selected for calculation and comparative analysis to evaluate the stratification effect of the water tank. The research results showed that the improved water tank saved heat storage time and increased heat storage efficiency by 11.24%. The thermocline thickness has significantly decreased, and the stratification effect was better. The minimum thermocline thickness has been reduced by 55.905%, and the maximum thickness by 40.748%. When the heat storage time reached 900 s, the energy storage efficiency increased from 87.955% to 92.540%. This study can provide theoretical basis and technical support for the design of water diffusers. It is of great significance for improving the energy storage efficiency of water tanks and achieving energy saving in heating systems. Keywords: energy saving, numerical simulation, thermal storage tank (TST), thermocline thickness, water diffuser 1 yucheng9011@163.com 2 renzhilicqu@qq.com 3 xiaoyimin@cqu.edu.cn 4 1915444857@qq.com 5 958732868@qq.com 6 1751749087@qq.com 7 826811421@qq.com Liang, et al. (2024) Research and application of ecological environment functional materials in China In: Laryea, S. et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the WABER SuDBE Conference, 30 to 31 July 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa 88-98 13 WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 30 – 31 July 2024 Johannesburg, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7961-6032-4 RESEARCH AND APPLICATION OF ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS IN CHINA Jinsheng Liang1, Yinyuan Lei2, Xiaoyu Han3, Bin Dong4, Hong Zhang5, Na Zhang6 and Lijuan Wang7 1,2,3,4,5,6,7Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information, Ministry of Education, Hebei University of Technology, China 1,2,3,4,5,6,7Institute of Power Source and Ecomaterials Science, Hebei University of Technology, China As the global environment deteriorated, the industrial development model emphasizing speed and quantity no longer meets demands for high-quality development. Instead, the coexistence of human being and ecological environments emerge as significant features. Ecological environment functional materials refer to environmental pollution control materials and micro- environment regulation materials developed mainly from natural mineral resources. They are primarily used in pollution control, environmental restoration, micro-environment regulation, and other fields. Silicate minerals with diverse nanostructures in nature not only exhibit unique properties but also harmonize well with the environment, making them excellent natural raw materials. This paper aims to introduce ecological environment functional materials through a comprehensive review of extensive literature. In this work, the connotation, basic concepts, and new developments of ecological environment functional materials were introduced. Subsequently, it summarized the main characteristics and research progress of typical ecological environment functional materials constructed with sepiolite, montmorillonite, tourmaline, diatomite, biochar and iron tailings. On this basis, in conjunction with industry development trends, the paper provides an outlook on future developments and discusses typical issues encountered in product development. It is highly expected that this critical review will present an insight into the prospective development of ecological environment functional materials. Keywords: ecological environment functional materials, functional materials, harmonious integration, minerals. 1 liangjinsheng@hebut.edu.cn 2yinyuan_lei@126.com 3 hanxiaoyu9234@126.com 4 dongbin@hebut.edu.cn 5 zhanghong@hebut.edu.cn 6 ZhangNaa_08@163.com 7 wanglj77@163.com Liu, et al. (2024) Study of the moisture buffering characteristics of building envelopes with double-layer hygroscopic materials In: Laryea, S. et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the WABER SuDBE Conference, 30 to 31 July 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa 99-109 14 WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 30 – 31 July 2024 Johannesburg, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7961-6032-4 STUDY OF THE MOISTURE BUFFERING CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILDING ENVELOPES WITH DOUBLE-LAYER HYGROSCOPIC MATERIALS Sheng Liu1, Tian Yan2, Xinhua Xu3, Hang Wan4 and Gongsheng Huang5 1,3Department of Building Environment & Energy Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China 2Department of Building Environment & Energy Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China 4,5Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Indoor dehumidification is commonly accomplished by using mechanical cooling which leads to substantial consumption of high-grade energy resources. Hygroscopic materials can passively stabilize indoor humidity variations without adding extra energy costs. Moisture adsorption/desorption modelling, which simulates the moisture transfer between hygroscopic materials and the surrounding air, is an efficient method to assess the moisture buffering performance of the materials. This study aims to develop a moisture calculation method for double-layer hygroscopic materials (DLHM) and investigate their dynamic moisture buffering capabilities, providing references for engineering applications. This study presents a moisture transfer calculation method for multiple-layer hygroscopic materials and the evaluation indexes of the dynamic moisture buffing capacity including tar, Mad, and Mss. The dynamic moisture buffering characteristics of single-layer and double-layer hygroscopic materials are compared. The findings indicate that placing a thin layer of material with high moisture capacity (like LSB) behind a material with high vapor permeability (like CI) can greatly improve both stable daily absorbed moisture (Mad, from 40.0 g/m2 to 58.4 g/m2) and stable stored moisture (Mss, from 20.1 g/m2 to 29.3 g/m2). The proposed method can be applied in designing building envelopes with DLHM, thereby facilitating the practical implementation in engineering applications. Keywords: double-layer hygroscopic materials, dynamic moisture buffering capacities, moisture transfer function, optimal thickness distribution 1 liusheng2023@hust.edu.cn 2 yantian@whut.edu.cn 3 bexhxu@hust.edu.cn 4 wanhang111@hotmail.com 5 gongsheng.huang@cityu.edu.hk Yamusa, et al. (2024) Towards a decision support for green public procurement implementation: a review of the primary decision-making factors In: Laryea, S. et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the WABER SuDBE Conference, 30 to 31 July 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa 110-117 15 WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 30 – 31 July 2024 Johannesburg, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7961-6032-4 TOWARDS A DECISION SUPPORT FOR GREEN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT IMPLEMENTATION: A REVIEW OF THE PRIMARY DECISION-MAKING FACTORS Muhammad Aliyu Yamusa1, Mu’awiya Abubakar2, Rashida Maiturare Nasir3 and Michael Abdulzaziz4 1,3Department of Quantity Surveying, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria 2Department of Building, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria 4Strategic Supply Chain Ltd, Abuja, Nigeria Green Public Procurement (GPP) if implemented effectively, can help in attaining environmental goals on a national level, lasting financial savings, encouraging innovation, igniting the marketplace for green products, services, and work as well as job creation towards sustainable consumption and production. Nevertheless, the utilisation of GPP should only be considered after a thorough examination, as numerous crucial elements and circumstances must align to ensure its effectiveness and feasibility. A systematic evaluation of the determining factors to ensure effective GPP implementation is not well documented. The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the determining factors involved in the decision to implement GPP. The paper conducts a systematic literature review to achieve its aim. The decision-making factors (DMFs) for GPP implementation were identified using SCOPUS and Google Search. In light of these findings, a conceptual framework was proposed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the identified DMFs for the GPP implementation. This research paper contributes to enhancing both the theoretical and practical comprehension of the principal DMFs for GPP implementation, ultimately aiding in the maximization of benefits and the mitigation of risks. Keywords: conceptual framework, DMFs, GPP, implementation, sustainable consumption and production 1 yamusajf@yahoo.com 2 muawiyaabubakar@abu.edu.ng 3 rmnasir@abu.edu.ng 4 sschainltd@gmail.com 16 T2 AIR QUALITY AND HEALTHY BUILDING A study of the effect of air purifiers on the concentration of particulate matter in primary school classrooms – Luo, H., Chen, Y., Yuan, F. and Yao, R. 17 A study of the effect of indoor glare on personnel's emotions based on the PAD (Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance) emotion model – Li, H. Zhu, Y., Song, B. and Li, B. 19 An experimental study of human activity patterns on particle resuspension in a test chamber – Yuan, F., Luo, H. and Yao, R. 20 Analysis on occupant behavior and energy consumption characteristics of air conditioning usage in residential buildings – Ao, J., Chen, Z., and Du, C. 21 Characteristics and prediction of air conditioners use in residential rooms based on fractal theory – Fu, C., Liu, M. and Li, Z. 22 Distribution and characteristic analysis of indoor thermal environment monitoring points during air conditioning heating – Ding, Y., Yu, Z. and Liu, Y. 23 Evaluation of the aerosol transport behaviour and infection risk in an isolation ward by a CFD modelling – Wang, F., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y. and Xu, X. 25 Experimental study of the disinfection efficacy of microwave radiation on A. Variegatus attached to the filter – Zhang, Y., Xu, X., Wang, F. and Yan, T. 26 Implications of indoor heating terminals on allergic and respiratory diseases in childhood: repeated cross- sectional surveys in China – Wang, C., Yu, W., Wei, S., Zhou, H. and Zhang, Y. 27 Indoor particles exposure and air filtration intervention association with children health-review – Zhong, T. and Du, C. 28 Investigating the impact of the indoor environmental quality of vehicles with different fuel transmission: emphasis on particulate matter –Mohamed, A. and Essah, E., A. 29 Relationship between indoor environment factors of residential settings and rheumatic diseases in older adults – Gao, N. and Yu, W. 30 Research on the correction method of carbon dioxide monitoring sensor in human respiratory zone – Wang H. and Yu W. 31 Study on efficient removal technology of toluene from indoor ambient air – Wang, J., Chen, J., Chen, D. and Yang, C. 33 The effect of air purifiers on the concentration of particulate matter 2.5 -a review – Cheng, L. and Li, M. 35 The impact of different indoor mould concentrations on lung tissue inflammation in mice – Wu, M., Du, C., Ma, P. and Yang, X. 37 The impact of short-term exposure to different air-conditioning environments on human thermal adaptation – Pan, Y., Shi F., Sun Z., Guo S. and Yan H. 38 The optimal parameters of airflow comfort and validation in air conditioners – Liu, Y., Wang, B., Wang, Y., Fan, J., Zhang, L. and Zhu, Y. 39 Luo, et al. (2024) A study of the effect of air purifiers on the concentration of particulate matter in primary school classrooms In: Laryea, S. et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the WABER SuDBE Conference, 30 to 31 July 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa 119-126 17 WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 30 – 31 July 2024 Johannesburg, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7961-6032-4 A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF AIR PURIFIERS ON THE CONCENTRATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CLASSROOMS Hao Luo1, Yu Chen2, Feng Yuan3 and Runming Yao4 1,2,3,4Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China Children spend most of their daytime hours in classrooms attending classes and studying, and particulate matter in classrooms can affect children's health. In this paper, a portable High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) purifier is placed in a primary school classroom, and a controlled experiment is set up to investigate the effects of different outdoor pollution conditions on the indoor particulate matter concentration by monitoring the indoor and outdoor concentrations, and to explore the factors affecting the purification effect of the air purifier. During the experiment, students in the classroom maintained normal learning and living conditions. The results show that the overall particle removal rate increases with the increase of outdoor particle concentration; under similar outdoor PM2.5 concentration, the PM2.5 removal rate of a single air purifier with 3rd gear speed increased by about 10% compared with that of 2nd gear speed, but a single air purifier placed in the corner of a classroom had a poor removal effect, with a removal rate of less than 40%. By comparing the PM2.5 removal efficiencies of air purifiers placed in different locations at 2nd gear and 3rd gear speed, it was found that air purifiers placed at the back of the classroom in a central location were the most effective. Keywords: air purifier, classroom, high efficiency particulate air (HEPA), particulate matter 1 Luohaoscmy@163.com 2 2115498595@qq.com 3 ylddonggua@126.com 4 r.yao@cqu.edu.cn Li, et al. (2024) A study of the effect of indoor glare on personnel's emotions based on the PAD (Pleasure-Arousal- Dominance) emotion model In: Laryea, S. et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the WABER SuDBE Conference, 30 to 31 July 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa 127-137 19 WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 30 – 31 July 2024 Johannesburg, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7961-6032-4 A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF INDOOR GLARE ON PERSONNEL'S EMOTIONS BASED ON THE PAD (PLEASURE-AROUSAL-DOMINANCE) EMOTION MODEL Haohang Li, Yanfeng Zhu, Bai Song and Baizhan Li 1,2,3School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China Dynamic natural lighting in offices can influence occupants' emotions and work efficiency. This research aimed to analyse how different office glare environments affect occupants' emotional tendencies using the PAD (Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance) affective model and spatial algorithms, aiming to enhance the emotional experience and work efficiency. Various louvre angles were adjusted to create different indoor lighting environments, with 12 subjects evaluating their emotional responses and glare perceptions using the PAD effective scale. The study found that the use of the PAD model was effective in expressing employees' emotional experiences. Adjusting lighting conditions may reduce anxiety, increase job satisfaction, and enhance job creativity. This research guides enhancing indoor lighting design to improve office personnel's emotional experiences, leading to a more conducive work environment, increased job satisfaction, and enhanced productivity. Keywords: indoor light environment, natural lighting, PAD emotional model, uncomfortable glare 1 202216131427@stu.cqu.edu.cn 2 807933806@qq.com 3 song.bai@stu.cqu.edu.cn 4 baizhanli@cqu.edu.cn Yuan, Luo and Yao (2024) An experimental study of human activity patterns on particle resuspension in a test chamber In: Laryea, S. et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the WABER SuDBE Conference, 30 to 31 July 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa 138-148 20 WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 30 – 31 July 2024 Johannesburg, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7961-6032-4 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HUMAN ACTIVITY PATTERNS ON PARTICLE RESUSPENSION IN A TEST CHAMBER Feng Yuan1, Hao Luo2, and Runming Yao3 1,2Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China 3School of the Built Environment, University of Reading, UK The intensity of human activity is strongly correlated with the particulate matter resuspension concentration. In schools, the intensity of student activity is higher, and their activity patterns are more complex. Characteristics of student activities, such as movement speed, trajectory, the number of participants, and aisle widths, were included in the experimental scenarios. The experimental data showed that the higher the speed, the higher the resuspension concentration. The results between different trajectories showed that the L-shaped trajectory condition had the highest particulate matter resuspension concentration compared to straight and folded trajectories for larger particles. It can be found that people walking in opposite directions need to turn sideways to pass and, therefore change their walking styles and therefore increasing the particle resuspension concentration in crowded conditions. In summary, this study explores the effect of activity patterns on the resuspension of particulate matter and contributes to the effective control of particulate matter pollution levels. Keywords: activity patterns, indoor air quality, particulate matter, particle resuspension 1 ylddonggua@126.com 2 luohaoscmy@163.com 3 r.yao@cqu.edu.cn Ao, Chen and Du (2024) Analysis on occupant behaviour and energy consumption characteristics of air conditioning usage in residential buildings In: Laryea, S. et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the WABER SuDBE Conference, 30 to 31 July 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa 149-157 21 WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 30 – 31 July 2024 Johannesburg, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7961-6032-4 ANALYSIS ON OCCUPANT BEHAVIOUR AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR CONDITIONING USAGE IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS Jingyun Ao1, Zhaoyang Chen2 and Chenqiu Du3 1, 2, 3 Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China 1, 2, 3 School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China Air conditioning (AC) usage characteristic is one of the main factors affecting the energy consumption of residential buildings. In order to clarify the influence of the behavioural characteristics of AC usage on AC energy consumption, this study conducted large-scale field measurement of 14 houses in Chongqing, a typical city in Hot Summer and Cold Winter (HSCW) zone. Based on the AC energy consumption, indoor temperature and humidity data collected from measurement, AC usage behaviour was analysed using different statistical methods. The results revealed that AC setpoints varied widely among different residences, especially during the heating season. In contrast, the free-running indoor temperature showed a stronger linear correlation with outdoor temperature. The daily average AC operation duration was 6.76h in the cooling season, which was significantly higher than 3.8h in the heating season. The typical AC usage patterns of the cooling and heating season were identified using K- means++ cluster analysis. The research results provide the important information for the study of residential AC usage characteristics. Besides, the study of AC usage behaviour can provide boundary conditions and reliable occupant behaviour settings to improve the accuracy of future AC energy consumption simulation. The results of this study will contribute to the proposal of AC energy-saving measures and the formulation of standards. Keywords: air conditioner energy consumption, cluster analysis, occupant behaviour, residential building 1 aojingyun@163.com 2 1325507377@qq.com 3 duchenqiu90@163.com Fu, Liu and Li (2024) Characteristics and prediction of air conditioners use in residential rooms based on fractal theory In: Laryea, S. et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the WABER SuDBE Conference, 30 to 31 July 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa 158-167 22 WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 30 - 31 July 2024 Johannesburg, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7961-6032-4 CHARACTERISTICS AND PREDICTION OF AIR CONDITIONERS USE IN RESIDENTIAL ROOMS BASED ON FRACTAL THEORY Chenghao Fu1, Meng Liu2 and Ziqiao Li3 1,2,3Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China 1,2,3National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China This study investigates the characteristics of residential room air-conditioning user groups and the fractal characteristics at different time scales based on fractal theory. By analyzing the electricity consumption data of air conditioning systems in 13 residential buildings, various statistical methodologies were employed, including distribution-based descriptive statistics, normality tests, spectral analysis, unifractal analysis, multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA), and Ward's minimum variance hierarchical clustering method. The findings reveal dynamic and multiscale relationships in the usage patterns of air conditioners, characterized predominantly by non-normal and non-linear features, manifesting anti-persistent fractal complexity. Traditional descriptive statistics, which assume Gaussian probability density function (PDF) distributions, proved inadequate in fitting or characterizing the data and its interdependencies effectively. Notably, when comparing clusters of similar usage groups, there were significant categorical and statistical differences between groups characterized by normality-based descriptors such as mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis, and those characterized by fractal-based descriptors like the Hurst exponent and multifractal spectral width. The statistical outputs from MFDFA offer a novel indicator for assessing the dynamics of residential air conditioner usage. This approach provides a more accurate depiction of complex, nonlinear interactions between asset utilization and occupant behavior without requiring assumptions about the distribution's shape. In addition, the changes in energy use characteristics at different time scales were analyzed using the Hurst index and multifractal spectral width as fractal features. The final results show that there is a significant difference between the traditional statistical method and the analysis method based on the fractal theory in the energy use characteristics of residential air conditioning, and the larger the fractal dimension, the higher the complexity of the time series data, and the higher the accuracy used for the prediction of energy consumption. Keywords: building energy, cluster analysis, fractal theory, HVAC, multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis 1 chenghaofu1999@163.com 2 liumeng@cqu.edu.cn Ding, Yu and Liu (2024) Distribution and characteristic analysis of indoor thermal environment monitoring points during air conditioning heating In: Laryea, S. et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the WABER SuDBE Conference, 30 to 31 July 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa 168-178 23 WABER SuDBE Conference 2024 30 - 31 July 2024 Johannesburg, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7961-6032-4 DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSIS OF INDOOR THERMAL ENVIRONMENT MONITORING POINTS DURING AIR CONDITIONING HEATING Yong Ding1, Zonglu Yu2 and Yinfan Liu3 1,2,3Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Building and Built Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China 1,2,3National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China To regulate the indoor thermal environment, accurate environmental parameters must be obtained to meet comfort and energy conservation requirements. Indoor environmental parameters are usually acquired through detection and monitoring methods, but the data are influenced by the location and quantity of measurement points. Systematically and reasonably determining the location of monitoring points is the key to ensu