i Abstract Studies on sexual behaviour in Nigeria have rather been lopsided largely focussing on adolescents while neglecting the older men. This may not be unconnected with the fact that the young people are often seen as being more sexually active than the older men. In this study, the patterns and the determinants of sexual behaviour of middle-aged men were investigated. This study is based on secondary data analysis of the 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey male dataset. Data collected from a sample of 633 men whose ages fall between 40 and 59 years in Nigeria were extracted and analysed to achieve the set objectives. The variables of interest were analysed by using relevant statistical techniques with the aid of SAS enterprise guide. Sexual behaviour was measured by three variables namely: current sexual activity, extra marital partnership and condom use. Also, three hypotheses were tested. The Health Belief Model (HBM) was the theoretical model used for this study. The study shows that a high proportion of men (71.2%) aged 40-59 years in Nigeria are sexually active. The study further reveals that about 12% of Nigerian middle-aged men engage in extramarital sex and 30% are in polygynous relationships (i.e. have multiple sex partners) while condom use is very low among them. Extramarital sex is more prevalent in the rural (7.05%) than urban (4.5%) areas. The study shows that the correlates of current sexual activity among the middle-aged men in Nigeria are education and religion while engagement in extramarital sexual activity is determined by ethnicity, age at first intercourse and knowledge of HIV/AIDS. Among the sexually active ones, condom use is influenced by ethnicity, marriage type and extramarital partnership. The sexual behaviour of middle-aged men in Nigeria follows the pattern described in the HBM. That is, individual, socio-economic and HIV/AIDS factors can influence the sexual behaviour of Middle-aged men. ii The study concludes that in addressing the problems associated with sexual and reproductive health of Nigerian, focus should also be extended to middle-aged men, instead of the narrow focus on only adolescents and youths. Further investigation, using multiple methods of data collection is also suggested. iii Declaration I, Sulaimon Atolagbe Afolabi, declare that this research report is my own original work and that it is not plagiarised. It is being submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the field of Demography and Population Studies. To the best of my knowledge, it has not been submitted before in part or in full for any degree or examination at this or any other university. 15th February, 2007 iv Acknowledgement I would like to acknowledge my supervisor, Prof Clifford Odimegwu. Specifically, I want to use this medium to say thank you for your guidance, patience, tolerance and words of correction without which this study would have been impossible. I would also like to thank my friends and colleagues for their encouragement and assistance. I would like to thank God for my brethren in the church for their words of prayers, comfort and encouragement. I would like to thank Mr. Segun Oyediran, whom God used as a source of blessing to me. I would like to appreciate my family for their prayers, understanding, financial and moral support throughout the period of this study. v Table of Contents Abstract........................................................................................................................................... i Declaration......................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgement..........................................................................................................................iv Table of Contents............................................................................................................................v List of Figures................................................................................................................................vii List of Tables.................................................................................................................................vii List of Appendices........................................................................................................................viii List of Abbreviations......................................................................................................................ix Chapter One: Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem 2 1.3 Objectives of the Study 3 1.3.1 General Objective 3 1.3.2 Specific Objectives 3 1.4 Justification of the study 3 1.5 Definition of Concepts 4 1.6 Organisation of the Report 5 Chapter Two: Literature Review 6 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Previous Studies 6 2.2.1 Patterns of Sexual behaviour 6 2.2.2 Determinants of Sexual Behaviour 6 2.2.3 Conclusion 9 2.3 Theoretical Framework 10 2.4 Conceptual Framework 11 2.5 Hypotheses 13 Chapter Three: Methodology 14 3.1 Introduction 14 3.2 Source of Data 14 3.3 Data Analysis 15 3.3.1 Variables ? Definition and Measurement 16 3.3.1.1 Dependent Variables 16 3.3.1.2 Independent Variables 16 3.3.1.3 Univariate Analysis 19 3.3.1.4 Bivariate Analysis 20 3.3.1.5 Multivariate Analysis 20 3.3.1.6 Limitation of Study 21 Chapter Four: Profile of Respondents 22 4.1 Univariate analysis 22 4.1.1 Sexual Behavioural Characteristics of Middle-aged Men 22 4.1.2 Individual Characteristics of Middle-aged Men 22 4.1.3 Socioeconomic Characteristics of Middle-aged Men 24 4.1.4 HIV/AIDS ? Knowledge and perception 24 4.2 Bivariate Analysis 24 vi Chapter Five: Determinants of Sexual Behaviour of Middle-aged Men 29 5.1 Introduction 29 5.2 Determinants of Current Sexual Activity 31 5.3 Determinants of Extramarital Partnership 32 5.4 Determinants of Condom Use 33 Chapter Six: Discussion, Conclusion And Recommendations 34 5.1 Discussion 34 5.2 Conclusion 37 5.3 Recommendations 38 References 40 Appendices 44 vii List of Figure(S) Figure 1: Adapted Conceptual Framework for the Study of Sexual Behaviour of Middle-aged Men in Nigeria ??????.......................................................................................................5 viii List of Tables Table 3.1: Variables by Categories and Codes 17 Table 4.1: Descriptive Statistics of Middle-aged Men in Nigeria: NDHS, 2003 23 Table 4.2: Selected Background Characteristics of Middle-aged Men by their Sexual Behaviour: NDHS, 2003 25 Table 4.3: Selected Socio-economic Characteristics and Sexual Behaviour of Middle-aged Men: NDHS, 2003. 27 Table 4.4: Selected HIV/AIDS Variables and Sexual Behaviour of Middle-aged Men: NDHS, 2003. 28 Table 5.1: Adjusted Odds Ratios (and 95% Confidence Intervals) from Logistic Regression Analyses assessing Relationship between Selected Characteristics and Sexual Behaviour of Middle-aged Men: DHS, 2003. 30 ix List of Abbreviations AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome CSWs Commercial Sex Workers. DHS Demographic and Health Survey EAs Enumeration Areas HBM Health Belief Model HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research LGAs Local Government Area MPL Multi Sector Projects NDHS Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey NPC National Population Commission SAS Statistical Analysis System STD Sexually Transmitted Diseases STIs Sexually Transmitted Infections UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNDH United Nations Daily Highlights UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities WHO World Health Organisation