Chemical Re-composition Holistic Drug Rehabilitation in Modderfontein’s Green Spaces Ariella Eisenberg Year: 2023 Re-composition Chemical Fig. 0.1 Front Cover (Author, 2022) Fig. 0.2 Title Graphic (Author, 2022) Reader’s Note This document deals with themes of chemical human destruction through drug use and healing through rehabilitation. Man-made chemicals have impacted the world in many ways, including oil spills and factory pollution. Re-composition deals with using chemicals for healing which can occur in controlled environments. This is illustrated in a controlled laboratory where nature begins to grow. Rehabilitation requires evidence-based and professional interventions. 2 3 Chemical Re-composition Fig. 0.3 Title Explanation (Author, 2022) Chemical Re-composition Holistic Drug Rehabilitation in Modderfontein’s Green Spaces Programme Site Theory Pun: A play on the word ‘decompose’ where ‘re-composition’ can refer to rehabilitation or healing. ‘Chemical re-composition’ can also refer to the chemical composition that must be changed in drug addicts’ bodies. Removing drug substances from one’s body ‘changes’ the body’s composition. On a larger scale, creating a green meeting space between fragmented communities that surround Modderfontein forms a new ‘communal composition’. 1. Drugs are chemical. 2. Modderfontein has a dynamite (chemical) explosive history. 3. Moddefontein site’s dams are polluted by industrial chemicals. 1. Drugs ‘decompose’ or damage the body, relationships and communities which need to be rehabilitated or re-composed. 2. ‘Green Modderfontein’ implies that nature has re-composed the damaged landscape. 3. The building can become a tool in healing the polluted dams or re-composing their safe use. 4 5 Chemical Re-composition Fig. 0.4 Open Previous Dynamite Storage Unit Adjacent to Site: Nature Takes Over Built Form (Author, 2022) Chemical Re-composition This document is submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree: Master of Architecture (Professional) at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2022. Declaration I Ariella Eisenberg (1712459) am a student registered for Master of Architecture (Professional) in the year 2022. I hereby declare the following: I am aware that plagiarism (the use of someone else’s work without their permission and/ or without acknowledging the original source) is wrong. I confirm that ALL the work submitted for assessment for the above course is my own unaided work except where I have explicitly indicated otherwise. I have followed the required conventions in referencing the thoughts and ideas of others. I understand that the University of the Witwatersrand may take disciplinary action against me if there is a belief that this is not my own unaided work or that I have failed to acknowledge the source of the ideas or words in my writing. Signature: _________________ Written by: Ariella Eisenberg, BAS; BAS (HONS) Supervisor: Liale Francis 30th day of January 2023 in Johannesburg, South Africa. 6 7 Chemical Re-composition Abstract Drug addiction is prevalent socially, in film and within Johannesburg’s context. Locals turn to drug use as a source of identity, meaning and belonging – which can be found in phenomenological practices. Socially-conscious architecture can be used as a healing tool for vulnerable people and fragmented communities. Urban design principles, phenomenology (Genius Loci; sensory experience; process and archetypal roofing materiality) and therapeutic architecture (open areas; fenestration views; light; colour; natural rammed earth materiality and acoustics) can be applied to the conceptualisation and design of rehabilitative buildings and spaces to better recovery processes – especially in drug rehabilitation. Modderfontein, like someone recovering from drug addiction, requires rehabilitation. These problems must be decomposed (dissected) to re-compose (rehabilitate) them. This paper explores rehabilitation of the problems on three main scales and suggests ways of re-composing (rehabilitating) them through architectural conceptual drivers. The first driver is Kintsugi: a practice of re-composing what is broken (decomposed) by celebrating or highlighting the rehabilitation process. Kintsugi’s golden seams produce the landscape and pathways between the building’s shards’ edges. A second conceptual driver is chromatography which also deals with themes of decomposition and re-composition. The first and largest scale that requires rehabilitation is the fragmentation of communities surrounding Modderfontein. This segregation arose because of Apartheid planning and until today still requires the facilitation of a welcoming meeting point. Secondly, Modderfontein’s land has experienced damage through chemical dynamite explosions, identity-stripping alien trees and chemicals in its dams. The building uses rehabilitative indigenous landscaping and purifying water systems. Thirdly, on the smallest scale, the drug addict requires rehabilitation through the building’s programme. The inclusive programme is divided into three parts where firstly, earning is carried out through retail spaces. Secondly, destigmatising and shard-like education facilities teach surrounding communities about drug use and rehabilitation awareness - opposing the stereotypically institutional drug rehabilitation. The third area is healing which includes conventional inpatient and outpatient facilities, as well as a harm-reducing overdose prevention site (OPS) where addicts can use substances under professional observation. The following definitions will be re-explained in the text in their relevant chapters: Decomposition The first step in rehabilitation: breaking down a situation or problem to simplify its parts. Synonyms: dissection; break down; analysis, erosion, fragmentation; separation; extraction Re-composition Re-forming the decomposed parts of a situation or problem to advance the rehabilitation process. Synonyms: rehabilitation; healing; re-formation Order Controlled rehabilitative processes such as professional observation of drug users at overdose prevention sites (OPS) or safe injection sites. Definitions Chaos The common disordered nature of drug use and its unpredictable results. Kintsugi A long-established Japanese art where broken pieces are glued together while their cracks are still seen and highlighted (Richmon- Abdou, 2022). Chromatography Separating a secondary or tertiary colour into its primary colours by drawing onto filter paper (with a marker) and adding water droplets. This prompts the separation process. 8 9 Chemical Re-composition Acknowledgments Firstly, I would like to express deep appreciation to Liale Francis, my supervisor, for answering my many questions as well as for offering a great depth of continuous encouragement, effort, and insight into my project. Thank you for allowing me to grow within the architectural discipline by guiding me, while allowing the project to remain my own. Then, to my family: I am deeply grateful to my parents for their constant support, general aid and focus on my well-being throughout my academic career. To my siblings, Gabriel, and Micaela, thank you for your interest, care and sharing of academic thoughts. To Oliver, Rayne, Apollo, and Artemis, thank you. I would also like to thank my boyfriend, Simon, for the intellectual discussions around my topic, brainstorming, digital drawing device use and holistic support through the years. Next, thank you to my classmates for our stimulating discussions and idea exchanges. In addition, thank you to my colleagues for your interest in my project, kindness and guidance before and during masters. You gave me an essential understanding of the year. Lastly, a huge thank you to my friends for the motivation and pep talks through the years - you know who you are. 10 11 Chemical Re-composition Table of Contents 01 0602 02 0703 03 08 04 05 Reader’s Note Title Explanation Plagiarism Declaration Abstract Definitions Acknowledgments Abbreviations Part 1: Introduction Personal Drivers Outline of Method Theoretical Underpinnings Old and Ongoing Philosophies Therapeutic Architecture Phenomenology Order in Chaos: The Need for Harm Reduction Case Studies Portuguese System North Richmond Community Health Local Drug Addiction Implementation Context Drug Legislation in South Africa References References Figure References List of Figures Appendices Appendix A: Ethics Clearance Appendix B: Approval of Title Appendix C: Plagiarism Documentation 2 4 7 8 9 11 14 16 18 20 22 24 32 36 42 44 46 48 54 198 200 204 208 212 214 216 218 Contextual Analysis Modderfontein Timeline Location Mapping Documented Exploration of Site Site Scale: Landscape [Industry Versus Nature] Flora History Large Scale: Urban Developmental History Pause_ Remind Smallest Scale: Landscape of Substance Abuse within Sketch Charette Precedents The Foundation Clinic Rehabilitation Centre Groot Klimmendaal Freedom Park Programme Conclusion Extractions and Links 56 58 64 66 68 70 74 78 84 86 88 96 98 102 104 108 114 116 01 Part 2: The Building Design Development and Reflection Technical Systems Design Drawings Theoretical Links to Design Sketch Charette Revisited Form and Materiality: Phenomenology Form and Materiality: Rationalisation Masterplan Site Plan Elevations (Placement) Building Rationality Water Filtration Process Roof Plan Upper Ground Floor Plan Ground Floor Plan Lower Ground Floor Plan A Journey through the Building: According to Its Users The Public Member The Researcher The Patient Technical System Revisited 120 122 134 148 150 152 153 154 155 158 159 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 170 177 180 195 12 13 Chemical Re-composition African Explosives Limited African Explosives and Chemical Industries Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment Community Central City Improvement District The United States Food and Drug Administration Lysergic acid diethylamide Long-term Medium-term Non-governmental organisations Observation prevention site(s) The Portuguese Drug Policy Model Retail The South African College of Applied Psychology The South African Police Service’s Narcotics Bureau South African National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Temporary AEL AECI BEE C CCID FDA LSD LT MT NGOs OPS(s) PDPM R SACAP SANAB SANCA T Abbreviations: General European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction North Dakota State University United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention Victorian Health Building Authority EMCDDA NDSU UN ODCCP VHBA Abbreviations: Referencing 14 15 Chemical Re-composition 01 Part 1 Introduction Fig. 1.1 Site Path (Author, 2022) 16 17 Chemical Re-composition Drug addiction and its ripple effects can destroy lives, families, and communities. This is a reality which I have encountered via three main mediums: film, my life and factual accounts of the situation in Johannesburg. Drug addiction is illustrated in an emotional manner in the film ‘Beautiful Boy’. It explores David Sheff’s biography and how his son [Nic] is dealing with drug addiction (Super Summary, n.d.). The film explores jarring instances of the lived experience of addiction which are based on true events. These include Nic’s ongoingly worrying behaviour including extended periods of no communication with his father; his undergoing of rehabilitation processes and time spent in halfway houses; his fall into relapse and turn to lying to gain access to drugs; an overdose that nearly kills him, and his oscillation between blame and the desire to be drug-free. David uses extreme methods to better understand his son’s actions by nature has led to its high rates of drug abuse, especially in Johannesburg, Cape Town and Pretoria (Peltzer et al., 2010). Large proportions of urbanisation, restricted employment possibilities, extensive informal trade and the corrosion of ‘traditional values’ and family unity have come to define certain social realities and spaces of these cities (Peltzer et al., 2010). In Johannesburg, youth gravitate towards highly accessible and plentiful alcohol shops rather than limited libraries, which is evident in Klipfontein (adjacent to Modderfontein) (Joburg, 2018). Township youth lack a sense of identity and belonging which can lead to drug use (Sedibe and Hendricks, 2021). Furthermore, there has been an increase in female-led homes in urban environments which are mostly found in the poorest communities (Peltzer et al., 2010). Parents typically arrive home at late hours, while their impressionable children stay home without adult guidance for extended periods during the day. Unemployment intensifies the social and economic burdens that encourage both illegal trade and drug dealing. These occur in informal settings which government organisations cannot supervise, nor handle efficiently (Peltzer et al., 2010). My design strives to offer improvements to communities on a large scale which will aid people’s well-being and sense of self. The building will offer an environment where drug rehabilitation can be undergone while also serving as an educational site for surrounding communities grappling with how to deal with alcohol in a social setting. In addition, the building opens up practical, alternative possibilities for life choices by providing a library as a place of leisure. The problem of not seeking drug-related help is often hidden by shame where resources are unknown or unaccessible. This is why this implementation is needed. I believe that this is the purpose of purchasing and using cocaine. These dangerous actions illustrate the importance of education, management and legislation surrounding drugs from professional entities. ‘Beautiful Boy’ demonstrates the difficulties of drug addiction and the heart- breaking effects that it can have on loved ones (Super Summary, n.d.). A second instance that alerted me to the realities of substance abuse was through my encounters with a close friend. He has a worrying relationship with alcohol, yet he is considered to be the ‘life of the party’. People react happily to his drinking and do not see it as excessive. This reaction has validated his habits which lessens the possibility of his ever seeking help. Socially, there is a normalisation of legalised drugs such as alcohol. This can be drawn from South Africa’s work-related stress mentality and how one’s friends and family drink. South Africa’s extreme urbanised Personal Drivers Fig. 1.2 Personal Drivers (Author, 2022) architecture: designing spaces to better lives.   18 19 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 1 | Introduction by dynamite explosions and its polluted water. Additionally, the presence of flora alien species will be addressed. Then, on a larger scale, I will address Modderfontein’s past, present, and future to explore contextual sensitivities and details. Here, fragmented communities surrounding Modderfontein have a racial demarcated historical past, an inter-exclusionary present and a potentially selective future. Lastly, I will probe how the smallest scale of rehabilitation refers to the individual addicts. This scale involves individuals within the contextual dynamics of substance abuse in South Africa. The dynamics of substance abuse have been influenced by Apartheid, post-apartheid changes, work-related stress and the societal normalisation of alcohol. Substance abuse may lead to addiction - a problem exacerbated by the fact that seeking help through drug rehabilitation is often stigmatised. building layout. I will discuss previous and current drug treatment methods, as well as therapeutic architecture and its creation as a response to modern architectural design, and phenomenology as a way to establish meaning in design through threshold, topography, ‘dwelling’ spaces, journey and materiality. Secondly, the architectural design will be based on findings (case studies) from a discussion on The Portuguese Drug Policy Model (PDPM), its methods and why its drug statistics have improved. The PDPM has influenced countries, including Australia and South Africa. I will introduce both instances and use Cape Town as a case study from within local context. Cape Town faces difficulties in curbing its existing drug situation through problematic features in its legislation. As such, alternative avenues for intervention are sought through the involvement of The goal of my architectural intervention is to create rehabilitation opportunities for those who suffer from drug addiction. I will use proven methodologies that will be carried out in a cutting-edge manner, while also providing opportunities for employment-related skills, educating surrounding communities about drug use and creating passions that can heighten a sense of identity. Additionally, these methods will aid in building a bridging centre between early drug rehabilitation and day-to-day life. This bridging centre will be accessed by patients, determined by professionals as being mentally and physically ready to occupy this space. The bridging centre will provide rehabilitation through educational workshops and a sense of the ‘outside world’ in the form of restaurants and retail spaces. Firstly, theoretical research will underpin the design of my rehabilitation programme and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). This will be followed by a discussion about the current context of legislation around drugs in South Africa and the possibility of amending drug laws as a measure towards reducing current high numbers of substance addiction cases. Thirdly, I will provide a history of Modderfontein (context) through a timeline. I will conceptualise rehabilitation through themes of decomposition and re-composition concerning Modderfontein’s site and programme. In rehabilitation, decomposing the problem is necessary before re-composing. Rehabilitation will be decomposed and explored using three scales. These scales will explain Modderfontein as a suitable location for my implementation owing to its linkage to themes of chemicals and natural growth. As a starting point, I will explore the issue on a site scale; I will explain the chemical scars on Moderfontein’s landscape caused Outline of Method Fourthly, the theoretical underpinnings, research and site selection will lead to a sketch charette exploration. I will use themes of decomposition and re-composition to explain my concept exploration through a sketch charette model. Studies of Kintsugi and chromatography will be explained and design-driven conclusions will be drawn. Fifthly, a discussion on carefully chosen precedents will be completed: The Foundation Clinic, Rehabilitation Centre Groot Klimmendaal and Freedom Park. These precedents are relevant to my design through their characteristics, including programme, phenomenological approaches, therapeutic architectural design, scale, use of nature and materiality. The buildings will be analysed and I will draw appropriate information and methodologies from them to take into my design. Fig. 1.3 Outline of Method Process (Author, 2022) Lastly, the design of my chosen programme will be explained through the conceptual frameworks of decomposition and re-composition. Decomposition in the programme addresses the need to dissect the core causes of drug addiction and decompose its understanding to avoid stigma. Re-composition refers to the rehabilitation methodologies and education around drug addiction. I will then integrate previously discussed theory, site parameters and specifics, the sketch charette exploration and precedents in order to form a suitable programme able to cater for this critical societal need. The above theoretical explorations will propel my future building design. 20 21 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 1 | Introduction Theory Case Studies Context Sketch CharettePrecedents Programme Design 02 Theoretical Underpinnings Fig. 2.1 Modderfontein Hiking Bridge (Author, 2022) The drug rehabilitation programme and resultant building design will be driven by theoretical underpinnings and research. Drug rehabilitation methodologies have been rejected, altered and retained. There is continuous research on successful drug rehabilitation methods. These healing methods extend into one’s surroundings where psychologically-underpinned design, such as therapeutic architecture and phenomenology, can benefit patients. My building’s users will have a more beneficial experience through occupying and interacting with spaces that have been designed based on this theoretical rigour. 22 23 Chemical Re-composition There has been extensive scientific research on the roots, treatment and most efficient recovery strategies for drug addiction and abuse (Branson, 2007). The medical realm attributes addiction to changes within brain chemistry caused by consistent drug abuse. This can result in behavioural alterations and bodily dependency which can be ameliorated through medication and rehabilitation regimes (Branson, 2007). Many early drug treatment methods have been revoked in contemporary society, now being considered as dangerous and outrageous (Editorial Staff, 2022). Today, dominant treatments are significantly more humane. Many of these methods have foundations in previous treatments such as the continuous use of aversion therapy (Williams, 2005). It is vital to understand which treatments were ineffective, which treatments have shown proven success throughout time - consequently now forming the base for current treatment programmes implemented in today’s drug rehabilitation centres. Below is the history of previous drug addiction treatment methods in The United States. Many of the country’s drug rehabilitation methods have influenced the globe such as The Minnesota Model (Fatima, 2022). It can be assumed that the technologies below also influenced the world. 1879: The Keeley Cure is implemented. Emulsions comprising gold and strychnine are injected into nicotine, narcotics, and alcohol addicts. At the end of the 1800s, more than 200 Keeley Cure facilities exist (NDSU Libraries, n.d.). The injections are found to be unhelpful, but the Keeley Cure initiates group therapy sessions and community care organisations – both practices which are still used today (NDSU Libraries, n.d.). The 1800s: People are mainly addicted to alcohol and opium which are treated with other ‘medications’ including cocaine or morphine (Department of Psychology University at Buffalo, 1999). The 1800-1900s: Hydrotherapy involving cold and warm water is used to remedy alcohol addiction and mental health problems – aiming to ‘shock’ the system (Quest for a Cure, n.d.). Old and Ongoing Philosophies The 1900s: Seasonal affective disorder – related to winter sadness – is tied to addiction. It is believed that the gloomy and cold weather triggers addiction. Treatment involves light boxes and heat lamps (Editorial Staff, 2022). 1800s 1900s Fig. 2.2 Winter Sadness (Author, 2022) Fig. 2.3 Patient Wrapped in Sheets During Hydrotherapy (Meghan, 2020) The 1900s: Addiction is treated using sleep therapy with a sodium-bromide-induced coma. When patients do not die, they are believed to awaken as cured (Editorial Staff, 2022). 1909: Belladonna, a deadly nightshade plant is used as a treatment which may cause hallucinations (Editorial Staff, 2022). 1899-1903: An addict’s skin is cut and presented with antibodies to alcohol from horse blood. This blood becomes a vaccination for alcohol addiction but this regime is rejected shortly afterwards (Editorial Staff, 2022). Fig. 2.4 Belladonna (Author, 2022, edited Bildagentur, 2017) 24 25 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 2 | Theoretical Underpinnings 1935: Seattle’s Shadel Sanatorium presents aversion therapy for alcoholics to condition patients to loathe any alcohol- related subjects. Aversion therapy consists of introducing uncomfortable stimuli when alcohol is offered. Some stimuli include provoking nausea (Editorial Staff, 2022). 1935: Withdrawal is treated with morphine injections (Editorial Staff, 2022). The 1930s- 1950s: Colorado State Penitentiary criminals and addicts have blisters on their bellies that are drained and re-inserted into their arms as a form of treatment (Editorial Staff, 2022). 1927: High quantities of insulin are given to drug addicts to increase blood sugar levels exponentially. This results in comas as it is believed that patients awaken ‘healed’ from addiction (Editorial Staff, 2022). Fig. 2.5 Insulin-induced Coma (Vann, 2014) 1907: Certain governments ban marriage for drug addicts. Some sterilisation occurs which aims to stop addicts from passing their addictions to future generations (Editorial Staff, 2022). 1940-1950: Addiction is believed to stem from an unfit endocrine system. Adrenal gland adrenocorticotropic hormones are injected into addicts (Editorial Staff, 2022). 1948-1952: Alcohol and drug addicts’ frontal lobes in their brains are often surgically removed or frontal lobotomies are conducted. The belief is that addiction stems from the prefrontal cortex (Editorial Staff, 2022). Fig. 2.6 Frontal Lobotomy (Author, 2022) Fig. 2.7 Lobotomy Performance (Holland, 2019) 26 27 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 2 | Theoretical Underpinnings 1987: The American Medical Association recognises drug addiction as a disease (Talchekar, 2022; White, 1998). 1982: Cocaine Anonymous is established and uses the 12- step thinking method previously created by Alcoholics Anonymous (Talchekar, 2022). The 1980s: Programs consisting of secular drug addiction treatment increase. Here, spirituality is not part of the healing process but the practice of rational decision- making is promoted as key to recovery (Talchekar, 2022). 1972: The FDA accepts methadone as a heroin addiction treatment (Talchekar, 2022). 1971: The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) accepts Narcan, an injectable opioid overdose remedial, as a treatment. Narcan potentially takes effect within two minutes. Today, it is presented as a nasal spray (Talchekar, 2022). 1970: Acupuncture is used to treat addiction which shows extreme success (Talchekar, 2022). 1964: Methadone is presented to treat drug addiction (Talchekar, 2022). Methadone is an opioid agonist that inhibits severe opioid withdrawal signs (Talchekar, 2022). 1964-1975: American insurance companies start to compensate for the treatment of alcohol addiction. Medical professionals refer to alcoholism as a chronic condition. This leads to an upsurge in inpatient rehabilitation centres and medication to treat alcoholism (Talchekar, 2022). 1950-1960: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is used as a treatment. It causes hallucinations (White et al., 2021). The mid-1950s: Electroshock therapy is conducted on addicts during which wires are connected to their bodies and heads. Patients are shocked repeatedly as a form of treatment (Editorial Staff, 2022). 1994: SMART Recovery is established which deals with self-encouragement and behavioural management (Talchekar, 2022). Additionally, Naltrexone, an opioid receptor hinderer in the brain, is certified by the FDA for alcohol addiction (Talchekar, 2022). 2002: FDA accepts buprenorphine – a medication-based treatment for opioid dependence – and it is introduced as part of hospital treatment plans. Only specifically certified doctors can recommend buprenorphine to patients (Talchekar, 2022). Today: The internet provides a surplus of strange and experimental techniques and addiction ‘treatments’ that can lead to illness (Editorial Staff, 2022). These methods are mostly ineffective. 2000s Fig. 2.8 SMART Recovery (Author, 2022, edited White, 2017) 28 29 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 2 | Theoretical Underpinnings their substance uses in ways that deny addiction issues. This behaviour requires education. Community spaces, schools, and public education-based organisations are committed to both preventative education and highlighting avenues of help for those already in the throes of addiction (Editorial Staff, 2022). Behavioural-aimed therapy meetings are seen in most drug addiction rehabilitation programs (Editorial Staff, 2022). Individual and group therapy sessions are used to create healthy management systems and a greater understanding of the relationship between ideas and actions, as well as how to handle them beneficially. Group sessions can introduce an individual to a supportive community which can help to avoid relapse through shaping a sense of belonging. Many facilities include patients’ families in their sessions. Mental health therapy sessions can also consist of skill-related educational Other rehabilitative methods used today include outpatient courses, residential treatments, transitional courses, addiction specialist therapy sessions, and detoxing (Editorial Staff, 2022). Residential treatments focus on high-level care and continuous observation. Detox is usually achieved by outpatients, in one’s home environment. This depends on the seriousness of the individual’s alcohol or drug addiction (Editorial Staff, 2022). More extreme dependency will result in more severe withdrawal and longings. Severe withdrawals and longings do well through medical detoxification, consistent medical professional observation and medications (Editorial Staff, 2022). Medications are often used to combat various addictions such as disulfiram for alcoholism or opioid agonist naloxone which triggers opioid withdrawal if misused. This can prevent relapse (Williams, 2005). Addicts continue to find ways to justify behaviour and legitimate programs such as communication or building self awareness (Editorial Staff, 2022). There has been a great evolution in drug rehabilitation facilities over time and they continue to morph according to new research and scientific proof (Editorial Staff, 2022). Today, there is a hybrid between holistic and conservative treatments, aiming to help individuals and their families to create a ‘mind, body, and soul’ stability – rehabilitating all aspects of the patient. Physical health is directly interlinked with emotional well-being - thereby promoting recovery as a holistic process that addresses both one’s physical and mental health (Editorial Staff, 2022). These ideas will thread into my building’s programme. My design weaves in spaces and places enabling drug addicts’ family involvement, group therapy sessions, mental health therapy sessions, outpatient programmes, detox rooms and an overall holistic approach to drug Fig. 2.9 Mind, body, soul (Author, 2022) addiction rehabilitation. 30 31 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 2 | Theoretical Underpinnings Fig. 2.10 Epidemiologic Triangle Model (Author, 2022, derived from Basson, 2014) Rehabilitation can extend beyond spatial functionality and into design. Therapeutic architecture is a people-centric and research- grounded speciality in the architectural realm (Chrysikou, 2014). It is used in the design of healing facilities including hospitals and rehabilitation centres. Its goal is to recognise and maintain methods of combining spatial components which connect with individuals (physically and psychologically) through architectural design (Chrysikou, 2014). Architecture is vital in different stages in one’s life: It plays a core role in promoting health during experiences of sickness when the handling of day-to-day life becomes more challenging (Chrysikou, 2014). Drug rehabilitative architecture thus must cater to people’s well-being. Therapeutic Architecture was formed as a response against institutional-like modern treatment spaces where healing was focused on rationality and medical advancements (Basson, 2014). The individual was not at the core of healing architecture. Buildings were designed to contain patients; give them any attention required (sometimes in an inhumane fashion) and send them away. Modern rehabilitation facilities mimicked prisons in terms of function: individuals were isolated from civilisation to aid their drug addictions. However, the antithesis of a rehabilitative goal was achieved: patient healing was delayed, and patients began to imitate their environments. It is important to have authority and security in rehabilitation facilities, but therapy must be the primary concern. The response of therapeutic architecture exemplifies the goals of successfully designed architectural experiences that aim to heal individuals (Basson, 2014). Therapeutic architecture is not the sole solution to one’s addiction and unhealthy encounters, but architectural spatial morphing can create a foundation for the Therapeutic Architecture disorientation. When one’s life is not connected to the healing rehabilitation environment, this lessens the viability of the treatment in the long term (Basson, 2014). Rehabilitation conditions are vastly different to a patient’s home where the patient’s healthy self is found at the rehabilitation centre and their home becomes a space of future mentally jarring experiences that often creates relapse as the outcome (Basson, 2014). Mimicking a home-like environment in drug rehabilitation centres may be beneficial while introducing a bridging facility between intense rehabilitation and the outside world as previously mentioned. Throughout modernity, there has also been a pull towards finding spaces of balance or rebalance amidst the incessant pace of city life: individuals continue seeking ways to escape the pressures of urban living and forge lifestyles and living spaces which allow for a mentally calming environment and psychological repair (Basson, 2014). This illustrates the human need to integrate with nature and the importance of a healing space within the urban environment (Basson, 2014). The Modderfontein site is a rural-like space within the urban context, where healing can be introduced into the city through a nature-centric environment. Drug addiction relapse can be understood through the epidemiologic triangle model (Figure 2.10) (Research Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Opportunities in Drug Abuse, 1996). If one side of the triangle is interrupted, the cycle of addiction can be prevented (Basson, 2014). The environmental factor (one aspect of the triangle) can consist of architecture where design can contribute to laying out the pathway of successful drug addiction rehabilitation. Modern research argues that evidence- based design in architecture can benefit patients in rehabilitation environments. A patient’s stress levels and sense of discomfort can be bettered through various design tools (Basson, 2014). These architectural design tools include open areas, fenestration views, light, colour, materiality, and acoustics (Zohby, 2020). Clinical evidence has proven that open spaces (or exposure to nature) improve the stress levels of patients through both visual and audio mediums (Zohby, 2020). Professor Irving Biermann from the University of Southern California conducted a study during which participants were exposed to natural scenery. It was found that in these environments, neurons are activated and the brain’s ‘natural painkillers’ are stimulated. This increases one’s calmness (Zohby, 2020). According to revolutionary nurse Florence Nightingale’s documented findings in ‘Notes on Nursing’, it is vital for patients to experience bright colours found in nature (Yak, 2018). This encounter with plants heals both the mind and the body (Yak, implementation of other design factors such as colour, light and sensory detailing that helps to create a therapeutic environment. Professionals such as architects and psychologists have extolled the importance of a physically healing environment – especially for inpatients that require care for extended periods. A well-designed healing space allows for improved physical, social and mental stability – particularly for patients that have previously suffered in these areas owing to drug addiction (Basson, 2014). A stigma around treatment is upheld through previous and current models of rehabilitation facilities in which patients are isolated from communities (Basson, 2014). The aim is to remove patients from urban disturbances and replace them with a more rural environment, as this is believed to better support a successful process of healing. However, a change in the environment creates 32 33 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 2 | Theoretical Underpinnings Agent Host Environment 2018). Drug addicts experience both physical and mental harm. Therefore, it is beneficial to include greenery and have a strong interior-exterior relationship in my architectural intervention. Fenestration can be used to increase views of open spaces. Ulrich’s research paper titled ‘Power of the Window’ explains that inpatients recovered more rapidly when they had an immediate view of a voided natural space, rather than an interior wall (Zohby, 2020). Patients, who could sense nature around them needed fewer pain pharmaceuticals than those who had no views of nature (Zohby, 2020). Light plays a significant role in both physical and mental health (Zohby, 2020). In a study, it was found that the majority of patients perceive sunlight as enjoyable and calming. However, most staff members find sunlight to decrease the functionality of a space. Therefore, artificial light must be adaptable so that staff members can perform their tasks efficiently and patients are less stressed (Zohby, 2020). Perhaps yellow light can be used rather than white light or, through fenestration, south light can be used instead of north light. It produces softer light. However, dim spaces have a ‘cosy’ atmosphere. This can also bring comfort to patients. Some colours can inspire activity, while others encourage passive actions (Zohby, 2020). Colours can affect emotions, energy intensity and mental conditions. Colour therapy can trace the psychological impact of colour and how a change in this stimulus can promote behavioural or mood change (Zohby, 2020). Muted colours can heighten calmness, while bold colours can energise individuals. Materiality can influence the atmosphere of an environment through resulting comfort, circulation and sound (Zohby, 2020). Therapeutic architectural materiality consists of natural materials, which can have an ecological component and local materials - thereby including relevant communities in buildings (Zohby, 2020). Improved acoustics directly help shape a more restorative psychosocial surrounding (Zohby, 2020). Sound disturbances can reduce patient recovery, lessen sleep, and raise levels of stress. These sounds include conversations amongst staff, general surrounding noises and in multi-bed instances, the disruption of staff treating adjacent patients. Architecture can aid acoustic- related issues through sound- absorbent ceilings (Zohby, 2020). There is significant potential for spaces to aid the emotions and mental states of patients (Zohby, 2020). Care and time can be given to design factors such as open areas, fenestration views, light, colour, materiality, and acoustics to influence the well-being of Fig. 2.11 Comforting Light (Author, 2022) people, allowing patients to heal quicker (Zohby, 2020). I plan to use these aspects to better my design such as by ensuring patients are exposed to natural outdoor spaces; using light to give a ‘cosy’ or open sense of space, as well as, where relevant, by using local and natural materials. Architecture provides an environment which allows the active processes of rehabilitation to be carried out with greater success. 34 35 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 2 | Theoretical Underpinnings Cosy Calm Much like therapeutic architecture, phenomenological architecture deals with one’s senses and can be explored in order to bring meaning into my architectural intervention. This architectural practice connects building users to both the physical nature that surrounds them and offers for that meaning to be drawn from these spaces in a spiritual sense. Edmund Husserl established phenomenology which is a philosophy that deals with the human lived experience from which all sense is derived (Armstrong, n.d.). Husserl combined philosophy with science in a unique way whereby phenomenology is a ‘science of consciousness’ (Soltani and Kırcı, 2019). The term was first recognised in Lambert’s work as ‘the theory of illusion and of its varieties’. It has also been described by Husserl as ‘back to the things themselves’ (Soltani and Kırcı, 2019) or by Finnish architect Juhani Pallasmaa in The Thinking Hand as a ‘multi-sensory experience’ (Pallasmaa, 2009). Phenomenology in architecture gives significance to the emotional extent of one’s spatial journey and explores the entirety of the subjective lived experience (Soltani and Kırcı, 2019). The lived experience includes everyday experiences and unusual aspects of life. Phenomenology aims to explain reality from an inward perspective. Norwegian architect Christian Norberg- Schulz explains phenomenology as a process to infiltrate the day- to-day lived experience. Spatial journeys have become rationally driven. However, architectural phenomenology combines the human with its environment. The human is considered an entire being (Soltani and Kırcı, 2019). Architectural phenomenology seeks to reconnect the mind and body, which is also relevant in drug rehabilitation, focused as it is on healing both these aspects (Fatima, 2022). Architectural Phenomenology Fig. 2.12 Existing Storage Unit (Author, 2022) phenomenology can be addressed using four factors: Genius Loci (place), sensory experience, making, and archetypes. Firstly, Norberg-Schulz explained Genius Loci (sense of place) using nature (Eisenberg, 2021). He speculated that architecture was the depiction of man’s experience. These experiences are derived from nature and the landscape (Crysler et al., 2012; Eisenberg, 2021). Norberg- Schulz connected those early encounters of nature with Genius Loci - to communicate the history of the location in contemporary architecture. He explains that the designer should use the topography as an initial source rather than historical structures (Crysler et al., 2012; Eisenberg, 2021). It will be necessary to use Modderfontein’s topography as a design informant for my intervention. The existing storage unit in the site’s immediate context is included as part of the existing ‘topography’. The structure’s surfaces have decomposed – as if the building has started to blend into the topography (Figure 2.12). Genius Loci aims to retain and reinforce a ‘sense of place’ rather than completely functional design prompts (Norberg-Schulz, 1979). An example of this is allocating regions for various functions autonomous from the state of the context. Additionally, Norberg- Schulz evaluated the unusual and abandoned blend of man-made and natural designs where the urban setting is homogeneous (Eisenberg, 2021; Norberg-Schulz, 1979). I aim to use both natural and man-made elements in my design. The natural Modderfontein site has a phenomenological effect that will be affected by the building. I hope to use architecture sensitively in relation to the natural slope, wind, light, cloud cover, water, earth and vegetation. I intend the building to both mimic the natural effects of the site and intentionally go against it, where relevant. 36 37 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 2 | Theoretical Underpinnings are to the connection between individuals and their experience of place (Young and Vosloo, 2020). Place is tied into one’s identity and the values that one assigns to a landscape according to one’s lived experience in, and of, this location. This theory proposes that landscape design generates places that conjure feelings. The user becomes sensitive to the proposed meaning of place when the place addresses the connection between individuals’ values and their identity (Young and Vosloo, 2020). Perhaps place can create this connection literally? A design method could include building users creating moments of wayfinding. This can be introduced through seemingly dead-ended paths that are surrounded by plants. These plants are designed to be walked over – therefore, over time, creating direction by the users in the landscape (Figure 2.13). Figuratively, meaning is established by building users overcoming obstacles related to their drug Norberg-Schultz has linked Genius Loci to the notion of dwelling: humans aim to create meaningful spaces where dwelling can occur (Eisenberg, 2021; Norberg-Schulz, 1979). It is necessary for users in the drug rehabilitation centre to feel safe and comfortable, to ‘dwell’ in the ‘healing’ spaces. These feelings must occur on a collective scale as phenomenology aims to evoke a communal reaction above an individual’s response (Eisenberg, 2021). Phenomenology explains the significance of architectural landscape in creating character and Genius Loci (Young and Vosloo, 2020). Meanings of place are drawn from rooted stories and representations (Young and Vosloo, 2020). The historical stories of Modderfontein must be extracted and dissected to understand and generate significant design elements. Yet, their meanings depend on context and are embedded in a changing set of conditions – attached as they Fig. 2.13 User-made Wayfinding (Author, 2022) addictions. Additionally, Genius Loci addresses a drawing (Figure 2.14) in Norberg- Schulz’s ‘The Concept of Dwelling’ (Eisenberg, 2021; Norberg- Schulz, 1979). A wise elderly man is depicted at the centre of simultaneous connections to multi-directional points of one’s existence on earth. The vertical upward direction deals with identification or a ‘sense of belonging’ (mind) – tied to one’s meaningful relationship with the universe and the knowledge gained through a journey. ‘Orientation’ relates to one’s physical journey (body) between, and to, the four cardinal points – it is a collected experience in this world (Eisenberg, 2021; Norberg-Schulz, 1979). Man is grounded to a point within the physical space in which he dwells. He is linking his body and mind, embedding himself into his natural surroundings. Similarly, the ‘mind- body-soul’ drug rehabilitation approach can be addressed in the landscape design using Genius Loci. Fig. 2.14 The Concept of Dwelling (Eisenberg, 2021) 38 39 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 2 | Theoretical Underpinnings Plan Wall Barrier Wall Barrier Plants Clear Path User Paths Formed Over Time Plants Section Identification Orientation N S EW Fig. 2.15 Oxidisation Staining (Author, 2022) 40 41 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 2 | Theoretical Underpinnings A further area of discussion is sensory experience. Sensory experience deals with Pallasmaa’s idea of phenomenology as a ‘multi- sensory experience’ (Pallasmaa, 2009; Soltani and Kırcı, 2019). He believes that there is significant importance placed on what we see as that separates the mind and body (Eisenberg, 2021). Creativity can reach its full potential once the mind and body are reconnected. Pallasmaa’s architectural designs explore the physical body in space and the mind’s response to space (Eisenberg, 2021). Architectural journeys can only be experienced effectively once the mind and body are united, as sparked through sensory experiences (Pallasmaa, 2009). Architectural journeys and thresholds can heighten senses through feeling (texture), smells (incense), sight (materiality), hearing (footsteps on floor finishes) and taste (natural courtyards). Moreover, ‘making’ refers to hints from materiality and form as to how a structure was built, what the building generates and the uniqueness or convention that is provided to the architecture (Eisenberg, 2021). Architectural materiality is significant in the phenomenological experience. Local or international techniques can be seen in architecture which will either provide more meaning to a particular building or deter from the building as an artwork. Construction details can be used to hide the making process through neat joinery or joinery between old and new structures can be emphasised. This could be useful in my implementation, if I choose to incorporate existing unused storage structures in Modderfontein into my new design. Orientation, scale and form can dictate how materiality is used. I plan to use the natural environment one of the drivers in my building. I would like to carry this out in various ways: rock face forms can create phenomenological experiences in the landscape through green roofing and ‘extruded’ solar chimneys. The green roof can mimic the erosion of soft earth exposing hard rock (solar chimneys). Rock surface colours can be mimicked using rammed earth and texture can be created using formwork. Imitating nature creates a serene feeling. This will be beneficial for the rehabilitation process. Cantilevering rock-like forms can create a sense of belonging or upward identification for the user. Heavier and tall cantilevers may feel too overwhelming but light, shard-like and room-height cantilevers can create a sense of comfort in nature. A large, highly reflective metallic surface, floating above the ground instead of an earthy, coarse mass embedded into the earth could create a literal reflection in various rehabilitation processes. Furthermore, materiality can continue its process once the structure is built. ‘Making’ will be evident in the built forms and change through time. This can be carried out by letting metals oxidise and stain adjacent materials (Figure 2.15). Metal oxidation onto rock surfaces creates colour- staining. This informs a sensory phenomenological experience of texture and light. Additionally, exposed rock-like shards can create forms along contours in the landscape and jut out against contours in certain regions. Lastly, architectural phenomenology consists of archetypes (or typologies) which are simple forms that are the base of all subsequent alterations and combinations in architecture (Thiis- Evensen, 1987). This basic set of architecture can be described as ‘the grammar of architecture’. The word ‘archetype’ has Greek origins and can be translated as ‘first form’ (Thiis-Evensen, 1987). In my design, archetypes can be used from the recognisable homes of surrounding communities – through materiality and pitched roofs. Drug addicts can feel more at home in this way. Phenomenological Genius Loci, sensory experience, making and archetypes can be used to infuse meaning into my design. This can add another layer to therapeutic design through which users can both heal and ‘find themselves’ by ensuring their environment itself plays a core role in their rehabilitation treatment. Perforated Metal Oxidisation or Staining onto Adjacent Material The Need for Harm Reduction: Case Studies Certain methods which may seem conventional today were in fact radical in their time. As seen in the previous chapter, there is continual research to find the most effective drug rehabilitative approaches. This chapter will delve into the success rates and reasons for overdose prevention sites (OPSs) or safe injection sites. OPSs can be implemented if drug legislation allows. Therefore, international and local OPS case studies will be explored, as well as the current state of drug legislation in South Africa. 03 Order in Chaos Fig. 3.1 Modderfontein Reserve Dam (Author, 2022) 42 43 Chemical Re-composition Order Chaos Year 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 0 10 20 30 40 Portugal Europe (Excluding Portugal) Implementation: The National Action Plan for the Fight Against Drugs and Drug Addiction Country: Portugal Date: 2001 Use: Legal and Drug Rehabilitation (project similarity) The PDPM has become a revolutionary benchmark drug addiction tool. Its methods have shown favourable results in reducing high statistics of various drug-related crimes and problems. Background Portugal changed its drug laws in 2001, decriminalising the individual possession of all drugs and implementing supervised injection rooms (Transform Drug Policy Foundation, 2021). This was part of a large policy shift towards a healthier country. Drug personal use is now considered an administrative offence – this means that drug possession will not lead to imprisonment or a criminal record. However, under new laws, drugs are confiscated, and possession can lead to fines or community service (Transform Drug Policy Foundation, 2021). OPSs or safe injection sites, where illicit drugs can be consumed under trained staff’s observation, are part of Portugal’s aim to better its drug situation (EMCDDA, 2018). These sites aim to lower the severe dangers of infection spread through unsanitary injecting, inhibit overdose mortalities from drugs and link high-risk drug addicts with addiction therapy and other medical and mental services (EMCDDA, 2018). This then connects back to conventional drug rehabilitation methods. The data in Figure 3.2 shows the effect that the decriminalisation of drugs has had on the new HIV diagnoses attributed to injecting drugs (Transform Drug Policy Foundation, 2021). In 2001, drug policy improvement in Portugal involved the introduction of infection-reducing needle Year 0 600 2005 2010 2015 400 200 N ew D ia gn os es Pe rc en ta ge Fig. 3.2 New HIV Diagnoses Attributed to Injecting Drug Use (Portugal) (Author, 2022, extracted from Transform, 2021) Fig. 3.3 Percentage of Prisoners Sentenced for Drug-related Offences (Author, 2022, extracted from Transform, 2021) Portuguese System programmes (Transform Drug Policy Foundation, 2021). These programmes significantly decreased Portugal’s high rates of HIV transmission amongst those who inject drugs: from 518 in 2000 to 13 in 2019 (Transform Drug Policy Foundation, 2021). Drug decriminalisation in Portugal changed the prison population dynamics (Figure 3.3). In 2001, before the drug decriminalisation law was put into place, more than 40% of Portuguese prisoners had drug-related sentences (Transform Drug Policy Foundation, 2021). This figure was significantly higher than Europe’s average. However, Europe’s average has slowly risen over the last twenty-one years and Portuguese prisoners sentenced for drug-related crimes have lessened substantially to 16% - lower than Europe’s average (Transform Drug Policy Foundation, 2021). Portugal’s drug decriminalisation law has shown improved statistics with a lower number of new drug- related HIV transmissions and the percentage of criminals sentenced for drug-related offences. Therefore, the decriminalisation of drugs has had an overall positive effect on Portugal and its people. This data can be used to explain the importance of constant development and innovation needed in the design of drug rehabilitation programmes. This case study has been used as a benchmark in Australia and can be used to question South Africa’s current drug addiction rehabilitation methods. The South African Constitution is ‘one of the most progressive in the world’ and focuses on human rights (Government of South Africa, 2022). Perhaps the Constitution will be open to decriminalising drugs as it has been shown to help people. With this potential legislative shift, OPSs may become possible additions to local drug rehabilitation facilities. Fig. 3.4 Supervised Injection Room in Portugal (Author, 2022) 44 45 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 3 | Order in Chaos Fig. 3.5 Injection Centre in Melbourne (Author, 2022, edited from VHBA, 2021) Architect: Lyons Builder: Kane Construction City: Melbourne, Australia Date: 2019 Use: Drug Injecting Room (project similarity) The supervised injection rooms originating from Portugal, have influenced other countries including Australia (VHBA, 2019). There is a medically-controlled injection space in North Richmond Community Health Centre in Melbourne which was built to assist in helping with drug addiction issues in the area. This room provides both medical health opportunities and a safe, comforting space for addicts to use drugs. Users start the process by going to the counter where they are asked a series of questions in order to determine whether they are fit to use the rooms. These questions include users’ medical history and drug usage over the previous twenty- four hours. Users can go to the injecting area once they are cleared. Here, they receive a sterile kit, advice on the safest way to inject and go to a three-sided booth (VHBA, 2019). The fourth (open) side allows for observation by medical professionals. Some booths allow for two users, since some people come into the facility in pairs. People are typically in the injecting areas for twenty minutes. Observers watch for overdoses and often need to resuscitate people using medical equipment. These observers are trained to understand the effects of different drugs such as post-heroin consumption’s sleepy few-minute effect. Once users are alert, they migrate into the aftercare room where there are handwashing and oral health amenities, as well as trained staff available for conversation. North Richmond Community Health centre’s staff include general practitioners, hepatitis nurses and lawyers (VHBA, 2019). Mental health services are available at North Richmond Community North Richmond Community Health Health centre for users either after injection or from the point of arrival (VHBA, 2019). The facility’s staff have explained the importance of offering mental health support structures as part of the function of the injection rooms: many users want to be clean but have ongoing physical and mental health problems that at that moment remain uncontrolled. Some users would like treatment but have not had the opportunity (VHBA, 2019). Some benefits of this medically- supervised injection facility include a decline in Victorians’ (local residents) previous high rates of overdose fatalities; a growth in the community’s amenity by lessening public injecting and the possibility of wider access to social and medical services for addicts (VHBA, 2021). This case study provides vital information about the programmatic requirements of a safe injection space, its Fig. 3.6 Injection Centre Process (Author, 2022) functionality and its proportions – elements which will be carried into my design intervention. The project shows evident benefits to individual and communal well-being. The journey through various spaces is designed carefully to ensure people receive help holistically – a goal which I have for my project. I would like to include an OPS alongside more conventional drug rehabilitation practices. However, the possibility to include this locally must be further explored. 46 47 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 3 | Order in Chaos Reception Consultation Area Questioned Injecting Zone Sterile Equipment Observation Booths Aftercare Room Overdose Equipment Fig. 3.7 Prevalent South Africa Drug Information (Author, 2022, information adapted from SANCA, n.d.; Peltzer et al., 2010) Cannabis 16.9% Relaxation, euphoria Rapid effect, intense euphoria Feelings of contentment and happiness, improved concentration Smoked or eaten in food Smoke is inhaled by warming the substance in light bulbs; rarely injected Sniffed through a tube or fumes are inhaled after heating Lack energy, mood swings, inferior coordination heightens accident risk Damage: Process of Use: Attraction: Drug Type Percentage of Rehabilitation Patients in South Africa: Death, a rapid crash follows its ‘high’ which can result in violence, strokes and seizures Nosebleeds, anxiety and depression, heart attacks, death, strokes Methamphetamine (Tik) 12.8% Cocaine (Crack) 9.6% Heroin (Opiates) 9.2% Drug addiction issues are growing in Cape Town, especially issues around heroin (Smith, 2022). Phentermine is often a secondary drug for heroin users. Johannesburg is a bigger landscape therefore its need for drug addiction implementation is larger than Cape Town’s need. These implementation strategies should include harm reduction methods such as opioid substitute therapy (OST) and legal syringe services (Smith, 2022). Johannesburg may implement safe injection sites before Cape Town. Recent years have shown an increase in heroin use rather than the previously widely used ‘tik’ (crystal meth) (Smith, 2022). Prevalent illicit substances in South Africa (and Johannesburg), their attractions, the process of use and resulting damage have been illustrated. They have been shown according to their admission percentage in South African rehabilitation facilities. This shows the importance and the need for Local Drug Addiction Implementation Context Excitement, calmness Stress and anxiety reducer Injecting or smoking Smoked in a cigarette with cannabis or smoked in severed glass bottle necks Nausea, loss of interest in relationships and goals, death (overdose) Aggression, nightmares, exhaustion, emotional issues Mandrax Prescription 3.4% 2.6% Varied 48 49 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 3 | Order in Chaos drug rehabilitation interventions and the expected drug use at the OPS in my building. Interestingly, alcohol was not one of the main substances listed. Perhaps the article does not consider alcohol a drug. However, many other sources state that alcohol is a dominant drug in South Africa (Department of Health and Social Development, 2009). Alcohol links to South Africa’s Apartheid practices concerning social and economic control, as well as local excessive drinking norms that are regarded as unproblematic. Treatment differs according to the drug used – for example heroin can only be treated properly through OST (Smith, 2022). OST was introduced in Cape Town in recent years. It entails working with methadone which is an opioid agonist like heroin. Heroin and methadone affect brain receptors in the same way, but methadone extends the time between drug cravings, and it does not give the same ‘high’ as heroin. Heroin addicts need to inject every three or four hours while methadone (when the correct dose is prescribed, and it is taken as a chronic medication, at the same time every day) lasts twenty-four hours (Smith, 2022). Methadone has holistic effects whereby it not only removes withdrawals and longings but also allows patients to reintegrate back into life. Some examples include rekindling family ties or getting married. Methadone can be dangerous as it is an agonist and can result in an overdose if the prescription is not provided by a professional. Users are terrified of overdoes so they are meticulous with their dosage (Smith, 2022). Cape Town NPO TB HIV Care has been successful with adding methadone to the essential drug list and has gotten approval for another methadone supplier in South Africa. Methadone is given and increased slowly to build a tolerance. After this, there is a down-titration process where patients aim to be methadone-free (Smith, 2022). Another heroin treatment is Oxone. It is a partial-agonist which has naloxone (overdose drug) and morphine built into its tablet form (Smith, 2022). However, an anonymous expert, cited by Smith, explains that it partially binds to brain receptors and does not give as much withdrawal coverage as methadone. For this reason, many of this expert’s patients have a preference for methadone over Oxone (Smith, 2022). Even though drug abuse occurs ubiquitously in the city, there is some linkage to locations that are often ‘gang infested’, (Smith, 2022). Expert drug-addiction organisation, TB HIV Care, maps areas and determines where improvements are vital. These areas are added to TB HIV Care’s portfolio so that sufficient services can be delivered where they are needed (Smith, 2022). The mapping acts as a statistics record and allows comparison through time. The implementation also occurs in areas that are worsening according to their previous readings (Smith, 2022). Future OPSs in Cape Town follow the same model as the OPS in Melbourne, Australia and the PDPM (Smith, 2022). TB HIV Care promotes for drug decriminalisation in South Africa (like Portugal) and needs local municipalities and ward councillors to agree (Smith, 2022). Currently, the maximum prison sentence for being found with drugs is 15 years (UN ODCCP, 1999). Some Cape Town ward councillors already see the benefits and the Cape Town Central City Improvement District (CCID) concur (Smith, 2022). Over the past year, OPSs are in the process of being implemented in Cape Town, where a building has been chosen but no facilities yet added. The biggest hurdles that TB HIV Care faces in order to create OPSs are permissions from politicians, ward councillors, environmental health bodies, as well as funding. TB HIV Care explains that since Cape Town residents do not want to witness drug use or any related drug activities - OPSs are the solution. These facilities stop public drug use and inappropriate needle disposal (Smith, 2022). Furthermore, OPSs give users needed care, safety and counselling. In addition to lessening overdoses through observing professional staff in their injecting spaces, the program links to hepatitis and HIV testing (often contracted by needles) and relevant treatments. Therefore, these centres offer clean syringes – making sure that drug users leave the facility with extra syringes for later use. Often, people inject their tissue, rather than their veins. This can cause ulcers and proves the importance of drug addiction professionals to guide users in OPSs. Despite all these benefits of OPSs, politicians are persuaded by stigma and a long-standing abstinence approach which is outdated and unrealistic (Smith, 2022). Some communities are not sensitised and do not understand the radical implementation of Fig. 3.8 HIV Blood Test (Author, 2022) 50 51 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 3 | Order in Chaos OPSs; yet, these communities do not want children collecting poorly discarded needles. Other communities understand the need for OPSs and are willing to welcome the concept and facilities. There needs to be a compromise which could lead to a reduction in high statistics linked to drug abuse in South Africa (Smith, 2022). An expert at TB HIV Care explained some important design characteristics of an OPS (Smith, 2022). There only needs to be one main facility per city with additional satellite services where needed. Currently, Johannesburg does not have an OPS. These centres must be easily accessible, yet they must be in spaces where neighbours will be unbothered by outside congregations. Centres should not have many barriers upon entrance. However, patients must be clearly identified as drug addicts: staff can identify drug users through behaviour and injection markings. Security must be stringent, yet people must not feel victimised. It harm upon yourself and others’ (Smith, 2022). People will continue using drugs despite laws and backlash. The solution is to advocate safe and reduced use which may require a mindset shift (Smith, 2022). Pro-abstinence people are not affected by the addict’s rehabilitative process and do not necessarily grasp the addict’s suffering during abrupt withdrawal. Abrupt withdrawal can escalate underlying mental health issues. Drug addicts need sustainable rehabilitation (Smith, 2022). Citizens will likely see the facilities as beneficial once they are in action. On a human scale, these facilities allow people to ask for help without the worry of being arrested. The combination of taking drugs in the safest possible environment; being able to seek help for both mental and physical health (HIV and hepatitis testing and treatment), as well as connecting with people who truly understand drug users’ is essential to take these factors into account when designing my building. Theft is unavoidable as addicts often steal to be able to purchase drugs. Drug injection cubicles need sanitary surfaces, available clean syringes, cotton balls to remove undissolved drug particles, drug preparation cups and ‘sharps’ disposal containers (in order to reduce cross- contamination) (Smith, 2022). A post-injection relaxation space heightens the facility’s support system (Smith, 2022). Many of these spaces and requirements are the same as North Richmond Community Health’s injecting facility and have universal effects wherever implemented. Both local and international drug implementation methods are relevant in Modderfontein. The radical implementation of OPSs is holistic and is a form of harm reduction (Smith, 2022). Similarly, driving a car requires the ‘practice of harm reduction by putting on a seatbelt, preventing situations – all these facets create holistic rehabilitation. I would like to use this approach and layer it with architectural theories and materiality whereby the space caters to the programme. Vulnerable people become the core while programme, theory and architecture cater to these people. I have extracted important ideas from this case study that I can incorporate in my design. Firstly, I will include various spaces for different drug treatments. Secondly, perhaps the education facility can include a research aspect. Researchers can examine and compare drug statistics in Modderfontein’s surrounding communities through time. This can allow the building to target its education strategies in specific areas through community-based programmes and workshops. Thirdly, I have learned where to locate an OPS and how to support its success through design. These design principles include access and security. Lastly, drug Fig. 3.9 Surrounding Community Drug Statistics Through Time (Conducted by Building) (Author, 2022, extracted from Google Maps, 2022) decriminalisation (which can lead to an OPS in my building) will likely improve South Africa’s drug statistics through community comfort, addict safety and harm reduction. South Africa’s current drug legislation needs to be explored. 52 53 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 3 | Order in Chaos It is important to understand the local context of drug legislation and the possibility of drug decriminalisation in South Africa’s future. In February 1999, parliament implemented the foundation of the national drug management structure: The National Drug Master Plan (UN ODCCP, 1999). This governmental action stemmed from the local drug issue which was ‘disjointed, fragmented and uncoordinated’ (UN ODCCP, 1999). Various governmental plans were attempted in previous years, but they were not extensive enough for South Africa’s worsening drug issues. In response, the Minister of Population Development and Welfare requested the creation of a National Drug Master Plan by the Drug Advisory Board in 1997. The goal was to ‘bring about a decrease in the availability of drugs (control and law enforcement) and the demand for them (through prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation)’ (UN ODCCP, 1999). Drug Legislation in South Africa Fig. 3.10 Medicines and Related Substances Control Act of 1965 (Yumpu.com, n.d.) The plan was decelerated after the national elections in 1999 and the changing of the government cabinet (UN ODCCP, 1999). The implementation was carried out by the South African Police Service’s Narcotics Bureau (SANAB). Through this umbrella organisation, the country provides rehabilitation means for drug addicts through NGOs. These include the South African National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Abuse (SANCA). SANCA has various drug treatment facilities throughout South Africa. The organisation coaches drug abuse therapists and other relating consultants such as educators and social workers. However, funding is insufficient and services are inadequately dispersed through South Africa. There is also not enough collaboration between educational and health divisions working in the field. Therefore, scarce funding is provided for drug avoidance. Drug avoidance strategies are formed by NGOs and worried residents, but skills and mandates are restricted (UN ODCCP, 1999). It is impractical to establish the precise capital needed for the government to spend on drug reduction pursuits (UN ODCCP, 1999). There has been a decrease in spending on rehabilitation. Treatment facilities have shut down and there has been little development towards implementing centralised control of expanded rehabilitation schemes by the health department. An increase in the avoidance program budget would be needed for the government sectors to increase their NGO support. The government has created a few avoidance programs (UN ODCCP, 1999). Harm reduction is one of the Government’s drug mandate lowering policies (UN ODCCP, 1999). Its goal is to lessen the harm linked to drug use, rather than to eradicate drug use as such (UN ODCCP, 1999). Perhaps drug decriminalisation may occur as a form of harm reduction – given its resulting statistics seen in other countries. OPSs are other forms of harm reduction. This aligns with South Africa’s legislation. South Africa’s National Drug Master Plan aims ‘to build a drug-free society together and to contribute to solving the global problem of substance abuse’ by lessening crime associated with drugs, maintaining public health, guarding youth, supporting information distribution, bettering communication on drug abuse throughout the country and inspiring international connection (UN ODCCP, 1999). This international connection is supported by the ‘Medicines and Related Substances Control Act of 1965’ in which developments discussed in UN Conventions on drug use are supported by South Africa (UN ODCCP, 1999). According to the ‘Medicines and Related Substances Control Act of 1965’, South Africa may be open to decriminalising drugs. This will be particularly useful in terms of my building: it makes the implementation of an OPS more of a future possibility rather than just a floating idea. Introducing OPSs in South Africa would create ‘order in chaos’. This chapter’s name Order in Chaos is linked to harm reduction. In this case, chaos is drug abuse and order refers to ways of lessening chaos. In this chapter, order is decriminalising drugs in Portugal, implementing injecting rooms in Portugal and Australia, and aiming to decriminalise drugs in South Africa. OPS harm reduction does not remove chaos through banning drugs. Instead, ‘order’ or professional observation finds its way into the chaotic realm. 54 55 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 3 | Order in Chaos Modderfontein is a green area in the East Rand in Gauteng, South Africa (SA-Venues, 2022). It is a small town which offers an ‘escape’ through nature-embedded activities such as its golf club. Modderfontein lies adjacent to bustling commercial areas in Johannesburg and Sandton (SA- Venues, 2022). This chapter will delve into my site. It will be explored through a historical timeline of Modderfontein, a basic location understanding, mapping explorations, recorded site visits and various scales of rehabilitation that will be decomposed and then re-composed. These scales will explore the relevance of Modderfontein as a drug rehabilitation centre site in its industrial and natural elements. Firstly, on a medium (site) scale, Modderfontein’s chemical dynamite-damaged and polluted- water wounds will be addressed, in addition to the planting of alien trees that strip the site of its Fig. 4.1 Scales of Context (Author, 2022, extracted from Bossman, 2010; GADM, 2018; Htonl, 2008) identity. Secondly, Modderfontein’s larger-scaled surrounding communities will be traced from past to present times. Topics covered will include Apartheid’s racial delegation of areas and the current and potential future non- legislative separation between communities. Lastly, the smallest scale will cover rehabilitating addicts and their lived experience of grappling with the undercurrents of South African society which include ruptures and unresolved trauma from Apartheid, along with a post-colonial landscape, work- related stresses and the social normalisation of alcohol. This will lead to a discussion on the need for drug rehabilitation and the stigma associated with it in Johannesburg. Gauteng in South Africa Johannesburg in Gauteng 04 Contextual Analysis Zoom In Modderfontein in Johannesburg Site in Modderfontein Site Modderfontein Reserve Boundary Marlboro Extension Boundary Masterplan Boundary 56 57 Chemical Re-composition Scattered Graves Factory 4 Factory 5 Factory 1 Detonator Factory Factory 2Factory 3 Fergerson Cemetery Modderfontein Cemetery Orig in al Ex pl os ive s B ou nda ry Sprinkell Sanatorium Hamburg Village Italy Village Dam 1 Dam 3 Dam 4 Dam 2 Holland Village Hospital Berea Village Sophie Geel’s Grave Otto Cemetery Conservation Dams Villages Graves Hospital Factories The significance of extracting historical contextual roots is embedded in phenomenology: meanings of an area originates from its stories and representations which change through time. Fig. 4.2 Historical Map (Author, 2022, adapted from Bossman, 2010) Modderfontein Timeline A Brief History Founders View Cemetery Founders East Cemetery Racial South Africa has a history of racial segregation and control through alcohol. This will be discussed in the section on the ‘Landscape of Substance Abuse within the Local Communities’. This inequality was seen when researching Modderfontein’s history. My building aims to be inclusive and welcome people across demographical groups to be educated about drugs and seek help against addiction. It is emotionally difficult but necessary to decompose history and re-compose a gathering area for Modderfontein’s surrounding communities. Exercise Healing the body is an essential component in drug rehabilitation (Fatima, 2022). One tool for physical healing is exercise. This theme is relevant and evident in Modderfontein’s past activities and current outdoor exercise happenings that are adjacent to the site (this will be delved into later). It is essential to make these activities accessible through the building design. Explosion Dynamite explosions are dispersed through Modderfontein’s history - some resulted in fatalities and scarred earth. However, nature has since become a healing tool - growing and mending the earth. I wish for nature to be used as a design tool in helping to heal drug addiction. Just as underlying psychological conditions must be decomposed in order to rehabilitate people, decomposing what caused the damage to the land is necessary to understand in order to appreciate the process fully through which nature has now healed. Education An educational drug programme is needed in my building to both destigmatise drug rehabilitation and to educate surrounding communities about drugs. Modderfontein’s historical communities show clear efforts to better their education systems (as seen in the timeline). Nature Reserve Modderfontein’s Conservation Park area began as a hunting ground, yet today, it is protected. Its dams were used for fishing, yet today, its water is polluted and fishing (catching and releasing) can only occur in Dam 3. This ecologically protected area calls for water (dams) to be healed. Delving into the history of the dams will allow for better implementation decisions. I aim to integrate water sustainability into my design to rehabilitate the site. 58 59 Chemical Re-composition Braamfontein railway blast: Ten trucks carrying 3 000 containers of Modderfontein gelignite exploded. This resulted in a completely destroyed area in Newtown and a portion of Vrededorp. About 130 people were killed (including children) and 300 suffered wounds. Only 78 bodies were retrieved. Inspectors could never find the explosion’s cause. However, this incident heightened regulations in Modderfontein and proved to be the main factor in reducing accidents. Management decomposed the problem to re-compose a solution. 1880 1880s 1890s 1886 1887 1896 Executive of South Africa’s European Central Bank sought to prevent the arming of black individuals. This provoked President Paul Kruger to establish the ‘dynamite concession’. Therefore, manufacturing and selling gunpowder was controlled by the government whereby agents had to be granted the right to trade explosives. The Church offered religious education to the community through Sunday schools. Secular studies took place at the Modderfontein Nursery School. Modderfontein Dynamite Company known as Zuid Afrikaansche Maatskappy van Ontplofbare Stoffen. Randfontein Modderfontein Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa 0 20km Main Reef Road Springs Pr et or ia R oa d There was a need for explosives for deep-level mining of gold in the Witwatersrand. Therefore, Modderfontein was established and became home to the first dynamite factory (Modderfontein Reserve, 2021). Fig. 4.3 Modderfontein Location (Author, 2022, adapted from Behrens, 1999) Fig. 4.4 Eucalyptus Tree (Author, 2022) The northern portion of today’s Modderfontein Nature Reserve was used for hunting. At the time, there was a large population of fauna. Sir Alfred Beit was the owner of this portion of land and planted thickets of eucalyptus. He made the decision to plant invasive trees. The first Modderfontein school opened which assisted one hundred students. The formal facility mainly catered to children from surrounding farming communities and those of the dynamite factory staff. 1902 1907 Greenburg (a teacher) began to tutor Modderfontein’s children. Previously, children were educated in their homes by their parents. The Modderfontein school closed during South Africa’s War and reopened in 1902. An explosion in Factory 3 killed fifteen factory laborers. Three Italian women were killed while wrapping dynamite in waxed paper. Additionally, five black employees were killed in a nitro-glycerine fabrication building. 1904 Scottish immigrant workers introduced soccer as a leading game in Modderfontein, forming a team that represented the dynamite company as ‘Dynamite Thistle’. It is thought that one of these Scottish immigrants played an important role in creating the Caledonian Soccer Club named ‘Germiston Callies’. This led to the creation of green soccer, rugby and cricket fields that are still used today. 1906 Sir Alfred Beit died and bestowed the estate to the Transvaal group for the creation of the University of the Witwatersrand. However, this intention was not realised. Instead, the university used the estate to research grasses and agriculture. People were learning from Modderfontein - another aspect of education in Modderfontein’s past. 1900s 1897 1898 The invasive trees were also planted as a form of plot division with the result that man invaded the natural bushveld with alien trees (Behrens, 1999). Fig. 4.5 1896 Braamfontein Explosion (Author, 2022, edited from SAR Publicity and Travel Department, 2017) Fig. 4.6 Modderfontein Tree Plots (Author, 2022, edited from Behrens, 1999) 60 61 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 4 | Contextual Analysis 1949 Black Modderfontein Dynamite Factory employees formed many soccer teams and were given a second soccer field (with viewer seating) next to the workers’ compound. The company bought farmland adjacent to Frankenwaldt. Factory security measures were taken which resulted in restricted hunting in the area. However, fishing was permitted at Dam 1 and water activities were allowed at Dams 1 and 3. This starts to hint at conservation measures. Part of Dam 3 warden’s area was transformed into storage for marine vehicles and sporting gear. A floating dock was also set up. This would not be possible today as Dam 3 is polluted (Edenvale RiverWatch, n.d.). Perhaps water control points can allow the dam’s water to be used through the building. The dynamite company purchased part of Beit’s Frankenwaldt Estate from the University of the Witwatersrand to build Dams 4 and 5. These dams are now surrounded by a hiking trail. In 1911, Lightning struck the nitro-glycerine wash building. The building exploded, causing five deaths. In 1912, two field streetcars, holding explosives, blew up and caused six fatalities. A fire triggered an explosion which ruined a timber loading building in Factory 1. This caused the continual explosion of fifteen packaging buildings. No one was hurt. 1923-1930: Explosions of dynamite packaging machines together killed fifteen people. Modderfontein and Frankenwaldt developed into the hub of scouting pursuits. Historically, Modderfontein offered man the opportunity to connect with nature. I would like my building users to do the same. 1910s 1930s 1940s 1915 1930 Johannesburg Erurhuleni Kelvin Illiondale Wetland Modderfontein Golf Course Modderfontein Estate Modderfontein Reserve Sebenza Jukskei River Dam 3 Water Flow Direction Fig. 4.7 Modderfontein Water Catchment Map (Author, 2022, adapted from Edenvale RiverWatch, n.d.) Modderfontein Dynamite Company renamed to AECI Limited. Fourth Modderfontein Dynamite Company dynamite explosion since 1974 (accidental): Ten people were killed in the explosion while twenty-eight were injured. The explosion was heard eleven kilometres away in Johannesburg (The New York Times, 1978). 1969 Modderfontein Dynamite Company renamed to African Explosives Limited (AEL). Nobel Primary School opened by the Director of Education. The Union Defence Force strengthened security by suspending public access to Dam 3 and, consequently, leisure amenities were also prohibited for general use. AEL became a Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) business. This made AEL the initial black lucrative provider of explosives, introducing systems and exploding services in South Africa. This is an attempt at starting to rehabilitate the past. AECI purchased 40% of its shares back from Anglo American. The Modderfontein Conservation Park incorporates and surrounds Dams 3, 4 and 5, the dam warden’s house, Dam 4’s flood relief channel and a cluster of 1991 construction. This cluster was an ecological education centre and business function venue. However, since 2009, it has been rented as a spa. The park has a variety of flora (such as forests and wetlands) and fauna (such as birds and game). The Modderfontein Conservation Society conducts regular visits. 1960s 1970s 1990s 2000s Today Fig. 4.9 Flood Relief Channel (Author, 2022) (Note: All timeline information from Bossman, 2010 unless stated otherwise). Fig. 4.8 Nobel Primary School Logo (Author, 2022, adapted from Hovden Stephenson, 2014) 62 63 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 4 | Contextual Analysis 1911 1936 1960 1976 2004 2001 1978 1998 The site context is a greenfield in Modderfontein near Taroko Farm and the Modderfontein Reserve. It lies between Kempton Park, Sandton and Waterfall, as well as the densely populated areas of Alexandra and Tembisa. I would like my building to cater to a range of diverse communities from these areas. My site is located next to the Modderfontein Reserve, close to the N3 highway and adjacent to a potential Marlboro Drive extending road that could connect Allendale Road and Marlboro Drive. Marlboro Drive would need to be extended which is in M&T Development’s Masterplan (M&T Development, 2022). However, it will only be built once its adjacent structures are in the process of construction (M&T Development, 2022). In this way, the drug rehabilitation centre can be easily accessible from Tembisa and Alexandra, as well as Sandton, Waterfall and Kempton Park. OPSs need to be easily accessible and Fig. 4.10 Site Location (Author, 2022, extracted from Google Maps, 2022) Location from an accessibility standpoint, this site is suitable. Moreover, the site is embedded in the green, construction-bare landscape and creates a sense of discretion which is relevant for the programme. This does not limit the building to a plot, allowing for a somewhat larger threshold between the streets’ edges and the building’s envelope. However, surrounding buildings will be constructed in future. Therefore, the building must be designed in order to allow a sense of discretion around the drug rehabilitation area, despite its surrounding context of continual urban development. Alexandra Marlb oro Drive 3km M1 N3 0km Waterfall Allendale Road 3km 0km R25 Thembisa Kempton Park Modderfontein Site 64 65 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 4 | Contextual Analysis Hiking/Fishing/Cycling Parks / Recreation Schools Hospitals Mental Health Facilities Community Centres Allendale Road Marlb oro Drive Contextual Boundary M1 N3 AEL Mining Services Site Transaction Area (Sold to Zendai by AECI) Boundaries AECI Fig. 4.11 Ownership (Author, 2022, extracted from Reboredo, 2021) Fig. 4.12 Facilities (Author, 2022, extracted from Google Maps, 2022) Mapping Secondary Roads Highways Main Roads Minimal Maximal Destination RoadsLiminal Roads Medium around contextual boundary and less within contextual boundary Fig. 4.13 Transport (Author, 2022, extracted from Google Maps, 2022) Fig. 4.14 Pedestrian Movement (Author, 2022, extracted from Google Maps, 2022) 66 67 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 4 | Contextual Analysis Site Fig. 4.15 Site Documented Experience (Author, 2022, map extracted from Google Maps, 2022) Route Modderfontein Reserve Taroko Farm Hiking A C C: Hiking I: Signage D: View of Site G F H I E A - New Developments in Modderfontein B B Site F (Previous) Dynamite Storage Unit Surface Material Decomposition Adjacent Site Community Use and Braai Area Adjacent Site Community Use Embedded in Nature Function Venue D G H: Signage E: Hiking 68 69 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 4 | Contextual Analysis Fig. 4.16 Chemically Polluted Dams (Author, 2022, map extracted from Google Maps, 2022) Dam Pollution Direction Site Site Scale: Landscape [Industry Versus Nature] The thread that ties the Modderfontein site to the drug rehabilitation building includes evocations of chemicals and healing through growth - in which there is an interesting tension between the natural and unnatural. Chemicals are evident in Modderfontein’s history as it was founded on the need for explosives (Modderfontein Reserve, 2021). Chemicals were also evident in the resulting dynamite explosions (scars) and are seen in the industrial typology (Figure 4.19). The industry is contrasted with the wildlife protection zones of the Modderfontein Reserve that lies in the greenfield. There is an impact of the industrial process on Modderfontein’s landscape which has scarred and decomposed the land by polluting its streams and dams (Edenvale RiverWatch, n.d.). Residential construction in Illiondale and industrial pollutants of Sebenza have intruded into wetlands and flood plains. This polluted water flows through the Modderfontein Golf Course, Modderfontein Estate and Modderfontein Reserve respectively. Various metro divisions have attempted to better this water pollution, flooding, and erosion issues. However, projects have either halted or failed. The polluted water has caused a decline in various fauna species in Illiondale, Sebenza and Isandovale waters (Edenvale RiverWatch, n.d.). The rehabilitative water element in my building (water control points) will transport cleaned dam water into the building – as previously mentioned. Fig. 4.17 ‘Unsafe Water’ Sign at Modderfontein Reserve (Author, 2022) 70 71 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 4 | Contextual Analysis Residential Industrial Modderfontein Trails Start Grebe Dam Taroko Farm Jackal Trail Reedbuck Trail Access Point Blue Crane Dam Bird Hide Fish Eagle Dam Cycling Otter Trail Zebra Trail Dabchick Trail Guinea Fowl Trail The yellow areas are residential buildings and housing developments that are under construction (Figure 4.19). I noticed many development billboards when I was travelling to this area which surrounds the greenery. Some buildings such as schools and shopping centres are in a masterplan for the area. This masterplan should have sustainable water and land network guidelines given the state of the site (and the world). No matter how sustainable my building is, it cannot alone heal Modderfontein. The masterplan and existing buildings need to be involved in order to form a solution. There is friction between the natural reserve and the unnatural surroundings that already exist and those still planned for future construction. A blend of the natural and unnatural could be incorporated through my building, and hopefully then also implemented into other surrounding construction projects. Taroko Farm is part of the Modderfontein Reserve. It is a beautiful green space that has the ‘Fourways Farmers’ Market’, hiking, fishing, and a nursery (Modderfontein Reserve, 2021). It is as if the greenery has healed the scarred landscape after the damaging explosives past. I have planned for the drug rehabilitation centre’s exercise and natural programmes to work in conjunction with Taroko Farm. Exercise is an important aspect of drug rehabilitation. Additionally, including green spaces aligns with Florence Nightingale’s writing and therapeutic architectural approaches for this rehabilitation centre. These ideas allude to the site as a rehabilitative tool for both the scarred landscape and for individual addicts. Fig. 4.18 Taroko Farm and Modderfontein Hiking and Cycling Trail Map (Author, 2022, adapted from Modderfontein Reserve, n.d.) Fig. 4.19 Typology Map (Author, 2022, adapted from Google Maps, 2022) 72 73 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 4 | Contextual Analysis Trees are an additional site- scaled aspect that requires rehabilitation. Historically, the trees in Modderfontein were planted for social order, creating green points in a brown-yellow veld environment (Behrens, 1999). The trees planted were exotic - tampering with the site’s identity (Modderfontein Reserve, 2021). Modderfontein Reserve is a private wildlife park overseen by Endangered Wildlife Trust. A large amount of time and money has been devoted to the restoration and removal of alien plants. Now, the area contains various grasslands, wetlands and rocky outcrop features (Modderfontein Reserve, 2021; Edenvale RiverWatch, n.d). I plan to include nature in my building and provide landscape features. It will be necessary to ensure these plants are indigenous so that the landscape of flora rehabilitates the land. In the aerial map illustration from 1938, one can see how the aforementioned trees start as an evident feature throughout the area. Some of these trees are removed over time in the Modderfontein Reserve area. Perhaps alien trees are being removed or areas cleared to create space for outdoor activities, such as hiking. There is also a clear growth in urbanisation in 2002. The constructed dams are juxtaposed with the natural water experience which they seemingly provide, much like the juxtaposition of the rural feeling of the immediate site against its neighbouring industrial surrounds. It will be interesting to tussle between these ideas of the urban versus the ecological landscape in my building. Fig. 4.20 Maps Through Time (Author, 2022, adapted from Tom Tom et al., 2022) 1938 2022 Flora History Key: Flora Dams Roads Buildings 74 75 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 4 | Contextual Analysis Dombeya Rotundifolia Acacia Robusta Leucosidea Sericea Celtis Africana Combretum Erythrophyllum Searsia Lancea Acacia Caffra Buddleja Saligna Olea Europaea (Africana) Dodonea Angustifolia Tarchonanthus Camphoratus Ethretia Rigida Buddleja Auriculata Rhus Searsia Pyroides Portulacaria Afra Rhamnus Prinoides Buddleja Salviifolia Rhus Leptodictya Fig. 4.21 Indigenous Flora in Modderfontein Plant Program (Author, 2022, extracted from PlantNation, 2020) 76 77 Chemical Re-composition Chapter 4 | Contextual Analysis Fig. 4.23 Fragmented Surrounding Community Map Stitched Together Through the Intervention (Author, 2022, map extracted from Google Maps, 2022) Fig. 4.22 Surrounding Community Map (Author, 2022, map extracted from Google Maps, 2022) Large Scale: Urban Developmental History On a large scale, Johannesburg has inter-fragmented communities in its urban settlements and people. The fragmented areas are a result of Apartheid planning, economic boundaries, and the creation of gated communities versus townships as class continues to be a faultline of division. Waterfall City Sandton Alexandra Modderfontein White Indian or Asian Coloured Kempton Park ThembisaIvory Park Fig. 4.24 Pre-1994 Delegated Residential Areas (Author, 2022, adapted from Machard and McKay, 2015) Mapping Figure 4.24 aimed to gain an insight into the Apartheid city, segregation, and the historical development of Alexandra, Tembisa, Kempton Park and Sandton. There is a clear history of segregation and exclusion in Modderfontein’s surrounding communities. Areas were delegated according to racial classification during Apartheid. This racial delegation has had