307 9. APPENDICES 9.1. Sample data collection sheets: networks for collaborative action, Nairobi Institutions? Details What Does It Do? Kabiro Human Development Project Gitanga Road, Kawangware, P.O. Box 55454, Nairobi, Kenya Tel 254-565162 / 561777 Cell: 254 ? 0722 - 972584 Programme Director, Julius Muli Date 30th March 2004 Category NGO / CBO Whole Community Development Activities range from: Housing; Education; Health; Job creation and vocational training; Sanitation, infrastructure & Services; Youth Activities; Women Activities to Outreach. Resources What Contacts Were Used to Acquire Them? Land Land was initially rented from Mr. Kabiro, who allowed only construction of mud and wattle structures, for construction of three rooms, 1 for self-occupation and two for rental; Ox-Farm, an international NGO gave the community a grant to buy the initial two acres; Ministry of Land & Settlements and Volunteer lawyers did the survey and the titling process respectively; Members also buy land then subdivide through the other CBOs which are part of Kabiro; Rents 10 acres for urban agriculture Finance Through own commercial activities, e.g. farming (for export), carpentry and consultancy Through own saving schemes, e.g. the women?s ROSCAs Through lobbying for employment of their members in the formal sector, e.g. Firestone Kenya Ltd, which employed 100 members Through Government of Kenya subcontracts for community development & initiatives from various ministries, From international donors, from Australia, Switzerland, Italy, and the U.K. From international NGOs, e.g. USAID (1980 ? 1997) Labour There is a lot of self-labour in construction, relating to the activities of the youth and women groups, but external labour is still used mainly because it?s cheap in house construction. Infrastructure development relies on paid labour from the members of Kabiro. Materials & Technology Women Group made bricks for own use and sale; but stopped because of cheaper options along Gitanga Road; Has worked with the University of Nairobi?s Housing Research Development Unit (HRDU) Infrastructure & Services Collaboration with government departments, e.g. Ministry of Health and the local authority, i.e. Nairobi City Council, Collaboration with international NGOs, e.g. ILO ? ASSIST, and technical support from Switzerland, which was useful in making the access road Labour was mainly from the members of Kabiro 308 Relationships with other actors and agents towards resource acquisition International Organisations Kabiro is linked with several international NGOs, through the various national governments of Switzerland, Australia, Italy, and the U.K. It is linked also with several international NGOs, e.g. the USAID & Ox- Farm. It is noted that several international donors introduced Kabiro to other donors, mainly because of their performance. Local Organisations Locally Kabiro has been working in collaboration with several Government of Kenya Ministries, e.g. the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Culture and Social Services, Ministry of Education, the Nairobi City Council and Office of the President, through the Provincial Administration. It has also worked with such departments as the National Council for Population and Development They have been trainers for District Development Committees, and Local Development Committees and have helped organized rice farmers, for the Government of Kenya. Individuals It is linked with the community through a network of ROSCAS and CBOs, which are organized and managed by a board of Trustees. The groups include Kabiro Health, Kabiro Youth, Kabiro Education, Kabiro Women and Kabiro Community Development. Other Organisations Contributing Resources Towards Self-help Housing in the Settlement Attach Any Physical Documentation Here There re several other CBOs, e.g. Mukamaka, KADO, Plan Kenya, Kamae, etc. which deal with aspects of housing development. Impact / Achievements in the Settlement Kabiro?s greatest impact has been in community organization and broader development, social, economic & institutional; They have helped in development of infrastructure and services, and most importantly, social amenities; it has helped in water provision and sanitation in the slum and improvement of environmental health; they are active in job creation and vocational training; they helped some 48 of their members acquire and develop plots, and have contributed to food security amongst its membership and the larger Kawangware. Quality of local access road 309 Initial Sketch of the General Housing Network Initial Comments on the Network (General Characteristics, including TIME) Thickness (V); Value (H); Direction (V); Walk (S); Centrality (Av.); Betweenness (Av.); In- degree (Me); Out-degree (Me); Component strength (H); Cliques (Ma); Structural positions (Ma); Isolated trees (F), etc. A network with many centres, dealing with various resources, including information and finance; Kabiro Human Development Secretariat has a relatively high centrality; & high level of international, national & local connectivity, with semi autonomous CBOs and ROSCAs; It has a high level of in-degree and out-dgree, with continuous walks, short paths, strong valued links, and relatively high institutional thickness; Replication of this network is desirable; but there are very few other networks of this calibre in Kawangware, Local extension of the network through CBOs and NGOs, focuses on broad community development including helping members access land, housing and finance, This networks has been established through a long time and signs of its success is not merely limited to the physical structures, but a very cohesive community. A well-established network. HIGH COMMISSION AUSTRALIAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN KABIRO SWISS EMBASSY ITALIAN EMBASSY HIGH COMMISSION BRITISH USAID ILO- ASSIST GOVT OF KENYA MIN of HEALTH MIN of EDUCATION MIN of CULTURE & S/S MIN of O / PRESIDENT MIN of LOCAL GOV NCC MIN of LANDS SURVEYORS CHIEF NYAMBISA COUNC. FOR POP & DEVT EUROPEAN CONTACTS IN MARKETS KABIRO HEALTH KABIRO YOUTH KABIRO WOMEN KABIRO EDUCATION LOCAL COMM MEMBERS LOCAL COMM MEMBERS MEMBERS COMM LOCAL MEMBERS LOCAL COMM COMM INT. MEMBERS MEMBERS COMM INT. NATIONAL 310 Additional Information (Text) -Started as a CBO in 1979; -Developed a communal vision after research and consultation; -Then there were only two schools and one private health centre & -There was no clean water, sanitation or any infrastructure in the place. -Kabiro have developed education institution from nursery school, through primary school to secondary school and vocational training institute that offers courses in computer studies amongst others. -It is registered as CBO / a Trust and a Society. -A board of trustees drawn from the community manages it. -It?s runs community development workshops for their community and for others locally and internationally, e.g. in Tanzania and Zambia. Additional Information (Images) Codes L = Low; Me= Medium; H = High; V = Various; N = Not Applicable.; F = Few; Ma = Many; S = Short; Lo = Long Av. = Average 311 Institutions? Details What Does It Do? K-Rep Development Agency C/o Head Office, Naivasha Road, P.O. Box 25363, 00603, Nairobi, Tel. 254-02-573141/48/74/571511 Fax 254-02-573178 E-mail: registry@k-repbank.com Contact: Mr. Banda, MD. & Pauline Kagure, Kawangware Community Office Date 5th April 2004 Category NGO / CBO /Micro- Finance Bank Micro-finance bank that works specifically with the poor It provides loans facilitates savings, provide financial and banking services to the low income, to help them organize their finances and expand their business It also provides funding towards housing for the low income And supports the ?jua kali? sector in Kenya. Resources What Contacts Were Used to Acquire Them? Land None Finance - Access finance through an international group of shareholders, and through its 3 organs, namely K-Rep Bank, K-Rep Advisory, K- Rep Development Agency. - The network of shareholders include: K-Rep Group; KWA Multipurpose cooperative; International Finance Corporation (member of the World Bank Group); the African Development Bank; Triodos Bank; Shore Bank Corporation & Finance For Development (the Netherlands) - Gives wholesale loans to SACCOs & Registered Associations, for onward lending to members (AJIRI) - Short Term loans for Self-help Groups (JUHUDI) - Short term loans for business people and small groups of up to 5 persons - Consumer loans to salaried people - Retail credit facilities, etc. Labour None Materials & Technology None Infrastructure & Services None Others 312 Relationships with other actors and agents towards resource acquisition International Organisations K-Rep is a networked organization internationally International Finance Corporation (IFC), Washington ? helping private companies in the developing world to mobiles finance from international financial markets African Development Bank ? to combat poverty and improve lives + mobilize resources towards economic and social progress Triodos Bank (The Netherlands), invest in enterprises that add social value, e.g. Aceda Bank, K-Rep (Kenya; KMB (Russia); Banko Salvadoria (Ecuador); Akiba Commercial Bank (Tanzania) Shore Bank (US) funds local entrepreneurship in Africa, Asia, and the USSR, micro-lending Nederlands Financienngs Maatschwappingj Voor Ontwinkkelingslanded NV Or (FMO), ordinary bank which funds companies which need external funding to grow; operates in 71 countries. Local Organisations K-Rep is linked to small business; small groups, associations, organizations, ROSCAs, cooperatives, NGOs, CBOs, etc. Individuals K-Rep is linked with individuals through different organizations or directly through the community banking facilities, e.g. in Kawangware Other Organisations Contributing Resources Towards Self-help Housing in the Settlement Attach Any Physical Documentation Here Impact / Achievements in the Settlement K-Rep has had a great impact in Kawangware. It has impacted both organizations, and individuals through financing housing development and improvements amongst others. An interviewee Olive Wanjira, had been in a position to develop 15 rental units, including the ones in the adjacent picture; another interviewee, Fatuma Noor has developed a very good quality three bedroom house with loans from K-Rep; another interviewee, Gladys Njeri, of Noun Group has developed a petrol station in Kawangware with funding from K-Rep; Kawandago Women Group had developed an hotel in the settlement; Mr. Macharia runs a real estate business with funds from K-Rep, etc. 313 Initial Sketch of the General Housing Network Initial Comments on the Network (General Characteristics, including TIME) Thickness (V); Value (H); Direction (V); Walk (S); Centrality (H); Betweenness (Av.); In-degree (Me); Out-degree (Me); Component strength (H); Cliques (Ma); Structural positions (Ma); Isolated trees (Ma), etc. An extremely dense financial network, both internationally and locally. There is both national and local centrality, it has many unique cliques representing many different interest groups at local level; the structural positions are various representing a much wider range of the participants; the government and its different departments serve only a regulatory role; it doesn?t have a high level of betweenness, because of K-Rep?s own local structures, which have replaced the role of social entrepreneurs; there is a balance between in-degree and out degree, manifested in multi-directionally of flows of finances and profits; again the K-Rep group has created intermediary structures that have resulted in brief walks limited delays due to bureaucracy GOVT OF KENYA MIN of CULTURE & S/S ACLEDA BANK BANK TRIODOS NETHERLANDS KMB (RUSSIA) SOLIDARIA EQUADOR BANCO AKIBA TANZANIA BANK USA SHORE FMO (THE NETHERLANDS) K-REP FINANCE FINANCE INT CORPORATION ADB K-REP ADVISORY AGENCY K-REP DEVT SALARIED PEOPLEBUSINESSPEOPLE 5-10 ROSCAs REG. ASSOC. MIN of CULTURE & S/S KWA COOP MIN of COOP SACCOs 314 Additional Information (Text) Additional Information (Images) Codes L = Low; Me= Medium; H = High; V = Various; N = Not Applicable.; F = Few; Ma = Many; S = Short; Lo = Long Av. = Average 315 Institutions? Details What Does It Do? WAC ? Welfare Advisory Committee Holy Cross Catholic Church, Dandora Phase 3, P.O. Box 58078, Nairobi, Kenya Tel 254-0721-436-213 Programme Director, Mathew Kibe Housing Officer, John Ngugi. Date 23rd March 2004 Category NGO / CBO Catholic Church Based NGO, that supports: Community Organisation; Savings; Housing Programme & Small Scale Businesses. It does this through a network of local ROSCAS & CBOs, and through local and international networks of other support organizations. Resources What Contacts Were Used to Acquire Them? Land -Deals mainly with individuals who had acquired land through the World Bank supported Dandora Housing and Community Development Programme in 1970s. Finance -Initially supported by Canadian Friends of the Catholic Church In 1987 the Ford Foundation gave WAC a grant They have also received financial from ILO-ASSIST and the larger catholic church internationally. WAC is linked locally and internationally to the K-Rep Micro- Finance, banks and NGOs. Labour -Labour is individual beneficiaries concern. This tends to happen through local labourers, who are relatively skilled and affordable. Of the beneficiaries of WAC visited there was none who was employing self-labour, save for minor details such as fixing of glass in the windows, or external paving. Materials & Technology -The range of technology employed by the beneficiaries is relatively uniform, and WAC is not involved actively in this. It is taken for granted that the technology to be used is the same. Infrastructure & Services -Beneficiaries of WAC loans are individuals who were allocated serviced sites, by the NCC. Thus no additional requirements save for actual technical connection is required in this regard. 316 Relationships with other actors and agents towards resource acquisition International Organisations -Internationally WAC has developed linkages with Hanna Nassif Development in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, which deals with slum upgrading, supported by international donors Local Organisations -Locally the WAC is linked to several other church organizations, e.g. the Wider Catholic Church, Kawangware Church, Presbyterian Church of East Africa, and the National Council of Churches of Kenya, (NCCK), etc. -It has a relationship with the government mainly through the Nairobi City Council, Housing and Community Development Department, situated in Dandora 1. -It also has a relationship with several local NGOs, e.g. Improve Your Business (Small Scale Business); K-Pride (Micro-finance NGO); Federation of Kenyan Employers, Provide International; Undugu Society of Kenya, KWFT, KSSFA, Faulu Kenya, St. John?s Community Centre (Catholic church supported centre that deals with low cost housing technologies and community development amongst others); K-Map (NGO), Action Aid, Freedom from hunger, KICK, Bahati Social Centre, Imani (a church supported CBO), SAMMED, Improve Your Business, Kenya Small Scale Traders Individuals It is linked with the community through a network of ROSCAS and CBOs, which are organized and managed by WAC. Other Organisations Contributing Resources Towards Self-help Housing in the Settlement Attach Any Physical Documentation Here Housing and Community Development Department seems to have been considered a central player; but generally Dwindling input from international financiers General weak CBO interventions Impact / Achievements in the Settlement WAC has managed to give a number of poor recipients of Dandora plots financial assistance to develop their plots & they have also been useful in helping people organize themselves into CBOs to help meet a lot of financial obligations, especially payment of council rates. They have provided meaningful infrastructure to organize ROSCAs & CBOs. 317 Initial Sketch of the General Housing Network Initial Comments on the Network (General Characteristics, including TIME) Thickness (V); Value (H); Direction (V); Walk (S); Centrality (H); Betweenness (L); In- degree (H); Out-degree (H); Component strength (V); Cliques (F); Structural positions (V); Isolated trees (F), etc. A centralized network of information and finance; Centrality here shows importance; WAC shows high local centrality, & high level of local connectivity, but which is not exploitative; Replication of this network is desirable; but there are very few other networks of this calibre in Dandora; Local extension of the network through CBOs and NGOs but seems to be motivated by financial issues rather than community development. The time for delivery is slow, but the quality of houses built is relatively fine; A well established network. WB ILO-ASSIST GoK OF CHURCH CANADIAN FRIENDS FOUNDATION FORD HANNA NASSIF K-REP FKE UNDUGU K-MAP HUNGER FROM FREEDOM BUSINESS NCCK CBO YOUR IMPROVE ROSCAS CHURCH CATHOLIC DANDORA PCEA TRADERS SMALL KENYA K-PRIDE INT. PROVIDE FAULU ACTION AID KICK KISS FAKWFT ST JOHN'S COMM. CENTRE BAHATI SOC. CENTRE IMANI SAMMED INDIV INDIV INDIV INDIV INDIV INDIV INDIV CBOCBO NCC-HDD WAC 318 Additional Information (Text) WAC was started by the Holy Cross Catholic Church fathers, initially as an informal organization to help the poor recipients of the site and service scheme develop their plots. It was later formalized into an NGO and a CBO to cope with the demand. It still deals essentially with the initial allottees of the World Bank supported Dandora, site and service scheme. It then started getting more funds and could then allocate higher loans. They initially started off by giving loans of about Kshs 3 000.00 in the late 1970s. WAC now has an infrastructure that enable the community organize into small ROSCAs towards securing building loans. It has since grown into an internationally supported NGO. Note: it is a non- denominational development CBO. Additional Information (Images) Codes L = Low; Me= Medium; H = High; V = Various; N = Not Applicable.; F = Few; Ma = Many; S = Short; Lo = Long 319 Institutions? Details What Does It Do? Community Development Section Housing and Community Development Department, Nairobi City Council, Dandora. Nairobi Mr. Ndirangu, Assistant Director, Date Ist April 2004 Category Govt Department It was established in 1983 Community Based Nairobi City Council department It deals with architectural, technical and planning issues in Dandora, Umoja 1 & 2, Mathare North, and Kayole 1 ? 6. It also deals with land surveys in the same localities It receives plot rents and land rates on behalf of the NCC It interviews plot allottees on the Site and Service sections of Dandora, Kayole and Umoja. Resources What Contacts Were Used to Acquire Them? Land Government bought the land where the Site and Service schemes in Dandora, Umoja and Kayole were built. Some of the initial funding came from the World Bank. HDD deals only with land that has been surveyed, titled and provided with services and infrastructure. They are not involved in the areas where the NCC has not provided services. All the individuals they allocate land must pay both the land rates and pay for the land as the schemes they are involved in are still based on full cost recovery. HDD also deals with land transfers and inheritance issues in their areas of jurisdiction. Finance HDD was initially set up with funding from the WB and the government of Kenya. Was intended to be a temporary department helping only implement the initial phases of the Site and Services scheme as it was observed that the NCC did not have the capacity to deal with the specific requirements of the SS + core housing scheme. The scheme ran out of funds to loan allottees. Some poor allottees sold out, but many still keep their plots. Community initially organized into ROSCAs. These became weak as Dandora was ?a community of strangers? Labour Labour is individual beneficiaries concern. This tends to happen through local labourers, who are relatively skilled and affordable. Of the beneficiaries of WAC visited there was none who was employing self-labour, save for minor details such as fixing of glass in the windows, or external paving. Community was also organized into building groups. The only cases that were successful were some 5 mutual help groups in the Kayole area. Materials & Technology Material loans were given out in Umoja and Dandora HDD develops plans and drawings for the area for a fee. They are also involved in plan approvals. However several powerful individuals build without consulting them. In Kayole 2 storey construction was allowed. In Dandora it was meant to be one level, initially HDD helped develop 2 rooms & toilet, but now six storey developments and beyond are not uncommon. Infrastructure & Services The area of operation of HDD has infrastructure and services installed by a loan from the World bank in the 1980s. But it?s clear that these need management and extension, given the explosion of construction activities way above the capacity of infrastructure and services initially planned for. Relationships with other actors and agents towards resource acquisition International Organisations HDD was initially funded by the Kenyan government through a World Bank loan. They did not have many international links save now where they are meant to be implementing a slum-upgrading scheme in the Kibera area supported by the UNCHS-Habitat. They are aware of international and local NGOs in the are, but their observation is that in Kenya, NGOs and government give each other space, thus HDD doesn?t seem to have a say in the operations of these NGOs. 320 Local Organisations Locally they are related with several organizations and individuals mainly because of their regulatory role. They supply house plans to those who are not able to access them from the professionals and are involved in development approvals. They are aware of the operations of local chiefs, councillors, members of parliament and Dos who are involved in land allocations and some sort of laissez faire development control, but have decided to draw boundaries of their operations such that the two parties don?t interact. Individuals They seem to be undermined by individuals who through relationships with ?powerful individuals? in the government or local authority build without their permission. They seem to have given up on their role relating to development control because of that. The officers who were there before were also purported to be corrupt, further undermining the efficacy of the department. They are aware of other organisations helping people build in the settlement, e.g. the catholic church, but they don?t have any formal or informal relationships. Their large workforce, initially of 589 also developed a lot of informal linkages, which further undermined the efficacy of the Department as a development control institution. Other Organisations Contributing Resources Towards Self-help Housing in the Settlement Attach Any Physical Documentation Here HDD is aware of activities of NGOs, CBOs, the church & individuals, but do not interact with them, as that has been the culture. They recognize and appreciate the new role the UNCHS-Habitat has started playing in the slum areas in the whole country, where they are also involved. Impact / Achievements in the Settlement The achievements of this organization in Dandora and neighbouring areas, given its mandate and the resources they had initially is a bit disappointing. They do not seem to be in control of anything, from plan approvals, development control and community development. There is need to reorganize it so that it could be more effective. The new officers in the department seem to be caught between old practices associated with ubiquitous corruption during the Moi?s presidency and the changes the new NARC government are trying to implement. 321 Initial Sketch of the General Housing Network Initial Comments on the Network (General Characteristics, including TIME) Thickness (L); Value (L); Direction (N); Walk (S); Centrality (L); Betweenness (L); In- degree (H); Out-degree (L); Component strength (W); Cliques (N); Structural positions (N); Isolated trees (F), etc. WB GoK CBO ROSCAS KICK INDIV INDIV INDIV INDIV INDIV INDIV INDIV CBOCBO NCC-HDD INT. NGO INT. NGO INT. NGO INT. NGO INT. NGO LOCAL NGO LOCAL NGO LOCAL NGOLOCAL NGO CBOsCBOsCBOs CHURCHESCHURCHES CHURCHES CHURCHES CHURCHES CHURCHES INDIV INDIV INDIVINDIV INDIV INDIV POLITICIANS POWERFUL INDIV. DOs CHIEF CHIEF INDIV INDIV INDIV INDIV 322 Additional Information (Text) The HDD does not operate in any of the informal sections of Dandora without infrastructure and services, which is a pity, because it would be very difficult to upgrade these in the future as no form of planning happens in these areas at all. Additional Information (Images) Typical Developments in Umoja Housing & Community Development Department Offices, Dandora. Codes L = Low; Me= Medium; H = High; V = Various; N = Not Applicable.; F = Few; Ma = Many; S = Short; Lo = Long W = Weak 323 9.2. Sample data collection sheets: networks for collaborative action, Johannesburg Institutions? Details What Does It Do? Masisizane Women?s Cooperative, Ivory Park, Johannesburg. Mobre, 073 ? 200 ? 8777. Jotham Moyo, 072 ? 881 ? 6740. Date 15/18th August 2004 Category CBO-Cooperative - Masisizane, started off as a stokvel, in Ward 78 of Ivory Park, in 1999 Led by the late Anna Mofeking -Met every Sunday, and contributed R 20.00 -Built 300 houses through the stokvel -Later became a Community Support Organisation for the People?s Housing Process projects in Ivory Park Have built 260 units by 2004 through PHP. -Have new management: steering committee, which includes the City of Johannesburg Council and provincial officials and the elected leaders. Resources What Contacts Were Used to Acquire Them? Land -Initially the Masisizane used their political clout to ensure no harassment in spite of the fact that they were building single rooms in plots with no titles. -Currently they only build using government subsidy in clearly demarcated plots, whose titles are often in preparation. Finance -Initially community mobilisation and the shack consolidation was realised through individual savings by an association of poor members from the same geographical area. Now they do not save any more. -Only source of finance is government subsidy and NGO support - An NGO COPAC has promised them some assistance. The assistance will be in terms of some undefined personal assistance to the individual leaders. - An earlier sponsor, Rooftops Canada, agreed to offer Masisizane technical assistance, through Planact. Masisizane refused this arguing that Planact?s had conflicting interests as the later was also implementing projects through the PHP. They further argued that in their opinion Planact delivered inadequate (small) products in Vosloorus and Daviton. - Apparently Anna?s (the previous leader) contacts seemed not to have renewed links with the new leadership. This is one of the problems of too much reliance on a champion in a network. Labour -Initially self-build -Now employ local labourers. This is because of drop in membership from 3000-300. Materials & Technology An apparently once off relationship with the Institute for Housing of South Africa earned the group a brick making machine, with a capacity of 1500 bricks per day. -Now they partly buy bricks from Congo, a local enterprise. -They buy pre-cast concrete raft foundations/floor slabs from Profond Contractors at R 5, 600.00 per unit. They find this very costly. -Some technical support from Cuban Architects. Infrastructure & Services - The government is actively involved in provision of services in the informal areas. 324 Relationships with other actors and agents towards resource acquisition International Organisations Local Organisations Individuals Other Organisations Contributing Resources Towards Self-help Housing in the Settlement Attach Any Physical Documentation Here Impact / Achievements in the Settlement - Masisizane delivers a very standard design, mainly a mono-pitch single pitch, 39m2 made of dark concrete bricks, of about 150mm thick (see fig?below). This is left for owners to finish. The quality of delivery is not very different from the capital subsidy houses; although the PHP houses are slightly bigger. - They have a number of unhappy beneficiaries, e.g. Ms ?Dlamini? who had decided to engage a lawyer because of what she considered shoddy workmanship. According to Masisizane leaders, this is partly because of ?unrealistic expectations? of some beneficiaries. - I also met a number of happy beneficiaries. - Most Masisizane members keep their previous shacks or have gone ahead to construct new ones. These rooms bring the much-needed additional income. Besides PHP construction occur in designated sites within a broadly informal area, enabling an infill development. The subsidised government houses do not replace the shacks, but in the contrary results in higher proliferation of the same Lounge Cooking Area Bedroom Bedroom 325 Initial Sketch of the General Housing Network MASISIZANE GAUTENG CITY COOP WELFARE SOCIAL JO'BURG METRO LABOUR DEPT OF RSA HOUSING DEPT OF PHP BENEFICIARYBENEFICIARY LAWYERBENEF RELATIVES NGO PLANACT ROOFTOPS NGO INT. CANADA (BRICKS) CONGO (SLABS) PROFOND MASISIZANE LEADERS NGO COPAK LOCAL LABOUR CM COMMUNITY FRIENDS FRIENDS ANNA MOFOKENG LOCAL & INT. CONTACTS MEMBERS CMCM CMCM BENEF BENEF Initial Comments on the Network (General Characteristics, including TIME) Thickness (V); Value (H); Direction (V); Walk (S); Centrality (Av.); Betweenness (Av.); In-degree (Me); Out-degree (Me); Component strength (H); Cliques (Ma); Structural positions (Ma); Isolated trees (F), etc. -The network is characterised with broken links. It is diminishing. There are weak links with local CBOs and NGOs. The single centrality of the network is because it is small and very localised. The resources flowing through this network have been diminishing and unidirectional. One also sees the weakening of bridges, resulting in loosening linkages. Primary in-flows are now restricted to flows of government subsidies. Outflows are mainly to market, rather than community. They are directed to acquiring materials and labour towards construction of subsidised houses. The situation might change depending on how effective the other proposed activities, e.g. brick manufacturing for sale picks up. There is need to go back to the initial mandate of saving -Currently Masisizane offers limited space for empowerment. There are also weak links amongst the members in spite of the weekly meetings, which are predominantly viewed as means of passing on information to members. There are no connections with international donors and dwindling connection with local NGOs and CBOs. The network has a high in-degree and low out-degree. Its value amongst its members is not very high. It has short walks, in spite of bureaucracy. There is need to strengthen the links in the network, otherwise its potential for delivery will be weakened. As it is currently it is a dependent network that is not viable as a tool for development. 326 Additional Information (Text) Lounge Bedroom Bedroom Cooking Area Additional Information (Images) Codes L = Low; Me= Medium; H = High; V = Various; N = Not Applicable.; F = Few; Ma = Many; S = Short; Lo = Long Av. = Average 327 Institutions? Details What Does It Do? Midrand Eco-City Project Ivory Park Johannesburg Solly Ramakgano, CEO Cell 082-347-2323 Date 14/19th August 2004 Category Trust Resources What Contacts Were Used to Acquire Them? Land -Provincial Department of Agriculture, Conservation, Environment and Land (DACEL) has been involved in supplying seed and different support to the agricultural cooperatives that are part of the Eco-Village. -The CSIR helped plan the Eco-Village in collaboration with the Planning Department of the City of Johannesburg and the community. Finance - The Gauteng Provincial Government has given 29 subsidies to Eco-Village through the PHP programme. - International organisations have also been involved mainly in provision of funding for various Eco-City initiatives. As observed earlier the Danish Government, through DANCED, provided some of the seed funding. TEMM - -- International funded part of the research on the performance of ceilings in the area. UNDP (the United Nations Development Programme) has funded the national solar water heating system that is intended to benefit about 500 households in Ivory Park. Other international initiatives are by IIEC; Afribike, I-ce (the Dutch-based Interface for Cycling Expertise); Earthlife Africa and World Wildlife Fund. Labour - Department of Environmental Affairs, Department of Social Affairs, - Department of Labour, Department of Minerals and Energy, etc. have been involved in different activities ranging from environmental greening, provision of training in construction and management, payment for personnel, financing of solar panels, etc. - Shaft 17, a local NGO has been training youths in construction through the Eco-city initiative. - The Gauteng Tourism authority has been doing training for the local Eco-Village Tour Guides Materials & Technology - The University of the Witwatersrand Research Centre for Employment Creation in Construction, partnered with University of Twente in Holland to train the community members in alternative construction technologies, funded by DFID. The community for different reasons deemed the technologies inappropriate. - Thermal Insulation Association of South Africa, through an initiative bringing together Eskom, Owens Corning South Africa, Sustainable Energy, -Environment and Development Programme (SEED) and Midrand Eco-City, was involved in a study on fuel consumption between houses with and without ceilings in the area. Infrastructure & Services Relationships with other actors and agents towards resource acquisition International Organisations 328 Local Organisations Individuals Other Organisations Contributing Resources Towards Self-help Housing in the Settlement Impact / Achievements in the Settlement Attach Any Physical Documentation Here -Six Eco-City co-operatives, with 70 members -Cr?che and feeding programme. -Construction cooperatives, e.g. Ubuhle Bemvelo Eco women construction. -Residents taught how to install the ceilings. -Tour guide training. - There are awareness-raising workshops. Shaft 17 has trained -100 youths in construction. - 29 houses (September, 2004) through the Provincial Department PHP. - Accessing government subsidies. Some job creation through ceiling installation project, waste recycling, construction & grass planting supported by the local authority. -An incubator of projects - Acts as community center. Pilot perm culture. - Ceinings in 100 units. - 6-kilometre bicycle track. - Alternative construction technologies piloted. - Built a communal washhouse with showers and toilets; composting toilets; rainwater harvesting tanks; grey wastewater recycling 329 Initial Sketch of the General Housing Network SEWING COOP SHAFT 17 SECTION 21 COMPANY SECTION 21 COMPANY INDIV BUILDER INDIV PLUMBER INDIV TILER MIDRAND ECO- CITY COOP DEPT OF ENVIRON. LOCAL MEMBERS COOP RECYCLING AGRICULTUREMETRO JO'BURG CITY TRUST COMPANY SECTION 21 COOP BUILDING MEMBERS LOCAL COMM COOP AGRICULTURE LABOUR DEPT OFSOCIAL EDUCATION INST. WELFARE DEPT OF MIDRAND ECO- RSA GAUTENG RECYCLING COMM LOCAL COMM MEMBERS ITHEKE PRIVATE DEPT OF HOUSING LOCAL NGOs SECTOR LOCAL PHILANTHROPISTS INDIV. DANISH GOVERNMENT DONORS INTERNATIONAL AMANDLA ENERGY EDUCATION COOP MANU BICYLCE TOURISM COOP Initial Comments on the Network (General Characteristics, including TIME) Thickness (V); Value (H); Direction (V); Walk (S); Centrality (Av.); Betweenness (Av.); In- degree (Me); Out- degree (Me); Component strength (H); Cliques (Ma); Structural positions (Ma); Isolated trees (F), etc. -A network with multiple centrality, partly initiated by the need to link together different local organisations. It has evolved from a relatively horizontal network, into a hierarchical one. The horizontal linkages are currently quite weak, because of the structured way in which the government has transformed them. It is relatively bureaucratic and structured, and in a way there is a lot of disempowerment through over reliance on government, and earlier donors for its activities. -The network has relatively brief walks, implying that the bureaucracy is not cumbersome, unfortunately since most of its programmes depend on government housing subsidy. They rely on an external bureaucracy for their operations. This also impacts on its autonomy. The value of links seemed a lot stronger at the local cooperative levels, but hardly existed across the individual cooperatives in spite of the belief of the Eco-City cooperative and managers to the contrary. When the ?bridge? Anne Sagrue left, the linkages were considerably weakened. She has come back in 2005, restoring the links. It exhibits relatively unidirectional flow of resources, with limited outflows to the community. -This network is difficult to replicate, as it does not exploit existing natural linkages in Ivory Park. Besides it is characterised by unidirectional flows especially financial resources. However it is more socio-centric and gives little room for exploitation of individuals. It is well established with a clear mandate towards green agenda. The network has strong local components and very weak global component strength. It has been observed that there does not seem to be a clear relationship between the volume of financial flows to the soft and hard outputs of the network. It is further characterised by many structurally equivalent positions in most of the local components, implying that their benefits to one another is limited. It does not exploit ?found? relationships. 330 Additional Information (Text) -The Eco-City initiative is a partnership amongst various levels of government, NGOs and CBOs, and individuals. It has received a lot of international support. It was started in 1990, by environmental activists led Annie Sagrue. -The focus was alleviation of poverty in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. An environmental NGO, Earthlife Africa offered initial assistance. - A community forum was established, which lobbied the Danish Agency for the Environment and Development (DANCED) for funding. In 1998, these efforts resulted in the Midrand Eco-City Project. - The Midrand Eco-City Trust, a local non-government organisation (NGO) was created for the purpose of promoting change within the community and to drive the Eco-City processes, while the role of the local council was to mainstream these developments through the various council departments. The Eco-City initiative was established in 1999 as a partnership between the trust and council. - The Eco-City initiative received funding of R6 million from foreign donors between 1999-2002 to begin the various initiatives. Within the same period they also received R1.2 million from the City of Johannesburg as core funding. The project received R11 million grant from the Danish government and partnerships have been struck with a range of funding agencies. The World Wildlife Fund and the United Nations Development Programme gave R1.8-million, for solar water heating. The Department of Transport, gave R1-million from the for a bicycle track. An organic agriculture project of 1000 m2 on the site received a grant from the Provincial Department of Agriculture, Conservation, Environment and Land (DACEL). Total South Africa, has funded organic foods garden in Ikageng Women's Group, Rebonwe Primary School and Iqhinisweni High School. The full site has been demarcated and the first phase, which includes four demonstration houses, a communal washhouse and a food garden, was completed last year, with funding from DANCED - the Danish Agency for Environment and Development. Additional Information (Image: from Cedric Nunn, courtesy of City of Johannesburg) Codes L = Low; Me= Medium; H = High; V = Various; N = Not Applicable.; F = Few; Ma = Many; S = Short; Lo = Long Av. = Average 331 9.3. Sample data collection sheets: ?ego-centric networks?, Nairobi Actor / Agent?s Details Physical Structure Agnes Njoki, Kairi?s Brother Self-help Group, Dandora Phase 4, Gitare Marigo Area, P.O. Box 321521, Nairobi, Kenya Date 22nd March 2004 Self-Help Category Unassisted Resources What Contacts Were Used to Acquire Them? Land Individuals are allocated land by the local chief on recommendation of the local councillor, Mr Kiongo and area member of parliament, Mr. David Mwenje. This particular member bought from one of the allottees through a network of other group members. They do not have any formal title & are not aware that the Ministry of Lands and Settlements might have documentation relating to this piece of land. Finance Savings and loans through self-help group organization; No external assistance. The self-help group is relatively poor and the loans acquired range from small loans to buy household items to loans to purchase land through informal arrangements, to loans to develop the plot ?illegally?. The plots are about 8m x 8m and are sold at about Kshs 50 000 (approximately (R 4 500) Labour Labour is through group members as the level of construction is relatively rudimentary Materials & Technology Beneficiaries are not meant to build mud and wattle houses. It is recommended that they build masonry or brick units, by the local leaders, the corrugated iron sheet construction is meant to be temporary, yet it took Njoki, three years to build it Infrastructure & Services There is no infrastructure and services in this area & most of those interviewed had no idea how this can be provided. The NCC is not interested in providing services in this area, as they do not even approve of the developments. They somehow consider it to be outside their jurisdiction. There are no toilet facilities, no running water, no access roads. 332 List of Other Actors / Agents Who Provided Information and Financial Help Towards Resources Land None Finance None Labour None Materials & Technology None Infrastructure & Services None Others Group members, about 70 of them have varying degrees of access to information, which is then shared by members who might be interested List of Other Actors / Agents (Individuals and Institutions) known to the Respondent Who Help in Resource Acquisition in the Area. Land None Finance The respondent seemed to have been aware only of the church organization, but still did not know how to access funds from them as the self-help group has members mainly from outside the city boundary, mainly from Kiambu District, and they develop mainly for rental. Labour Small scale contractors and labourers are known to the respondent, but she does not intend to use them until when she has to put up a permanent house Materials & Technology None Infrastructure & Services None Others None Brief Description of the Physical Structure Brief Description of Neighbourhood The general qualities of building in this section of the settlement are varied. The Kairi Brother Self-Help Structures themselves are varied but most are made of corrugated iron sheets and some are not yet developed. They are small plots of about 60 m2. They are built on the steep sides of Riparian way-leave for the Nairobi River. They do not have any access roads, any access to power, lighting, sewer disposal and drainage facilities, nor any access to piped water. The general quality of the built environment is poor. 333 Initial Sketch of the General Housing Network Initial Comments on the Network (General Characteristics, including TIME) Thickness (L); Value (H); Direction (C); Walk (S); Centrality (H); Betweenness (L); In-degree (H); Out- degree (L); Component strength (L); Cliques (F); Structural positions (Ma); Isolated trees (F), etc. A very weak localized network, not plugged onto any local CBOs, NGOs, Government and Market Initiatives, International NGOs, etc. Thickness of links is low, though the value is high because the different local members know each other well, There are very limited resource flows, and no major evidence of local component strength, in terms of quality of connectivity or quantity of resources flowing, most members belong to the same structural positions, and the network relies on clientelist relationship, and communal trust to help their members acquire housing in Dandora Additional Information (Text) Codes L = Low; Me= Medium; H = High; V = Various; N = Not Applicable.; F = Few; Ma = Many; S = Short; Lo = Long C = Centralised LOCAL MEMBERS LANDS MIN of MEMBERS COMM LOCAL MEMBERS LOCAL COMM MARKETS INT. COMM MEMBERS KENYA GOVT OF COMM LOCAL COMM MEMBERS CHIEF NCC MEMBERS COMM INT. GOVTS OTHER OTHER GOVTS OTHER GOVTS OTHER GOVTS INT. NGOsINT. NGOs COMM INT. DEPT GOVT SERVANTS CIVIL KIRUNDU BROTHER SELF-HELP KAIRI CBOs LOCALLOCAL CBOsCBOs LOCAL KIONGO COUNCILLOR MWENJE MP MIN of CULTURE & S/SLOCAL GOV MIN of LOCAL CBOs 334 Actor / Agent?s Details Physical Structure Mr & Mrs Gatere?s Flats C/O Lloyd Masika, Letting Agents, Norfolk Towers Kijabe Street Nairobi Address: PO Box 45733 Nairobi, Kenya Telephone: 254-2-215900 / 218112 Date 20th March 2004 Self-Help Category Unassisted / (Semi-market) Resources What Contacts Were Used to Acquire Them? Land This land was initially reserved for public social amenities, e.g. schools, hospitals, etc. Allocation to private individuals has involved players in the Nairobi City Council, Ministry of Lands and Settlement, and approval of local administrators, mainly the local chief and are Member of Parliament. Individuals in HDD say that they are helpless to do anything because owners of such property have connections in ?high places (Ndirangu, HDD) Finance Personal savings and secured loans from the banks were said to be the official source of funding. Normally banks would not lend mortgage finance for construction of in areas like this, but individuals can acquire business loans at high interests and invest in such developments It was observed that many such developers were not keen to divulge exact sources of their funding. It is instructive that the property was being managed by one of the leading property managers in Nairobi, Lloyd Masika. Labour Labour for this development was sourced through small local contractors. The quality of the building is relatively good. Most developments of this calibre used local labourers who were very skilled and had mastered basic construction relatively well. Materials & Technology Generally the materials and technology employed is ubiquitous in developments of this calibre in Nairobi. Apparently there was an involvement of an architect, although this was not authenticated as no technical drawings were seen. Otherwise the quality of the space, materials and technology could meet the standards expected in Kenya. Infrastructure & Services This section has access to the main road, has access to power and water and water borne sewerage. Most of this was realized through relationships in city hall of the NCC. 335 List of Other Actors / Agents Who Provided Information and Financial Help Towards Resources Land None Finance None Labour None Materials & Technology None Infrastructure & Services None Others None List of Other Actors / Agents (Individuals and Institutions) known to the Respondent Who Help in Resource Acquisition in the Area. Land None Finance None Labour None Materials & Technology None Infrastructure & Services None Others None Brief Description of the Physical Structure Brief Description of Neighbourhood Most of these buildings are not merely on public land but clearly infringe on power and road reserves, and are not necessarily owned by needy persons. Note for example that the boundary wall of this plot is right next to the power pole, implying the plot itself is at least partly on power and road reserve and partly on land left for community development, the neighbouring developments are in the same situation. Otherwise the quality of construction is relatively good and the gated environment internally, is also of relatively good quality. Such buildings are very common in Dandora now. 336 Initial Sketch of the General Housing Network Initial Comments on the Network (General Characteristics, including TIME) Thickness (L); Value (H); Direction (V); Walk (S); Centrality (H); Betweenness (L); In- degree (H); Out-degree (L); Component strength (L); Cliques (N); Structural positions (N); Isolated trees (N), etc. An individual based network of strong relationships that is used to access resources from both the government and the private sector. This was not the typical network that this study focuses on, because of its very individualistic nature. But it is interesting from the perspective that state laws, requirements, regulations, relating to allocation of land, construction of structures, etc. can be overcome purely on the basis of individual relationships between the developer and various individuals situated within and without the state. Again market requirements, particularly relating to finance can be accessed by individuals of this calibre based on the connections they have in ?high places?. The same goes to professional services. These networks seem to go contrary to public good, in many instances. Additional Information (Text) Codes L = Low; Me= Medium; H = High; V = Various; N = Not Applicable.; F = Few; Ma = Many; S = Short; Lo = Long C = Centralised LOCAL MEMBERS KIRUNDU CULTURE & S/SLANDS M IN of MEMBERS COMM LOCAL MEMBERS LOCAL COMM CBOs LOCAL SERVANTS MARKETS INT. COMM MEMBERS M IN of KENYA GOVT OF COMM LOCAL COMM MEMBERS LOCAL GOV CHIEF INT. NGOs MIN of MEMBERS COMM INT. GOVTS OTHER OTHER GOVTS OTHER GOVTS OTHER GOVTS INT. NGOs COMM INT. CIVIL CBOs LOCAL CBOs LOCAL CBOs LOCAL COUNCILLOR KIONGO MP MWENJE GATERE MR & MRS NCC GOVT GOVT DEPT (KPLC) DEPT (PoW) PROFESSIONAL PROFESSIONAL FRIEND FRIEND FRIEND FRIEND FRIEND MARKET 337 9.4. Sample data collection sheets: ?ego-centric networks?, Johannesburg Actor / Agent?s Details Physical Structure Diepsloot West, Johannesburg. Mr Joe Matlala Date 24th August 2004 Self-Help Category Unassisted Resources What Contacts Were Used to Acquire Them? Land -He accessed his shack through kinship networks. -Government put his household on a holding site Finance -Employed in Clinic No. 7 in Diepsloot -Has personal savings -Wife trades in the informal area - Rent from shack farming -Awaits government subsidy. Labour - Knows local labourers Materials & Technology - Awaits government subsidy - Doing some material piling Infrastructure & Services Their group had taken drastic action in the past to reverse their housing conditions, through invasion of completed subsidised houses, which government was waiting to allocate. Through mobilised community networks, they put pressure on government to deliver on services. List of Other Actors / Agents Who Provided Information and Financial Help Towards Resources Land Friends from KZN, SANCO Finance Wife and relatives from KZN Labour Friends from Diepsloot Materials & Technology Local hardware & also friends from City of Johannesburg Infrastructure & Services None Others None 338 Initial Sketch of the General Housing Network LOCAL NGOs SECTOR PRIVATE LOCAL WELFARE SOCIAL JOE MOBILSED CIVIL SOCIETYINFORMAL RESIDENTS INFORMAL RESIDENTS INFORMAL RESIDENTS INFORMAL RESIDENTS INFORMAL RESIDENTS RELATIVES WIFE RELATIVES INFORMAL RESIDENTS RELATIVES RELATIVES RELATIVES GAUTENG RSA (SUBSIDY) FRIENDS FRIENDS FRIEND FRIEND JO'BURG METRO (EMPLOYER) Initial Comments on the Network (General Characteristics, including TIME) Thickness (L); Value (H); Direction (V); Walk (S); Centrality (H); Betweenness (L); In- degree (H); Out-degree (L); Component strength (L); Cliques (N); Structural positions (N); Isolated trees (N), etc. - Joe?s networks shows impressive and relatively reliable local linkages. He has good linkages with city officials although nothing save fringe information flows through these. The linkages with mobilised civil society, by their nature are spontaneous and do not deliver much, however they guarantee him the much needed security for his activities in the informal areas of Diepsloot. There is very little flow of resources in Joe?s network numerous network towards housing per se, but as individual networks, they show a rich texture of linkages that constitute livelihood networks. Additional Information (Text) Codes L = Low; Me= Medium; H = High; V = Various; N = Not Applicable.; F = Few; Ma = Many; S = Short; Lo = Long C = Centralised 339 Actor / Agent?s Details Physical Structure Diepsloot West, Johannesburg. Peggy Date 16th August 2004 Self-Help Category Unassisted Resources What Contacts Were Used to Acquire Them? Land -Peggy was living in the Reception Area in Diepsloot Section 1 where she was amongst the people registered for houses -The family got a serviced stand, as they did not qualify for full subsidy. - She does not have a title yet. - She complained about the apparent disconnection between the City of Johannesburg and the Provincial Housing Officials with the people on the ground. Information is accessed mainly through rumours. The office that exists in Diepsloot is purely a place to check how far one is on the waiting list; they do not answer any other questions. - She feels that there is a lot of down raiding. Finance - She later lost her job as a Receptionist and does not qualify for the capital subsidy as she is considered to be a previous beneficiary. - She qualifies for consolidation subsidy though - After losing her job as a receptionist Peggy ran a tuck shop at SDC School in Dieplsoot. - She reported misuse of funds to the school chairman and later to District Education officials. -She was sacked by the Headmaster and thrown out of her accommodation Labour Local people build the shacks Materials & Technology Most available in Theoma Hardware. She knows the owner. Infrastructure & Services Lack of basic services in the area There is no electricity or streetlights in Section 1 of Diepsloot The Police Station is in Diepsloot West Taxi violence, they have been harassed 340 Initial Sketch of the General Housing Network GAUTENG WELFARE SOCIAL FRIEND RSA SECTOR PRIVATE LOCAL CIVIL SOCIETY MOBILSED RESIDENTS INFORMAL INFORMAL RESIDENTS INFORMAL RESIDENTS INFORMAL RESIDENTS INFORMAL RESIDENTS RELATIVES INFORMAL RESIDENTS FRIENDS FRIENDS FRIEND PEGGY HUSBAND LEAGUE ANC - WOMEN RESIDENTS RESIDENTS RESIDENTS ROSCAS (S/S/ SUBSIDY) Initial Comments on the Network (General Characteristics, including TIME) Thickness (L); Value (H); Direction (V); Walk (S); Centrality (H); Betweenness (L); In- degree (H); Out-degree (L); Component strength (L); Cliques (N); Structural positions (N); Isolated trees (N), etc. Peggy is disconnected from organised and mobilised civil society. She does not have any strong links with the rest of Diepsloot community. She does not trust the politicians. She despises the ROSCAs. -There is lack of flows of the correct information, making her believe that she will still get government housing. She seems not to be aware that consolidation on government allocated site and service plots is acceptable and can be approved by council as long they are of good quality. She has this unfounded fear that her house will be demolished, so she awaits a government house. Has not benefited from house invasions. Additional Information (Text) Codes L = Low; Me= Medium; H = High; V = Various; N = Not Applicable.; F = Few; Ma = Many; S = Short; Lo = Long C = Centralised 341 Actor / Agent?s Details Physical Structure Diepsloot West, Johannesburg. Mr. Mabizela Date 16th August 2004 Self-Help Category Unassisted Resources What Contacts Were Used to Acquire Them? Land - His development is partly on public open space next to the City of Johannesburg School and a Football Field. - Most of other shacks in that area have been demolished apart from his. Finance - He had many renters, most of whom were very scared of him - Runs local taxis in Diepsloot Labour - He was building his shacks through self-construction, supported by local labourers. Materials & Technology - Local people and materials Infrastructure & Services - Illegal connections of power and water to the local authority servitudes. List of Other Actors / Agents Who Provided Information and Financial Help Towards Resources Land Friends from Diepsloot Finance People?s Bank Labour Local friends Materials & Technology None Infrastructure & Services None Others None 342 List of Other Actors / Agents (Individuals and Institutions) known to the Respondent Who Help in Resource Acquisition in the Area. Land Government Finance People?s Bank, Micro-finance Labour Local contacts Materials & Technology Profond Contractors Infrastructure & Services Government, Supreme Care Toilet Hire Others None Brief Description of the Physical Structure Brief Description of Neighbourhood Initial Sketch of the General Housing Network Initial Comments on the Network (General Characteristics, including TIME) Thickness (L); Value (H); Direction (V); Walk (S); Centrality (H); Betweenness (L); In- degree (H); Out-degree (L); Component strength (L); Cliques (N); Structural positions (N); Isolated trees (N), etc. Mabizela is a typical shack lord in Diepsloot. He owns commuter taxis, and is deeply involved in taxi wars in Diepsloot. He is supported by a network of thugs whom he uses are to terrorise anybody who opposes him. His tenants were so scared of him that they would not speak in his presence. Mabizela, being one of the local power brokers is also connected to and feared by local politicians. He is well known to the police and government officials who also apparently fear him. This guarantees him some short- term security of tenure, even as his neighbours? shacks are being pulled down. Additional Information (Text) Codes L = Low; Me= Medium; H = High; V = Various; N = Not Applicable.; F = Few; Ma = Many; S = Short; Lo = Long C = Centralised 343 9.5. Case study sites photos Construction on road reserves in Dandora R.C. construction in Dandora Incomplete construction in Dandora Construction in Dandora Shack in front of a tenement in Dandora Dandora, Nairobi 344 Co-existence of formal and informal Typical developments in Dandora Various levels of developments of Dandora Informal section with consolidation Informal, un-serviced section of Dandora Dandora, Nairobi 345 Local CBO?s office Infrastructure in Kawangware Mixture of housing developments of various ages and levels in Kawangware Formal and informal construction Kawangware, Nairobi 346 Permanent developments in Kawangware Fenced off formal buildings Materials yard in a slum section of Kawangware Materials piled for construction Masonry, piled for construction Kawangware, Nairobi 347 A view of ?RDP? houses in Diepsloot Partly subsidised bonded houses RDP housing and private sector housing in Diepsloot New clinic in Diepsloot East Burnt down city offices in Diepsloot Diepsloot, Johannesburg 348 Unsubsidised house on serviced site Unsubsidised house on serviced site Typical construction in Diepsloot Material piling in Diepsloot Some innovations in the site and services area Diepsloot, Johannesburg 349 Shack in Diepsloot Shack in Diepsloot Incremental housing Consolidation of RDP house Consolidation ?PHP? Foundations in front of shack Diepsloot, Johannesburg 350 Consolidation on serviced sites Consolidation on serviced sites Mixture of developments, mostly single storey Consolidation and coexistence between formal and informal developments Ivory Park, Johannesburg 351 Basic sanitation and water supply Incremental construction Masisizane ?PHP? house in Ivory Park, Ward 78. PHP House beneficiary Leader, Masisizane Ivory Park, Johannesburg 352 9.6. Key informants, Nairobi case studies * Names changed for purposes of anonymity 1 Mr Peter Makachia Lecturer, Department of Architecture, University of Nairobi 2 Mr. Erastus Abonyo Lecturer, Department of Architecture, University of Nairobi 3 Prof. Jerry Magutu Professor, Department of Architecture, University of Nairobi 4 Prof. Obudho Professor, Department of Planning, University of Nairobi 6 Prof. Washington Olima Dean, Faculty of Architecture, Design and Development, University of Nairobi. 7 Prof. Paul Syagga Professor and Former Dean, Faculty of Architecture Design and Development, University of Nairobi 8 Mr. Bucha Deputy Director, Housing, Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Kenya. 9. Mr. Kusienya Director, Housing, Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Kenya. 10. Mr. Shikuku Deputy Director, Housing, Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Kenya. 11. Mr. Oyaro Edwin Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Kenya / Department of Architecture, University of Nairobi. 12. Mr. Allan Otieno Lecturer, Department of Architecture, University of Nairobi ? has done some work in Kawangware. 13. Mr. C.A.Nyambisa Senior Chief, Kawangware Location, Nairobi 14. Mr. Peter Kariuki Chairman, DESPO, CBO in Kawangware 15. Mrs Jenta Maboni Kawangware Resident 16. Mr. Alex Otiato Kawangware Resident 17. Mrs. Agnes Njoki* Kairi Brothers Self-help Group. Dandora. 18. Mrs Njeri* Marigoini Resident, Dandora 19. Mama Ciiku* Marigoini Resident, Dandora 20. Chief Kirundu Chief, Dandora B location, Nairobi. 21. Joseph Kiiru* Contractor, Gitare Flats, Dandora. 22. Mark Okoth Chairman, Mondoluzwa Self-help Group and resident of Dandora, B location, phase 5. 23. Mary Njoroge* Marigoini Resident, Dandora 24. Wilson Ogwayo Obudho Chairman Dandora Community Self-help Programme 25. Mathew Kibe Programme Officer, Welfare Advisory Council, Dandora Holy Cross Church, Nairobi. 26. Mr. Muturi Gospel Revival Centre, Dandora, Nairobi. 27. Mr. Munga The New Testament Church, Dandora and Dandora Resident. 353 28. Mrs Ruth Mumbai The New Testament Church, Dandora and Dandora Resident. 29. Mr. Ndeche All Nations Gospel Church, Dandora Resident 30. Mzee Gitai Contractor, Dandora. 31. Pastor Joshua Munyao Deliverance Church, Dandora and Dandora Resident. 32. Mr. Samwel Murithi P.C.E.A. Dandora. 33. Leah Holy Cross Catholic Church, Dandora Phase 1 34. Catechist Holy Cross Catholic Church, Dandora Phase 1 35. Chief Kibet Chief, Dandora A 36. Councillor Dandora A Ward, Nairobi. 37. Mr. Kioko Housing Development Department, the Nairobi City Council, 38. Mr. Omunga Researcher, the Nairobi City Council, Nairobi. 39. Mr. Kamau LASDAPS, the Nairobi City Council, Nairobi. 40. Mr. Gituku Assistant Director, Housing and Community Development Department, the Nairobi City Council, Nairobi. 41. Mrs Wanja Secretary, K-Rep Bank, Kenyatta Avenue, Nairobi. 42. Beatrice Manager community Office, K-Rep, Kawangware. 43. Mr. Banda Director, Human Resource Management, K-Rep Bank, Kawangware. 44. Mrs Dora Director Research, K-Rep, Wood Avenue, next to Yaya Centre Nairobi. 45. Mrs. Pauline Kagure David Manager, K-Rep Community Office, Kawangware. 46. Mrs Esther Wanjira Kawangware Resident and employee of St Emanuel?s ACK Church, Kawangware. 47. Mr. Wilson Wamwangi Kawangware Resident and employee of St Emanuel?s ACK Church, Kawangware. 48. Mrs. Elizabeth Maina Kawangware Resident and employee of St Emanuel?s ACK Church, Kawangware. 49. Mr. Protus Wanjala Kawangware Resident and employee of St Francis of Assisi Church, Kawangware. 50. Mrs Mary Awuor Maranatha Development and resident of Kawangware. 51. Chief Paul Nyambisa Senior Chief, Kawangware Location. 52. Mr. Julius Muli Director, Kabiro Human Development Programme. 53. Mr. S.P.Watene Kawangware Resident and Chairman, Mukamaka CBO 54. Mrs. Ruth Kaigwa Kawangware Resident and member, PCEA, Kawangware. 354 55. Mr. James Mbogo Chairman, Kamae CBO and Resident Kawangware 56. Mr. Ndirangu, Paul Deputy Assistant Director, Housing and Community Development Department, the Nairobi City Council, Dandora Office. 57. Mr. Nyongesa Makhanu The National Housing Corporation, Head Office, Nairobi. 58. Mrs Olive Wanjira Wainaina Kawangware Resident and landlady 59. Mrs Fatuma Noor Kawangware Resident and landlady 60. Mrs Glady?s Njeri Ndirangu Kawangware Resident and developer 61. Mr. Macharia FORTCOM Estate Agents, Kawangware. 62. Mrs Theresia W. Kuria Kawandago Women Self-help Group 63. Mr Abdul Mohammed Kawangware Resident and owner, Top Rank Cyber Caf? and telephone Services. 64. Mrs Lydia Njeri Huduma Centre, Kawangware 65. Mr. James Mong?are Kawangware Resident and Chairman, New Light Hardware and Self-help Group 355 Key informants, groups Actor / Agent?s Details Activities Holly Cross Catholic Church Leah & the Catechist All Projects are run from Holly Cross Church Dandora Sector Three. New Testament Church Pastor absent, to be seen later Gospel Revival Centre Pastor Muturi and Secretary. Runs a school. There are no external organizations or groups collaborating with the church. JOA Disabled Group Eunice Odiero Opiyo P.O. Box 46747, Nairobi This group was registered on the 30th of January 2004. It concentrates on welfare of the members and on economic empowerment of the disabled members. Mimi na Wewe Self/help Group Jackson Ndungu Muchai P.O. Box 75282, Nairobi Tel. 799412/3 It is a ROSCA raising its funds mainly through a weekly saving of Kshs. 80.00 Sawa Sawa Self-Help Group. James Muriuki P.O. Box 5689-00100 Nairobi This group has 16 members, who raise their funds through ROSCA. There are also additional individual contributions. They plan to start small- scale business in the locally with their savings. Their focus is to better their livelihoods. Dandora Jua Kali Barbers Youth Group John Mwangi P.O. Box 62133, Nairobi Kenya. Has 167 members They give a monthly contribution of Kshs 60.00 and a registration fee of Kshs 100.00. The group has opened different small and medium micro-enterprises to members They run a tailoring business. They are supported by Gesellschaft Hibeits Und Bernsforeterung mblf Given 20 sewing machines and typewriter Natural AIDS control programme Austar Universal Centre Self-help Group Abdu Ramadhan P.O. Box 77802, Nairobi These contribute Kshs 2000.00 per month. Targets relatively higher income group is Dandora. They are involved in Youth educational and developmental activities through seminars, symposiums, research, advocacy through video shows and tree planting. Sigala Women Self-help Group Matilda Ayaga P.O.Box 832 Dandora, Nairobi This group has 16 members They raise their funds through monthly contributions, harambee and share issue They give weekly contributions of Kshs 50.00 Tegemeo Self-help Group Jackton Willis Machembe P.O. Box 28983 Tel. 0733-594-849 The group is concerned with activities of poverty alleviation and social development 356 Actor / Agent?s Details Activities Naka Welfare Self-help Group P.O. Box 12491, Nairobi Karuri Muchiri Also 2399, 00200, City Square Nairobi. This group is composed of 16 members , who meet once monthly. It is run as a ROSCA with monthly contributions and harambees as their main sources of funds. Juhudi Self-help Group They operate in both Dandora A and B. They raise their monies through merry go round, ROSCAs and harambee. They secure loans from another CBO, namely Jitegemea Credit Scheme. They also help improve domestic welfare of the members. The group was started in 2002. Vision Self-help Group Contact: Leonard Ochieng? This multi-ethnic group is involved in meetings, weekly savings and merry go round. Kazana Self-help Group Contact: Peter Wamuma Involved in weekly savings Unity Self-help Group Kemey and Osundwa A multi-ethnic self-help group involved in weekly savings, merry go round, ROSCAs and helping members with loan repayment. Upendo Self-help Group, P.O. Box, 456, Dandora Contact: K.K.Matungu 16 members who have been involved in weekly savings scheme, merry go round, ROSCAs and loan repayment Precious Ladies Self-help Group, P.O. Box 69336, Nairobi, Kenya. Lydia Muchemi Weekly merry go round ROSCAs, helping member improve their business investments and SMMEs. They are mainly Kikuyu and they hold weekly meetings to help strategise and mobilize savings. Mukinya Self-help Group K.K.Mutungu and Lydia Kamau Nyambura, P.O.Box 523 Dandora. This is a self-help group, which is running a health centre, and youth and educational facilities in the Dandora area, and was registered in 2001. Good Hope Self-Help Group P.O. Box 881, Nairobi, Kenya. Contact: Stephen Mumia This group located in Dandora B is a CBO with 44 members engaged in different SMMEs, namely tailoring, carpentry, barbershops and urban agriculture and poultry farming. It has a weekly meeting of members and money is raised through ROSCAs and harambees. They also have share issues, with each share being worth Kshs 1000.00. This is a generally mixed and relatively sophisticated CBO. Glory of Christ Ministry, Dandora Self-help, P.O. Box 13062, Nairobi. This was started in 2002. They do small business in the settlement, e.g. running a kerosene pump, brick making, transport business. They have monthly contributions towards their savings Give loans to members. 357 Actor / Agent?s Details Activities IDEL Educational Centre, P.O. Box 785, Buruburu. Stanley, K. Aswani. This CBO provides private primary schooling facilities in Dandora. Dandora Phase Four Self-help Group, P.O. Box 208, Kikuyu. Contact: Samuel Njanga This self-help group is composed of many members of Ward 64. The members save through a monthly subscription of Kshs 200.00 Vision Youth Group Charles Odhiambo This CBO based in Dandora Phase Five is involved in garbage collection, sports, painting, and house repairs Dandora Victory P.O.Box 31175, Nairobi Contact: Mary Njoka Njuguna This is a ROSCA. It helps members save and give small loans for self-development. Paradise Self-help P.O.Box 75231, Nairobi This group developed business skills to help various members grow economically. They contribute Kshs 200.00 towards a savings scheme. They invest in land and building. Their leader is in communication with WAC on the issue of building loans. Tumaini Dandora Youth Development, P.O.Box 69664, Nairobi Tel. 0722-443-082 / 0722-856- 691 Regina Nyaruka This a group of Christian Youth. It was formed in 2002. They have developed a community schools in Dandora. They are based in Dandora Sector Five. They are supported by donations from directors. They are also supported by the fees from the parents. They are also linked to the Hare Krishna Religious Group, which also offers free food in their schools. The school offers the Kenya government education system up to standard 6. 358 9.7. Key informants, Johannesburg case studies Informants: individuals, Diepsloot Name and contacts Position 1 Jacob Mataung 073-180-5908 RDP Housing, Diepsloot, Johannesburg 2 Betty 082-596-6363 PHP Support Centre, Diepsloot 3 Agrippa Thabede 072-145-8513 Community Liaison Officer, People?s Housing Process Support Centre, Diepsloot 4 Peter Dube 082-438-7828 Formerly involved in the ?RDP? Diepsloot Scheme, now lives in the informal area and runs security company. 5 Pumzile, 011-407-7115; 082-418-9625 Project Manager, PHP, Diepsloot 6 Bongani 072-930-1702 Fundamlinzi Cooperative, Diepsloot, Deals mainly with organic farming 7 Salphina Mulanzi 083-577-9384 Councillor Ward 95, Diepsloot 8 Dora Pilusa 083-769-3348 Spokesperson for councillor, Ward 95, Diepsloot. 9 Susan Modise, 072-318-4482 Chairperson SANCO, Diepsloot Branch 10 Mpho Nompilu, Diepsloot 11 Suzan Koloana Nompilu Home Based Care, Diepsloot 12 Joyce? Phiri Tikkun Ma Africa, NGO, Dieplsoot 13 Galitt Tikkun Ma Africa, NGO, Dieplsoot 14 Dora Pilusa, 083-769-3348 Spokesperson for councillor, Ward 95, Diepsloot. 15 Abraham Mabuke 083-973-3612 Ward Committee member; Coordinator ANC Youth League, Diepsloot (political) Coordinator Youth Council (developmental) 16 Elias 073-552-0455 Dieplsoot Youth League, ANC Coordinates Youth Activities; also Thabelo: Building construction; Chris: Painting Mika: Tiling 17 David 073-434-0399 Dieplsoot Youth League, ANC AIDS, TB & cleaning 18 Geoffrey Muthebele Local resident 19 Zora Musayedi Local resident 20 Redi Khekana Local resident 21 Ginky Local resident 22 Peter Nzala 082-655-7531 People?s Hardware, Diepsloot 23 Joe Radebe* Employee at the Clinic Number 7 24 Peggy Khoza* Reception Area in Section 1 25 Wendy Matlala* 26 Xidoyi Baloyi 072-364-9063 Provincial PHP 27 Mkuseli Mani 28 Panyaza Lesufi 082 469 0822. Department of Social Services and Population Development 29 J.T.Nyambe, 072-298-7421 Architectural draughtsman * Names changed for purposes of anonymity. 359 Informants: individuals, Ivory Park Name and contacts Position 1 Joe, Manager, Midrand Eco- city, Ivory Park Eco-village builders: - Build eco-friendly houses - Went for training, at Shaft 17 - Part of the building group - To build 29 houses - Also contracts within the community Most contracts from Eco-city 2 Solly Ramakgano, CEO, eco- village center, Cell 082-347- 2323, Ivory Park Midrand Eco City Corporation, Midrand Eco-city cooperative, 3 Ms Lorrein Community Officer, Ivory Park, Midrand 4 Ms Monde Housing Centre Manager, Region 2 On questions of informal settlements in Ivory Park 5 Shaft 17 Youth Training 6 Himlin Bekker Assessment of Masisizane for 7 Simon Mukhulu 011-203 ? 3320 Region 1 & 2 Manager, Midrand 8 Gloria, Johannesburg Metro?s Offices, 5th Floor, B-Block 011-407 ? 7114 In charge of Johannesburg Metro?s PHP 9 Phindi Likhaja 011-407 ? 7114 Johannesburg Metro?s Offices, 5th Floor, B-Block In charge of Johannesburg Metro?s PHP 10 Thembi, Manager, PHP 11 Mobre, Masisizane, Ward 78 073 ? 200 ? 8777 Leader 12 Jotham Moyo, Masisizane, Ward 78 072 ? 881 ? 6740 Technical Officer 13 Petros Segabutla ? PHP Ward 77, Ivory Park 14 Eunice April ? PHP Ward 77, Ivory Park 15 Timothy Nduli - PHP Ward 77, Ivory Park 16 Lerato Tshibambo ? consolidation, Ward 77, Ivory Park 360 Groups, Diepsloot Actor / Agent?s Details Activities Fundamlinzi Organic Farming, Registered cooperative Izwelethu Cooperative (our voice) Cooperative for People?s Housing Process in Diepsloot, East. Danganane Bonded Housing in Diepsloot, Government subsidised L-Con Projects Bonded Houses funded by South Fin Finance and Standard Bank, in Diepsloot. RBA Company Bonded Houses, private sector driven Mayibuye Self-help housing on site and service schemes, in Diepsloot. Family Life Centre, NGO Nompilu Work with child headed families in the informal areas, contact person Mpho SANCA (CBO) Alcohol and drug abuse HIPPY (CBO) Youth Tikkun Ma Africa, NGO Bona Lisedi (disabled?) 011-464-7999 Traditional Healers Association Vuru Extension 7 AIDS Group Women League SANCO Controls most of the ?holding site?, which is predominantly occupied by persons relocated from Alexandra, in Johannesburg. PAC Have organised occupation of subsidised housing in Diepsloot West Diepsloot Waste Recycling Company Organized by former member of parliament, also do cleaning Grokor Construction Big constructor Does both home construction and provision of infrastructure and services Theoma Hardware Presbyterian Church, Section 7, Diepsloot Bokanaso Early Childhood Centre, Diepsloot Wings of Life Community Centre Vuselela Ulwazi Wako Drop Inn Centre, Diepsloot Vukunzunzele Senior Service Centre 011-464-7024 361 Groups, Ivory Park Actor / Agent?s Details Activities Tembisa-Ivory Park Empowerment Group Po promote emerging contractors Methodist church in Ivory Park Masakhane, Ivory Park Community Based Service Contracting Refuse collection (Khave) Ivory Park Community Information Centre Funded to the tune of R13 million Inter faith Community Development Association Local governance; Food and Trees for Africa Since 1995, establish food gardens + green environment; Joe Matimba, rep.; manage vegetable garden + fruit tree in the nearby Thuthukani Clinic. Funded by New Zealand High Comm. to S.A.; Planted over 1 000 trees in 8 years Thuthukani Clinic Deal with HIV/AIDS patients + TB, food and trees Luvhone Women?s brick making project A.C.Matabane General Building Materials Mpile Hardware Zionist Church Center in Tembisa Midrand Organic Agriculture Cooperative 083-4320-496 Phoma Mo Pekopane, Ivory Park Kopano Ke Mantla, Ivory Park Mvelapanda, Ivory Park Itereleng Ivory Group, Ivory Park Sontoga, Ivory Park People?s Bank, Ivory Park Amandla, energy cooperative, Ivory Park Masisizane, PHP Ikusasa Lethu Sewing and Knitting Programme Ma-Afrika Masithande Sinkele Abangeni Abane AIDS Sondelani Hard Ware Building Materials and Suppliers 072-712-7171 Masisizane, Ward 78 Copak Profond Contractor P.C. Floor Slabs Congo Bricks Jerusalem Apostolic in Zion SA 073 ? 2896 ? 571 Red Spot Brick and Steel Construction 082-176-7382 Inzimi Mpumelelo Cooperative, Ward 77, Ivory Park PHP Morofolo and Associates PHP