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INTRODUCTION OF RESEARCH TOPIC

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DECLARATION

I Emanuel Ekeruche (Student number 2189253) am a student registered for a Masters in Urban Design in the year 2021.

I hereby declare the following:

 I am aware that plagiarism (the use someone else’s work without their permission and/or without acknowledging the original
source) is wrong

 I have followed the required conventions in referencing the thoughts and their ideas of others.
 I understand that the University of the Witwatersrand may take disciplinary actions against me if there is a belief that this is

not my own unaided work or that I have failed to acknowledge the source of the ideas or words in my writing.

Signature_________________________Date 20th of March 2021

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Contents

DECLARATION ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….v

LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….x

LIST OF PHOTOS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….xiv

ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..iii

DEDICATION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….iv

CHAPTER 01 – INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4

1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4

1.2 CONTEXTUAL BACKGROUND (A brief story of Lagos, Nigeria) ………………………………………………………………………………………6

1.3 CONTEXTUAL BACKGROUND 2 (A brief story of the University of Lagos) …………………………………………………………………………. 8

1.3.1 THE 3 CAMPUSES …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...10

1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………12

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………13

1.5.1 SUB-QUESTIONS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………13

1.6 AIMS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14

1.7 RATIONALE FOR STUDY …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14

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CHAPTER 02 – LITERATURE REVIEW …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15

2.1 STUDY BACKGROUND ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15

2.2 TRENDS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16

2.3 CoJ COMPLETE STREET MANUAL …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….18

2.4 LAGOS NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORT POLICY (2018) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….19

2.5 THE UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS REVISED MASTER PLAN 1962-2014 ………………………………………………………………………………………20

CHAPTER 03 – RESEARCH METHOD …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………21

3.1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………21

3.2 METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………21

CHAPTER 04 – CONTEXTUAL STUDY …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………24

4.1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………24

4.12 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAGOS CITY …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………24

4.13 ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….27

4.14 ECONOMY ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………28

4.15 CLIMATE ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………28

4.16 DRAINAGE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….29

4.17 VEGETATION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….29

4.20 INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE CITY …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….29

4.21 RESIDENT AND DAY-TME POPULATION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………29

4.22 VEHICULAR ROADS AND BRIDGES …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….30

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4.23 PEDESTRIAN WALKWAYS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………32

4.12 PARKING ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….33

4.13 TRAFFIC PATTERN ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………33

4.14 TRANSPORTATION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………36

4.15 WASTE MANAGEMENT …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………37

4.3 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF UNILAG …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………38

4.31 ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANISATION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….40

4.32 CAMPUS LAND USE AND DISPOSITIONS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………41

4.33 UNDERDEVELOPED ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………42

4.34 RESIDENT AND DAY TIME POPULATIONS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………42

4.4 CAMPUS INFRASTRUCTURE ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..43

4.41 VEHICULAR ROADS AND BRIDGES …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….43

4.42 PEDESTRIAN WALKWAYS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………44

4.43 PARKING ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….45

4.5 TRAFFIC PATTERN AND TRANSPORTATION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………46

4.5 SERVICE INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE CAMPUS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….48

4.51 WATER DISTRIBUTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………48

4.52 ELECTRICITY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….48

4.53 WASTE MANAGEMENT …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………50

4.54 CANAL……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………53

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CHAPTER 05 – DESIGN ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………53

5.1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………53

5.2 EXISTING CONDITIONS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………54

5.3 DESIGN PRINCIPLES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………55

5.4 DESIGN STRATEGY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………57

5.5 PHASING AND VISION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….63

CHAPTER 06 – CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………73

6.1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………73

6.2 OPPORTUNITY FOR FUTURE RESEARCH …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………73

6.3 ANSWERING THE RESEARCH QUESTION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………74

6.4 SUMMARY OF THE DESIGN PROCESS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….74

REFERENCE LIST ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….74

Appendices ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………75

Appendix A Submission Form……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….76

Appendix B Approval of Title…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………78

Appendix C: Clearance ertificate…………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………79

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LIST OF FIGURES.

Figure 1.1: Architectural model of the University of Ile-Ife (now Obafemi Awolowo University) Master Plan 1962. 13,000 acre site

located Ile-Ife Osun State. Western Nigeria

Designed by: Egboramy Company and Arieh Sharon + Elder Sharon (Source: Courtesy University of Ile-Ife master plan, (1962)............5

Figure 1.2: Lagos state map showing the Atlantic Ocean and the Lagos Lagoon. Darkened areas show growth development pattern.

(Source: Courtesy Lindsey Sawyer, enhanced by author, 2020) …………………………………………………………………………………………………….6

Figure 1.3: Map showing geographic relationship between the main campus Akoka, the MBA Campus Yaba and, and the medical

school Campus Suru-Lere, Lagos (Source: Google maps over laid on Lagos street maps, enhanced by the author, 2020) …………………..9

Figure 3.1(A, B, C): Examples of graphic illustrations and map. (Source: developed by the author for use in this research, 2020)…….23

Figure 4.1: Table showing the population of tertiary school’s enrolment in Lagos State 2018. (Source: Courtesy Lagos state ministry of

Education, [year]) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….25

Figure 4.2: Administrative map of Lagos State showing the 5 divisions 20 districts and 37 local government areas (Source: Lagos State

Government) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..26

Figure 4.3: Picture showing Eko Bridge, Carter Bridge and 3rd Mainland Bridge. (Source: courtesy of Google maps, year)………………..35

Figure 4.4: Map showing the BRT/ monorail train route in a part of Lagos city. (Source: courtesy LAMATA, 2020) …………………………….36

Figure 4.5: Maps shows the phases of physical development between 1962 – 2019. (Source: courtesy Author, 2020)………………………39

Figure 4.6: Chart showing Campus land Disposition. (Source: courtesy Unilag master plan review, 2014) ………………………………………..41

Figure 4.7: Table showing Land use analysis. (Source: courtesy Unilag master plan review, 2014) ……………………………………………………41

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Figure 4.8: Illustration of Section across University road from Herbert Macaulay Street ……………………………………………………………….41

Figure 4.8b: Table showing Campus Land use Dispositions Source: courtesy Unilag master plan review, 2014……………………………… .42

Figure 4.9:-Illustration of Section across University road from Atan Cemetery …………………………………………………………………………..48

Figure 4.10:-Illustration of Section across Dan-Fodio Blvd inside Unilag Campus …………………………………………………………………………..49

Figure 4.11:-Illustration of Section across Birrel Avenue through ANN Barracks and Queens College Yaba. …………………………….50

Figure 4.12: -Illustration of Section across International school road showing a bridge within the campus over green infrastructure

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….51

Figure 4.13: Various statistics on the University of Lagos showing population growth, student gender ratio, staff gender ratio and

graduate distribution (Courtesy Unilag Pocket book 2019)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….52

Figure 5.1: Illustration of the overall strategy, showing the relationship between the interventions in a simple manner (Source:

Author, 2020) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………58

Figure 5.2: a) Shows illustration of typical route upgrade; b) shows Map showing extent of intervention; route upgrade, and location

of new parks, areas for B0T schemes and the new points of access into the campus ……………………………………………………………….60

Figure 5.3: Illustration of the proposed Onike community park (Source: Author, 2020). ……………………………………………………………….62

Figure 5.4: Illustration of the proposed vision for the Iwaya road and other upgraded roads. (Source: Author, 2020) …………………63

Figure 5.4a: Illustration of the first phase (movement upgrade around the edges especially leading to the two new access gates)

proposed vision for the edge conditions. (Source: Author, 2020)…………………………………………………………………………………….64

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Figure 5.5a: Illustration of the proposed vision for the Onitiri community BOT site. (Source: Author, 2020)……………………………………..65

Figure 5.4D: Illustration of the fourth phase showing the locations of the new residential developments (BOT schemes) the community

parks and all the routs to be upgraded (Source: Google maps, Author, 2020)…………………………………………………………………….68

Figure 5.5b: Illustration of the proposed vision for the Iwaya community BOT site. (Source: Author, 2020)……………………………………….66

Figure 5.4c: Illustration of the third phase showing the locations of the new residential developments (BOT schemes) the community

parks and all the routs to be upgraded (Source: Google maps, Author, 2020)……………………………………………………………………..67

Figure 5.6: Illustration of the proposed BOT vision for the Ajayi Street in the Onitiri community. (Source: courtesy Author, 2020)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….67

Figure 5.7: Illustration of the proposed vision for the Morounfolu Street in the Akoka Water-side community (Source: Courtesy

Author, 2020) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………68

Figure 5.7(a, b, c): Picture a) showing traffic calming a technique; Picture b) showing proper walkability conditions Illustration; c)

typical street design for small neighbourhoods …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………72

Figure 5.8 Map of the proposed overall vision for the entire scheme including the route upgrade, the parks, the BOT schemes and the

new access points into the campus from other communities…………………………………………………………………………………………..73

Figure 5.9: Map of the proposed overall vision for the entire scheme including the route upgrade, the parks and the BOT schemes.

(Source: Courtesy Author, 2020) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………69

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LIST OF PHOTOS

Photo 1.1: Aerial View of the University of Lagos, Established in 1962. 802 acre site in Akoka-Yaba of Lagos state. Western Nigeria.

Photo 1.2: Aerial view of the first phase of the Unilag development overlooking the lagoon (Source: Info@lagosviews.com, accessed

[2021]) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………11

Photo 4.1: (A and B): Picture showing Lagos Island (Broad Street) CBD circa 1930s and 2020s

(Source: courtesy autojosh.com, [2021]) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………25

Photo 4.2: Picture showing the skyline of the old Lagos economic district. (Source: courtesy of Google [poster unknown], accessed

[2021]) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………28

Photo 4.3: Picture showing a crowded street at a CBD in Lagos ahead of 2016 Christmas celebrations. (Source: courtesy of

Reuters/Akindele, 2016) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….29

Photo 4.4: Picture showing women on canoes selling food on the Lagoon among thousands of stilted homes. (Source: courtesy of

Reuters/ Esiri, G.) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..30

Photo 4.5: Picture showing Falomo Bridge over Ozumba Mbadiwe road. (Source: courtesy of Giditraffic.com, year) …………………31

Photo 4.6: Picture showing pedestrian movement on a busy commercial street in Yaba area of Lagos. (Source: courtesy of Lagos island

info on word press, [2020]) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….32

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Photo 4.7: Picture showing on-street parking on a residential Lagos street. (Source: courtesy of istock, 2021) ……………………………33

Photo 4.8: Picture showing parts of the 3rd mainland bridge. (Source: courtesy of Auto Josh Blog, 2021) ……………………………………….34

Photo 4.9: Picture showing one of the Lagos ferry terminals, Ikoyi. (Source: courtesy LAGFERRY, 2020) ……………………………………….37

Photo 4.10: Picture shows the longest bridge on campus Medical Centre road. (Source: courtesy Author, 2019) ……………………………43

Photo 4.11: Picture showing pedestrian movement during off-peak period. (Source: Author, 2020). ……………………………………….44

Photo 4.12: Picture shows an example of designated parking area (Arts Block Complex) on campus, many of such areas exits.

(Source: Author, 2020) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………48

Photo 4.13: Picture shows a local taxi rack on Campus. This taxi rack operates only within the Campus. (Source: Author, 2020) ……..49

Photo 4.14: Picture shows a local taxi rack on Campus. This taxi rack operates primarily from designated bus stops outside into the

campus. (Source: Author, 2020)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….50

Photo 4.15: Picture shows vehicular and pedestrian movement during off peak. (Source: Author, 2020) ………………………………………..51

Photo 5.1: Picture of a public sitting area on Campus. (Source: Author, 2020) …………………………………………………………………………. 53

Photo 5.2: Picture shows a typical street along the edge of the university Iwaya road (courtesy Google maps 2019)………………………..57

Photo 5.2b Picture a shows a typical street around the edge of the campus (iwaya road, from the Onike area)………………………………..57

Picture b shows an illustrated strategy of the proposed street upgrade.

Courtesy Google maps and Author (2020)

Photo 5.2C Picture shows a typical street around the edge of the campus (University road). Illustrated strategy of the proposed street

upgrade showing existing and proposed. Courtesy Google maps and Author (2020)………………………………………………………………………..67

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS

BOT: Build Operate and Transfer

CBD: Central Business District

CoJ: City of Johannesburg

Ha: Hectares

LAMATA: Lagos metropolitan area transport authority

LASPARK: Lagos State Parks and Garden Agency

LASRAB: Lagos State Records and Archives Bureau

LAWMA: Lagos Waste Management Authority

L.B.S.: Lagos Bureau of Statistics

N.M.T.: Non-Motorized Transport

pcu: passenger care unit

SWM: Solid waste management

UNILAG: The University of Lagos. Nigeria.

DEFINITIONS

Akoka Community:

Iwaya Community:

Onike Community:

Onitiri Community:

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Makoko Community: Are all host (riverine) Communities around the University of Lagos, with high population density, mainly

residential with minor commercial activities, and lacking in many basic infrastructures.

B.O.T. (Build Operate Transfer) is a procurement mechanism where a government agency grants the right to its development to a

private third party under agreed conditions and specification, where the third party would develop and operate for a profit before

handing over the facility to the agency.

Empiricism: is the theory that believes in evidence and fact-based decisions where experience, results of experiments, or proven

methods should be the basis of normative choices.

Normative: An accepted idea of the ideal of character and behavior but not necessarily based on empirical evidence.

Green infrastructure: is an interconnected network of open green spaces that provides ecosystem balancing service.

Land Use: The modification and transformation of natural environments into built spaces for settlement and other human activities.

Lagosians: A native or inhabitant of Lagos, Nigeria.

On-street parking is a form of parking that involves parking along the roadsides. The road may or may not be metered.

Parking: Bring a vehicle to a halt and leave it temporarily in a car park or by the side of the road.

Pedestrian: A person traveling on foot. Including persons with disabilities or encumbered movement.

Waste management: Activities required to manage waste from generation to disposal, including collection, transport, treatment, and

disposal.

ABSTRACT

As the awkward relationships between Greenfield-established universities and their host communities persist in urban campuses, some

institutions are now willing to engage their surrounding communities in ways that would be more mutually beneficial than the current

exclusion status quo. This research seeks to investigate the University of Lagos, South west Nigeria, and its various surrounding

communities using urban design as a social engineering tool to reverse their current conflicting edge conditions into a symbiotic

advantageous relationship. This would be geared at refocusing urban movement patterns from the current motorized priority

circumstance to adapting the Non-Motorized Transport (N.M.T.) guidelines to redefine neighbourhoods into spatial equality

communities. Pedestrian priority movement would be established through coding and other urban design tools, theories, and statutory

guidelines.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

“Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever” –Mahatma Gandhi

This research would not have been without the support of many people. Special recognition must go to my darling wife Doja (late),

who ensured the mid-night lantern was never extinguished, who believed I could do things I was yet to dream of. My lovely Children

“best bro” Joshua and “pretty sis” Eden thank you for indulging me.

The Faculty and staff of the school of architecture and planning, Nnamdi Ella, Ludwig Hansen, Diaan Van Westhuizen and the every

ready to help Siphokazi Makhaye your support has been phenomenal

My course mates; Bai, Batatu, Emma, Matimba and Maryke thank you for your understanding, and support for all of my short comings.

And to all the wonderful people I met doing this research I appreciate you all.

To God be the Glory.

DEDICATION

To My dearest Adedoja Folasade EKERUCHE nee Ogunsanwo (Dec 31, 1976-Aug 8, 2021) encouraging till your last breadth.

Fantastic wife and mother.

Gone too soon.

We miss you dearly.

CHAPTER 01 – INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Western-style university education is relatively new in Nigeria at circa sixty-five years. The amalgamation of Nigeria's geographic entity

was formalized in 1918 by the fusion of the Northern and Southern protectorates with the colony of Lagos by the British Crown.

Consequently, the administrative workforce requirements necessitated establishing an institution for middle and higher-level local

workforce training. According to Hussey (1959, as cited by Ejiogu & Sule, 2012), who posited that too many Europeans holding various

cadre positions were unsustainable, they recommended establishing higher institutions to train locals for various low and middle-level

positions. This led to establishing the first post-secondary institution in 1938, the 'Yaba higher college' now known as the Yaba College

of Technology in Lagos, southwest of Nigeria. In anticipation of decolonization, Dr. Eric Ashby of the University of Cambridge was

appointed to recommend a post-secondary academic structure to serve the post-independent nation's peculiarities. Among the 'Ashby

Report' recommendations was the establishment of four new universities in the Northern region, eastern and western regions, and

the federal capital city of Lagos. According to the world education service (2017), there were five fully operational universities by 1965,

with a student population of approximately five thousand, but by 2015, Fifty years later, the figure had risen to one hundred and fifty-

two (152) universities, consisting of federal, states, and private universities with a registered student population of one million nine

hundred and sixty-two thousand three hundred and sixty-four (1,962, 364) students.

Post-independent Nigeria (1960) brought a new normative for university campuses' design, and planning had evolved from the

nineteenth-century European and American collegiate campus planning style where faculties were housed in archaic temples

cathedral. The current trend, according to Coulson et al. was that,

“ the movement endowed America with Campuses of vastly different appearances, yet united by bold plans of organizational

clarity that imbued higher education with a grand civic expression befitting its stature in an urbanizing society” Coulson 2011:6.

The British and the Europeans also aligned with the new movement of developing green fields into campus-cities, essentially due to

the demand for higher education.

(Ejiogu and Sule, 2012; McMillan and associates, 1962; Unilag.edu.ng 2020 and world education service 2017)

Photo 1.1: Aerial View of the University of Lagos,

Established in 1962. 802 acre site in Akoka-Yaba of

Lagos state. Western Nigeria.

Courtesy Lagosviews.com, accessed [2019])

Figure 1.1: Architectural model of the University of

Ile-Ife (now Obafemi Awolowo University) Master

Plan 1962. 13,000 acres site located in Ile-Ife Osun

State. Western Nigeria

Sharon+Elder Sharon (Source: University of Il-Ife

Master Plan 1962)

Figures 1 and 2 shows examples of university campuses built on green field sites as was the norm in the 1960s. This style is what the

Nigerian Government adopted and it is what is recommended till date for both private and state universities.

1.2 CONTEXTUAL BACKGROUND (A brief story of Lagos, Nigeria)

Lagos State, Nigeria, (6° 35′ 0″ N, 3° 45′ 0″ E) is located in the southwestern region of the Country. It is the smallest of the federating units

covering an area of 356,861 hectares, of which 21% are wetlands. Its highest altitude above sea level is 7meters on the Lagos Island

and 47meters on the mainland. It has approximately a 21million daytime inhabitants (2017 EST.), with an average population density

of 7,871/km2. Lagos state government claimed that it had enumerated 4.75 million houses in the State as of 2013. (LASRAB).

The State has a long active history, and in understanding the evolution of this city-state, it is best described in two parts: the colonial

era and the post-independence era.

Figure 1.2: Lagos state map showing the Atlantic Ocean and the Lagos Lagoon. Darkened areas show growth development

pattern. (Source: Courtesy Lindsey Sawyer, enhanced by author, 2020)

In the pre-colonial era, Lagos' territory was also known as 'Eko' while it was a protectorate of the previous Benin Empire of present-

day West Africa. An excellent summation of the colonial period made by Godwin and Hopwood, who noted that:

"From 1861 to 1960, this place on the coast of West Africa known as Lagos was to remain a British colony for a mare 100

years, 46 of which served as Nigeria's administrative capital. Before that, this small fishing community, geographically sited on

the estuary of Ogun River, was a vassal of the ancient empire of Benin and part of the myriad of Lagoon and waterways which

follow the coast of the bright of Benin." Godwin and Hopwood (2012:6)

During the colonial era, The British annexed Lagos as a colony and later seized the Benin Empire. These actions evolved to the

establishment of the colony of Lagos and the protectorate of Nigeria. Under this new structure, Lagos was declared the capital of

Nigeria in 1914. Britannica wrote that the British crown colony governed Lagos as part of its United Kingdom's West African

settlements. Even after Nigeria attained independence in 1960, Lagos continued to be the capital until 1991, when it lost its

administrative status to a new more centrally located Federal Capital Territory; nevertheless, it retained its social, economic status.

Also, according to the Lagos Bureau of Statistics (L.B.S.), Lagos has evolved tremendously during the present post-independence era,

though the State occupies a mere 903,066 acres of land, about 0.4% of the landmass of Nigeria. The State is host to 70% of the

Country's economic activities, with over 2000 manufacturing industries and 200 financial institutions. The State readily admits it faces

inadequate and overstretched infrastructures that have to provide for its 7,871 people per square kilometer population density. This

vibrant city has become many things to many people, locals and foreigners alike. The accounts of Fourchard (2011) captures the

essence of Lagos that has been missing for many,

"Despite the lack of all basic amenities and public services, Lagos continues to function as a city because it is conceived as a

series of self-regulatory systems which has to free itself from the constraints of colonization and post-independence town

planning. Lagos illustrates the large-scale efficiency of systems and agents considered marginal, informal, or illegal: it is the

celebration of informality which cannot be reduced to disorder as it generates economic dynamism and reveals the capacity

of Lagosians to develop their infrastructure" Fourchard, (2011:1)

However, some of its neighbors and visitors believe Lagos is 'generally famous for its frantic and fast-paced life.' The 'uninitiated' can

easily fall prey to extortion or fraud, the welcoming sign at the city gates carries a simple uninspiring sign that reads "this is Lagos,"

almost as a caution to visitors and new migrants alike to be vigilant.

Most Lagosians hold the above assertion to be accurate, including this writer, who has experienced life in the city for over four decades,

yet we love our Lagos.

1.3 CONTEXTUAL BACKGROUND 2 (A brief story of the University of Lagos)

The University of Lagos was founded in 1962 by a federal act of parliament, which

has been amended several times yet, has guided the University's growth,

development, and structure. Initially, the university was to be sited on the

commercial island with its ports, trade and, vibrant economy. This is why the

federal government accepted the initial recommendation to focus the school on

the following programs of study: Business, Commerce, Medicine and, Law, but

later added Engineering, sciences, and the arts in its second phase. Because the

city was considered a very vibrant, commercial and trading city; the mentioned programs which were seen as complementary to its

growth formed the bedrock under which

the academic structure was built. The

University’s first intake consisted of 130

students who took off from a temporary

location in Suru-Lere, about four

kilometers west of where the permanent

site was to be located in the fishing

community of Akoka. Thereafter, the

master plan for the University was

divided into three phases, having its first

operational master plan adopted in 1980.

The first phase was building the academic

core, which housed the faculty of Law,

business, and medicine (though the

medical school was located on another

campus 7 km away from the Main

Campus). The administrative buildings

and main library were also part of the first

phase. Later, the institution was moved to its current site in 1964 with a total student population of 993 on completing the first phase,

which was design ed by Robert S. McMillan Associates (an American firm of architects and planners). The second phase commenced

Figure 1.3: Map showing geographic relationship between the main campus Akoka, the MBA

Campus Yaba and, and the medical school Campus Suru-Lere, Lagos (Source: Google maps

over laid on Lagos street maps, enhanced by the author, 2020)

with 1800 students who enrolled in the University, with engineering and science programs. The number of program faculties, as well

as students, grew with the urbanization of the city. By 1990, the registered students' population stood at 24,450 for full-time, part-

time, and distance learning programs, while the State's population was estimated at 7.75million people. Currently (for instance, the

year 2020), the students' population stands at 57,200 while the city's population has equally doubled to 14.4million over just thirty

years. Unilag currently operates from 3 campuses, all within a 7km radius in the mainland of Lagos.

(Unilag.edu.ng, university master plan, 2014, lagosstate .gov.ng).

1.31 THE 3 CAMPUSES

The University currently has three campuses, two of them located in Yaba, the State's education district and the new tech hub of the

city of which has been nick named ‘YabaconValley or the Silicon Lagoon.’ The third one is in Suru-Lere, a 23km2 land area of 0ver

500,000 inhabitants (2006 census). The two campuses in Yaba consist of the Main Campus in Akoka, and the most recently acquired

former federal school of radiography. The third is the College of medicine in the Idi-Araba community of Suru-Lere.

The Akoka campus. (6° 31′ 0″ N, 3° 23′ 10″ E)

The Campus's main entrance is situated through the Akoka community along the famous university road; however, several

communities border the edge of the Campus. Among the border communities of the University's Main Campus are Akoka, Onitiri,

Onike, and the Iwaya communities. The main Campus, which is our area of focus, is assigned on an 802-acre plot of land that had

previously consisted of 4 fishing hamlets which were relocated after the government acquisition if the site in 1961. A large part of the

land was made up of green infrastructures such as natural canals, streams, and swamps. It is located in the northeastern part of Yaba,

Lagos. Akoka has always been a hub of major tertiary institutions that host the UNILAG and the Federal College of education (technical)

Akoka, the Yaba College of Technology

(Yaba Tech), barely 2 km away from the

Akoka community. Ironically the University

is the smallest federal University in Nigeria

by size allotted on a 325 hectare plot as

against the University of Ilorin, north-

central Nigeria which is on a 15,000 hectare

site. But it is by far the most populated,

interestingly it is also the only Campus in

the Country of over 120 universities to be

sited by a waterfront, enjoying the serene,

breathtaking view of the Lagos lagoon.

www.nuc.edu.ng, unilag.edu.ng

The Yaba campus (6° 31′ 3.04″ N, 3° 21′ 14.85″ E)

This Campus was the former Federal school of Radiography, which was assimilated by the College of medicine in 2005. This Campus is

the latest and the smallest of the three campuses on less than 10acres of land and is approximately 3km from the Main Campus and

4km from the medical school campus. Other campuses and several research institutes surround this tiny Campus; the location falls

within the research city as recognized by the 'Mainland Central Model Master Plan (2013)'.

Unilag.edu.ng, Kadiri Associates (2014)

This area has become a Tech hub for a lot of its technology savvy youths, with malls, restaurants and good night life.

Photo 1.2: Aerial view of the first phase of the Unilag development overlooking

the lagoon (Source: Info@lagosviews.com, accessed [2019])

http://www.nuc.edu.ng/
mailto:Info@lagosviews.com

The Suru-Lere Campus (6° 31′ 3.64″ N, 3° 21′ 13.58″ E)

This is the University's Medical Campus and is located approximately 7km from the principal university site in Akoka. It is also known

as the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH). The College consists of 32 departments with a staff strength of 1,850 and 2000

students. The Campus is apportioned on a 65-hectare plot and, is also hosts the Lagos university teaching hospital. It was established

in 1961 to produce 100 medical doctors annually. Currently, the bed capacity has grown from the initial 330 beds to just under 800

beds. It is also the largest teaching hospital in Nigeria, catering to patients.

www.luthnigeria.org, Kadiri Associates (2014)

1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT

At independence in 1960, Lagos' population was estimated at under 1 million; today, it is estimated at 17-21 million people. The

University of Lagos, which commenced with fewer than 200 students, now has about 57,200 students in its 2019 records. This growth

though seemingly proportional, has resulted in a clear urban divide between the school and the surrounding communities. The

University rigorously controlled growth pattern and development, unlike the host communities that was allowed to grow amorphously

hence has slipped into urban dilapidation and decay, recording a population density of up to 12,000/m2. Even though this exponential

growth did not come with corresponding growth in public infrastructure, the proactive thinking of today is about taking advantage of

the numerous benefits in creating closer ties between the Campus and the community. This form of symbiotic relationship has been

advanced to create an unimaginable synergy for campus edge communities. However, this is an aspiring position between the

University of Lagos and the Akoka community situated around it. Now, the University authorities believe that they will benefit from

http://www.luthnigeria.org/

the economic, social, and gentrification that would occur within the school's edges if they engage with the community more amicably

than previously. (UN WPP 2020, Unilag.edu.ng, Unilag revised master plan, 2014). This, therefore, inspires the following research

questions:

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION

The current study's primary objective has generated a vital question: how can a normative urban design approach be used to stimulate

an interactive and socio-economic active edge condition between gated urban campuses and their host communities for a better

symbiotic relationship?

SUB-QUESTIONS

 How can university communities be spatially integrated with their host communities?

 How will the redesign of active public spaces around the University edge integrate them optimally with their host communities?

 Should the socio-economic activities around the campus edges be unified or reorganized along its active perimeters?

 How can normative urban design trends in university campus designs be used to influence the urban fabric of its host

community?

 Will the universal movement be enhanced if the motorized movement is de-emphasized in pedestrian movement given a

prominent space along the routes linking the Campus and its surrounding communities?

 How can universities apply urban design principles to become positive influencers in the spatial organization of cities?

 In what ways can universities play a leading role in the physical development of their cities?

The questions above lead to the current study's objective.

1.6 AIMS

The current study shows that an active symbiotic edge can foster a cordial relationship between citadels of higher learning that had

previously been gated and isolated, and their host communities, using a classic example while extracting vital data from previous

attempts at such urban restructuring. Hence, the main objective of this study is appropriately and adequately captured by the UNILAG

authorities when they stated in the revised master plan thus:

"To develop a university with a distinct identity and yet well integrated with its immediate environment and to stimulate town

and gown interactions between the university and its host communities" – (Unilag revised master plan, 2014, p139).

1.7 RATIONALE FOR STUDY

Modern African Universities were built as private urban entities disconnected from the urban fabric of their surrounding cities.

However, normative thinking shows that there are many benefits to cordial town-gown relations than security concerns that had

previously made the campuses reclusive. The communities, too, have a lot to gain in terms of best practices of public urban

infrastructure and socio-economic benefits if the Campus is comfortable enough to embrace its host as is now posited. While the

University of Lagos had shut out the surrounding communities in its sixty-five years of existence, in the revised university master plan

(2014), it had a shift of policy direction by adopting to foster a better relationship with its surrounding community, hoping to craft a

better equilibrium than what currently obtains. The Campus also can take advantage of its strategic position to expand its fortunes

and not compromising on its security. This research would endeavor to show what roles good urban design can play to achieve this

school's new direction.

CHAPTER 02 – LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 STUDY BACKGROUND

This research will investigate the complex relationships of University campuses built on Greenfields sites, socially and economically

isolated from its host communities and, now exhibiting severe dichotomy in their urban morphology. Academic exploration of new

trends discusses that a separation of town and gown is no longer in the benefit of the development of modern university campuses.

The research will advance various urban design strategies geared at reconciling this awkward urban dichotomy in which the University

and the host communities now operate.

Genuine collaboration based on mutual respect needs is a workable approach to having a smoother relationship. The other is a clarified

expectation of each other's fundamental desires. Many institutions now practice inclusive urban and socio-economic planning

according to Sungu-Eryilmas (2009:23), "The University of Pennsylvania as a local contracting program that generated more than

$65million in business for west Philadelphia firms in 2002."

That universities impact their host communities is no longer a matter for debate; hence, Ogeah and Ajalaye (2011:37), in their article

in the global journal of social science posited that

“they noted that the university has made the local economy of the regions around it grow and blossom with sales of goods and

services provided by merchants for students’ consumption.” Ogeah and Ajalaye 2011

The final vision for public realm intervention between contrasting communities, such as the current case study, is best derived from

the challenge posed. Various theoretic concepts by leading urbanists would guide the overall framework. In this instance, Bentley et

al., Lynch, Jacobs, and Gehl's theoretical concepts would comprise the primary premise, secondly established statutory framework

such as the City of Johannesburg complete street manual and the Lagos Non-Motorized Transport Policy will all be employed to ensure

the final recommendations will be in line with international best practice and local statutory regulations. This project would activate

the elements of; Permeability, Legibility, walkability, edge conditions, public squares, defensible spaces, complete streets guidelines,

and Lagos N.M.T. policy as the guild for the final vision.

2.2 TRENDS

 PERMEABILITY: The level of access or restriction into a place as its measure of permeability. A high rate of accessibility choice

is considered a positive attribute in urban space planning as ease of movement in and out of neighborhoods eliminates

disjoining of communities. Bentley et al. (2005:12) stated that "the permeability of any system of public spaces depends on the

number of public routes it offers from one point to another," They also mentioned the importance of visual access to the points

of permeation. They finally made the point that a thorough analysis of the movement pattern of the surrounding areas

undertaken so that the chosen point(s) of permeation chosen be recognizable and legible to visitors also.

 LEGIBILITY: Legibility is ensuring that the locations and functions of elements in places are recognizable and clear. According

to Lynch (1960:2), it is the "mental image of that city which is held by its citizens," a city where its elements (nodes, edges,

paths, districts, and landmarks) are easily identifiable. Bentley et al. (2005) and Lynch (1960) position that legibility at the urban

scale is important as people should be able to read with clarity their urban environments in terms of ‘urban scale, time and

complexity.’ As permeability is about the degree of choices rendered, legibility is about recognizing those choices. An excellent

example of legibility is the 'connect corridor' embarked on by the University of Syracuse in 2004. This project aimed to connect

the host city through a bicycle and pedestrian link across an edge created over 40 years previously.

 EDGES: they are boundary lines between phases, a long break in continuity. Such as edges of development, shorelines, and

walls; they are oblique references. Edges may be penetrable or not; in the latter, it becomes a socio-economic and urban

separator and a delineator of neighborhoods or towns. By their intrinsic nature as delineators, edges catalyze the clarity of

urban spaces. Edges could be of natural elements such as green infrastructure, or human-made such as streets, building lines;

edges are summarized by Lynch (1960:63) as “the boundaries between two kinds of area.”

 WALKABILITY: This is a term used to describe the friendliness of pedestrian activity in a neighbourhood. The Compact Oxford

English Dictionary (2006) defines the pedestrian as "a person walking rather than traveling in a vehicle." Walkability is measured

in terms of comfort, safety, clarity, and quality. This measure of continence must consider people with hindered mobility, such

as wheelchairs, baby strollers, or adults walking with minors. Walkability is a natural human activity considered the cheapest

and healthiest mode of transportation for many people.

According to Gehl (2011:133),” walking demands space, it is necessary to be able to walk reasonably freely without

disturbance…” ibid also believes that it is essential to locate rest stop at regular intervals throughout the city.

 DEFENSIBLE SPACES: This is a 'socio-physical phenomenon' where residents of a community adopt and protect common open-

public areas within their community using passive and active surveillance techniques. This proactive community action has

been shown to enhance users' safety in open public areas around residential communities. According to Newman (1996), when

communities exhibit a sense of territoriality over open public spaces around their neighbourhood, and these spaces are

responsibly cared for, crime and criminal activities cannot incubate. (ibid, 1996) listed factors such as territoriality, natural

surveillance, image (of security), milieu (proximity to safe refuge), and safe adjoining areas are listed as parameters for

achieving defensible functional spaces by design. He contextualized his doctrine when he professed that;

“Defensible spaces are not about fencing. It is about the reassignment of physical areas and areas of responsibility-the

demarcation of new paces of responsibilities” Newman 1996:2.

 URBAN SQUARES: The Square is probably man's first experience with urban space, and it could be a cluster of buildings around

a large defined space or a large building built around a courtyard. Krier laments the lack of use of squares and courtyards in

contemporary urban planning. He believes the evolution (or lack of) socialization of humans has had a significant influence on

the discrediting of the courtyard technique despite its numerous advantages. (Ibid.) Argues that from medieval times till the

development of the early tenements housing, the courtyards had been very successful, and there is no reason to discard it. He

even recommends functions best suited for squares as "public administrative buildings, youth centers, concert halls, cafes, and

bars." In his theory of 'self-congregation, Whyte (1980) holds that if you want to activate an open space, the introduction of

food is essential to the endeavor.

2.3 CoJ COMPLETE STREETS MANUAL: Initially, the streets were seen as an area for public circulation and recreation; according to

(Krier, 1984) they are a product of the result of an expansion of settlements, which were planned with a human scale for the

movement of horses and wagons. He emphasizes that the previous narrow streets encouraged better interaction among the users,

but with the motorization of the urban space, the intimacy has been lost. A profound statement was made by Whyte (1980:19)

when he stated that “the street is the river of life of the city, they come to these places not to escape but to partake of it.”

The CoJ complete street Guideline is a design-based transportation policy of how streets should be designed, delineated, and

apportioned for all users' safety. The method of planning, design, maintenance, and operation to inspire safety and comfort for all

ages and gender regardless of the mode of transport should be clearly stated and or illustrated. Elements of complete streets

include pedestrian infrastructures such as sidewalks and raised crosswalks—traffic calming measures with clear definitions of

movement edges.

Bicycle accommodations, protected dedicated lanes for cyclists with parking provisions, and the rapid bus transport system. The

complete guidelines adopted for this research would give clear directions on how the inadequacies of road reserves in

undeveloped cities can be addressed. According to the CoJ manual, some factors that make streets unsafe include

"A lack of paved or limited areas for a sidewalk. The conflict between pedestrians' vehicular movement in the inner cities. A

lack of street lighting which has made movement unsafe for all users during dark hours, finally a lack of a dedicated path for

cyclists and no clear road markings and signage on the streets." CoJ complete streets manual (2006).

2.4 LAGOS NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORT POLICY (2018): Lagos state is burdened with urgently developing a viable transport system

to meet the city's urgent needs become a model for other rapidly urbanizing societies. Previously (colonial) mobility planning was

centered on vehicular movement, but in the current policy, there is a shift to a people-centered transport policy. The city is rapidly

growing at the rate of 72 new residents per hour. If the trajectory of allowing motorization is sustained soon, there will be no space

for pedestrians and communal playgrounds for children and socialization.

The new N.M.T. policy includes but is not the extracts under listed;

o Principles and standards of street design with (emphasis on pedestrian mobility)

o The standard for built environment regulation (Ensuring private developers adhere to the policy direction)

o Street network planning guidelines (using movement syntax analysis to create shorter walking distances in communities

and expand safe public transport)

o Provision for street management (prioritizing N.M.T. users) etc.

The new Lagos N.M.T. policy is geared at creating a sustainable socio-economic and environmentally viable society. This new manual

aspires to make walking, cycling, and the use of public transport are important modes to improve mobility and enhance accessibility.

The N.M.T. policy's effectiveness would depend mainly on the upgrade of infrastructural facilities along the road reserve to

accommodate footpaths, cycle tracks, and greenways. The strategy to ensure the safety of the N.M.T. users includes;

o Systematic traffic calming to ensure smaller streets are safe places for mixing of pedestrians and other modes.

o Ensure that pedestrian and cycle infrastructure are physically separated from motor vehicle traffic. Lagos N.M.T. policy (2018)

2.5 THE UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS REVISED MASTER PLAN 1962-2014: In January of 1963, the American firm of Robert S. McMillan

Associates was appointed by the Federal Government of Nigeria to propose and design a university in Lagos. A former British crown

colony and now the newly independent Nigerian State's commercial and administrative capital (up on till 1992).

The design consultants submitted their proposal in May of 1963; four months later, Messrs G Cappa L.T.D.'s Italian construction

firm commenced construction on phase one of the development. The Prime minister of the Country dedicated the opening of the

new University's first phase on January 6th, 1964.

Robert S. McMillan associates recommended, among other things, that;

 Planning should not be futuristic.

 Detailed planning should be limited to 10 years.

 Futuristic planning should be sketch design and guidelines.

The first operative development master plan for the University was adopted in 1980 to commemorate the end of the first phase

of the university development. A revised comprehensive development master plan was commissioned by the University in 2012.

In response to the award, the local planning firm of Kadiri associates submitted the interim report 03 in September of 2004. The

report stated that part of the goal of the revisions was to

 Review the postgraduate and undergraduate ratio of the University to 60-40, respectively

 The need to look at the desired mega-university status, the effect on the Campus, and its infrastructure

 The management of the proposed nature reserves of the University

 Deal with the issues of sustainability, pollution control management, signages, and signals around the Campus.

 Integrating the overall campus plan into existing locality and town plans, especially in terms of infrastructural services.

CHAPTER 03 – RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 INTRODUCTION: This is an inquiry into the movement patterns and activities of a city in an attempt to identify those catalysts that

establish the pull and push factors in the public spaces of an urban environment. Urban design researchers have also attempted to

establish the qualitative and quantitative rhythm of understanding a complex urban life; this is what Koch and Sand (2009) describe

as "Rhythemanalysis."

3.2 METHODOLOGY: The qualitative research method would be employed for this research. This is a form of scientific investigative

research, evidence gathering to deduce un-predetermined results and providing local findings beyond the scope of the research (Mack,

Woodsong, Macqueen, Guest, and Namey, 2005). This method is most appropriate for urban design research, which is mainly

premised on fieldwork, desktop study, and design interventions. According to (ibid: 1), "the strength of the qualitative research is its

ability to provide a complex description of how people experience a given research issue."

The method of qualitative research method to be adopted would be 'Participant Observations.' This is the collection of data on

naturally occurring behaviors and movement patterns in their natural elements. The use of questionnaires and interviews will not be

necessary for the nature of this research.

As with most urban design thesis, a variety of methods would be applied to understand the site in context and factors that have

evolved it thus far. Concentric area-demarcations of the region to the subject scale would be a necessary parameter. Aspects of

quantitative research methods such as observations, oral history analysis of visual and textual materials, and case studies would be

used.

 RESEARCH BY DESIGN: This is an inquiry in which design is a considerable part of the research process. . This method generates

critical analysis through design work that may include recognized projects, proposals, conceivable realism, and choices. The

method is endorsed through peer review by panels of professionals who jointly cover the range of disciplinary proficiencies

addressed by the research project. The inquiry of the role of the proposal in research is a critical aspect of the entire scheme.

(Hauberg, 2011). Research by design mainly entails Data collection, measurement, analysis (this research would also include a

proposal)

 PHOTOGRAPHY: These are made as articulated statements of explicitly sited experience. This would be used to derive other

integral parts of the urban informants within the demarcated areas of study. Photographs are beneficial to forming social

context in creating objective evidence (Schwartz 1989). According to Marshall and Gretchen (2006), photography would help

validate and interpret other data collected.

 MAPS AND GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATIONS: This method would involve extensive use of historical and situational maps and surveys

of the demarcated areas. Various graphic illustrations would be used to emphasize graphic details. Reinforcing the information

provided by these illustrations would also inspire the use of three-dimensional drawings. With the aid of images and drawings,

I hope to improve the idea of the research literature.

A B C

Figure 3.1(A, B, C): Examples of graphic illustrations and map. (Source: developed by the

author for use in this research, 2020)

CHAPTER 04 – CONTEXTUAL STUDY

4.0 INTRODUCTION

4.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAGOS CITY: Located in southwestern Nigeria, on the Bight of Benin coast. It is bounded by the

Ogun State to the eastern and northern periphery, by the Republic of Benin to the west, and by the Bight of Benin to the south. From

1914 to 1954, the area included in the State was administered by the British as part of the British

Colony of Nigeria. The requirements of the 1954 constitution led to the formation of the Federal Territory of Lagos (the 27-square-

mile [70-square-km] area of Lagos Island, including the city of Lagos) and the transfer of the city's surrounding region to the

management of the Western Nigeria government. This arrangement restricted the growth of Lagos city onto the mainland, however,

and in 1967 the national government created the State of Lagos fussing the hinterlands with the commercial islands under a single

administrative organ (www.britannica.com).

According to the World economic forum (2016), even already as Nigeria’s most populous city, it is still growing – very rapidly. According

to United Nations data, the population of Lagos is projected to increase by 77 people every hour between 2010 and 2030, making it

Africa’s fastest-growing city. This city's astonishing growth has left many analysts bewildered, especially with the Lagos state

government in its official website stating it.

“provides free education to over One Million pupils/students in 1,010 primary schools with a population of

about 497,318 pupils; 670 Junior and Senior Secondary Schools with a population of about 564,758 students and 5 Technical

and Vocational Schools across the state” (lagosstate.gov.ng 2018).

https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria
https://www.britannica.com/place/Bight-of-Benin
https://www.britannica.com/place/Lagos-Nigeria

Lagos state is also home to 8 tertiary institutions (two federal, one State, and five private accredited universities) with an approximate

100,000 registered student population.

A B

Photo 4.1: (A and B): Picture showing Lagos Island (Broad Street) CBD circa 1930s and 2020s

(Source: courtesy autojosh.com, [2021])

Figure 4.1: Table showing

the population of tertiary

school’s enrolment in Lagos

State 2018. (Source: Courtesy

Lagos state ministry of

Education, [2020])

Administratively, as with many mega-urban areas in sub-Saharan Africa, Lagos is run by a variety of administrative components or

local government areas, each headed by a supposedly self-regulating council under the overall supervision of a state governor. Made

up of five divisions –Lagos, Ikeja, Badagry Ikorodu, and Epe – the state structure comprised 20 local council areas, of which 17 were

located within the cosmopolitan part. In 2002 it was further subdivided into 57 local council development areas -LCDA. This indicates

that, theoretically, although the federal constitution makes provision for one state governor, there could be as many different political

activities in operation for the 57 LCDA (Okunlola)

Figure 4.2: Administrative map of Lagos State showing the 5 divisions 20 districts and 37 local government areas (Source: Lagos

state Government 2009)

4.11 ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION: The creation of Lagos as an autonomous federating unit occurred on May 14th, 1967, by the

promulgation of decree No 14 of 1967. Prior to this, the municipality was administered as a federal territory by the Nigerian

government through the federal ministry of Lagos affairs. The State served the dual function of as part of the federating units and the

seat of the federal government unity 1992when the seat of the central government was relocated to a new federal capital territory.

Notwithstanding, Lagos remains the economic and commercial nucleus of the region. Extant political records state that "Lagos is to

the people of Nigeria what the head is to the body of an individual."

The State comprises five administrative divisions: Ikeja, Lagos (Eko), Badagry Epe, and Ikorodu divisions established by Edict No 3 of

1968. This Edict goes further to sub-divide the State into 20 local government areas and 37 local development areas. In 2002 a further

sub-division was carried out, transforming the 37 LDAs into 57 Local Council Development Area (LCDA).

Since its inception, the State has been administered by an executive governor and a house of assembly. However, from 1967 to 1979

and 1985 to 1999, the State was administered by military governors and sole-administrators. Lagos operates a multi-party system but

has been dominated by one party since 1999. The State is currently run by an executive governor, his deputy, with the assistance of

forty other members of the executive cabinet. The state house of the assembly comprises forty members, two each from every local

government area. Representing the State in the National assembly are two senators and twelve members of the house of assembly.

4.12 ECONOMY: Lagos state is the focal point of economic activities in Nigeria. The city's economic activities amount to 26% of Nigeria’s

gross domestic product (G.D.P.). Also, over

50% of the non-oil industry earners are

located in Lagos, hosting all of the major

bank's headquarters and the Nigerian stock

exchange. Also home to over 200 financial

institutions, twenty-nine industrial estates,

and four central business districts. Lagos's

estimated G.D.P. is put at $145billion as of

2016 (Federal Bureau of Statistics). This is

larger than the economy of any other

country in the West African sub-region.

4.13 CLIMATE: Lagos has a tropical climate consisting of the dry season and the rainy season. Lagos experiences two rainy seasons,

the first from April to July; this is followed by an August break and then another mild, rainy season from October to November. Monthly

rainfall in May and July average 400mm, while between August and September, it comes down to 200mm. The main dry season is

accompanied by harmattan winds from the Sahara desert, especially between December and early February. The highest maximum

temperatures recorded in Lagos was 37.3 degrees, and the minimum is 13.9 degrees (university master plan/ world meteorological

organization).

Photo 4.2: Picture showing the skyline of the old Lagos economic district. (Source:

courtesy of Google [poster unknown], accessed [2021])

4.14 DRAINAGE: The natural drainage system is made up of a maze of lagoons, creeks, and canals, which constitute approximately

22% of the total area of the State, about 787km2. These major water bodies are. Namely, the Lagos lagoon, the Lekki lagoon, the

Ologe lagoon, and the Yewa and Ogun River, also are the Kuramo waters, five cowrie creeks, and the Omu-creeks. (University master

plan/ Drainage master plan for Lagos).

4.15 VEGETATION: The two major vegetation types identifiable in Lagos are the forest of the coastal belt and the low land rain forest.

The swamp forests are a combination of Mangrove forest and coastal vegetation developed under the coastal areas' brackish

conditions and the swamp of the freshwater (university master plan).

4.2 INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE CITY

4.21 RESIDENT AND DAY-TME POPULATION:

The population of Lagos is largely disputed, with

figures ranging between 14m and 21m,

depending on whom you ask. What is not in

dispute is that the Yoruba ethnic group largely

dominates the city. However, it is believed that

the State is host to the over 250 ethnic

nationalities of the Country and many other

forging nationalities from all the continents of

the world.

Photo 4.3: Picture showing a crowded street at a CBD in Lagos ahead of 2016

Christmas celebrations. (Source: courtesy of Reuters/Akindele, 2016)

The World population review estimates that about

68% of the population lives in the slums, with millions

living around the expansive Lagos lagoon with no

access to basic infrastructure. The review estimates

that by 2050, Lagos' population is expected to have

doubled from its current figures, which would make it

the 3rd largest city in the world.

(worldpopulationreview.com)

Due to the city's actual population dispute, it has not

been easy to place actual numbers to the State's day

and night-time populations. However, what is not in

dispute is that the night-time population is 15-20%

less than the daytime population.

4.22 VEHICULAR ROADS AND BRIDGES: With water

bodies making up 60% of the Lagos land area, it is no

surprise that Lagos is interlinked with numerous

bridges and fly-overs roads. There are numerous

flyovers across the state to ease vehicular flow of

Photo 4.4: Picture showing women on canoes selling food on the Lagoon

among thousands of stilted homes. (Source: courtesy of Reuters/ Esiri, G.)

traffic. The main bridges are the third mainland bridge, which is 11.8km long on and

eight lanes wide. This bridge is reputed to be one of Africa's longest bridges and it

carries passengers across the Lagos Lagoon. It was full commissioned in 1990 and its

official name is the ‘Ibrahim Babangida Bridge.’

The other three major bridges are the Eko Bridge, Carter Bridge, and the Lekki-Ikoyi

Bridge.

The Eko Bridge is the shortest of the three bridges that connect the mainland of

Lagos to the Island. The bridge spanned a length of 480m and was constructed in

phases between 1965 and 1975.

Carter Bridge is the oldest of the three, originally built in 1901 by the British Colonial

Government. The bridge was later dismantled and rebuilt in the 1970s. It was named

after a former Colonial Lagos governor, Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter

The Lekki-Ikoyi link bridge is the newest of the bridges and is a modern suspension

cable bridge designed with sidewalks that have become very popular amongst

joggers in the vicinity. This bridge is the only one that does not link the Island with

the mainland but links two parts of the Island together and was commissioned in

2013.

(Lagosstate .gov.ng/aboutlagos)

Photo 4.5: Picture showing Falomo Bridge

over Ozumba Mbadiwe road. (Source:

courtesy of Giditraffic.com, 2021)

4.23 PEDESTRIAN WALKWAYS: The

pedestrian movement of Lagosians has not

been adequately catered for. The lack of

dedicated N.M.T. corridors has left

pedestrians to navigate spaces and share

carriageways with fast-moving motorized

vehicles. Most road designs in the city have

leaned towards vehicular dominance.

Because of this design imbalance, most

pedestrians have been forced to compete

with motorized vehicles for space,

sometimes leading to catastrophic ends.

(Augustus 2013, Lagos N.M.T. policy)

Fortunately, the city just adopted the Lagos Non-motorized transport policy in 2018 to urgently tackle numerous challenges of

developing a viable universal movement system across the city. The city managers have joined the league of cities focusing on non-

motorized movement in the interest of public health and safety. The Lagos N.M.T. policy will focus on; principles and standards for

street design, street network planning guidelines, and pedestrian-focused street management, amongst others. (Lagos N.M.T. policy)

Photo 4.6: Picture showing pedestrian movement on a busy commercial street

in Yaba area of Lagos. (Source: courtesy of Lagos island info on word press,

[2021])

4.24 PARKING: Vehicular movement and parking is an

integral part of the activities in any city; Lagos is no

exception. What compounds the case of Lagos is the city's

population density, the lack of street parking

infrastructure, and the lack of a safe and comfortable mass

transit system, which has led many to rely on private

vehicles for their daily commute. Parking in Lagos has

become one of the numerous hurdles that city managers

are grappling with. The wide shortfall in safe mass transit

has led to the reliance on private vehicles, with over

900,000 vehicles plying the roads daily.

Although there is a parking policy in Lagos which states

that indiscriminate parking or repairs of motor vehicles in any public way is strictly prohibited, this policy is largely ignored because

there are no viable alternatives to this policy in many parts of the city. On-street parking is a menace in Lagos as it has contributed to

disruption in traffic flow, accidents, and chaos around the city. This phenomenon is made worse in commercial areas lacking any form

of dedicated parking, as motorists are forced to double-parking in very narrow streets.

(Asiyanbola and Akinpelu 2012)

4.25 TRAFFIC PATTERN: Up until the mid-1990s, there was no verifiable urban transport plan for the entire Lagos metropolis. There

was no characteristic distribution of traffic in the metropolis. There was the poplar 'Lagos rush', and this is the movement of people

from the Lagos mainland to the commercial island from 5 am up until 8 am, and there was the 'business rush from 8:30 am till about

Photo 4.7: Picture showing on-street parking on a residential

Lagos street. (Source: courtesy of istock, 2021)

11 am. At about after lunchtime, there begins an exodus of the almost 1

million people that come to work on the island, gradually moving back to

their mainland homes. While there was the Lagos Metropolitan transport

service (LMTS) and later the Lagos state transport corporation (LSTC)

running transport services, there was no master plan for the city's

transport management. Even though road networks were laid out, they

only developed when the city grew into the plan.

Despite its small landmass, the city of Lagos and its suburbs has almost

6000km of road network and three bridges linking the mainland with the

Lagos Island.

There are four major factors still working against the transportation

coordination of the city of Lagos. The first challenge is the lack of statutory

coordination from the six government agencies tasked with various

aspects of the city roads. This lack of proper harmonization by the federal,

state, and local government creates discomfort and impedes movement of

persons and goods across the city. Secondly, the city's physical terrain,

consisting of vast areas of swampland, poses technical challenges of

providing canals, drainages, and culverts in more places than the city can readily afford. Thirdly is the lack of traffic control and general

discipline among the road users of the city. Finally is the lack of a complete street guideline as obtainable in other cities that should

highlight the minimum requirements for roads and streets within the city, making provisions for all road users, cyclists, pedestrians

Photo 4.8: Picture showing parts of the 3rd

mainland bridge. (Source: courtesy of Auto Josh

Blog, 2021)

and the physically impaired, etc. instead, the city managers have inadvertently given motorists dominant possession of most roads.

All of these challenges led to the development of the Lagos non-motorized transport policy in 2018. This policy, among other things,

will develop the Lagos street

design manual, which will be

the premise of all future

street designs in Lagos.

As of the year 1990, it was

estimated that there was 7-

10million daily passenger

demand in the city. Lagos is

also reputed for high traffic

congestion in most parts of

the city.

(United Nations University,

Lagos N.M.T. policy)

Figure 4.3: Picture showing Eko Bridge, Carter Bridge and 3rd Mainland Bridge.

(Source: courtesy of Google maps, 2021)

4.26 TRANSPORTATION: Lagos comprise the most extensive road

network in West Africa. It is also serviced by a growing regional rail line,

ferry services, and an international airport. A new 35km light-rail from

Badagry to Lagos Island known as the Lagos Light-Rail Mass Transit

(LRMT) is scheduled to be commissioned in 2021. The city is also

interconnected with many highways, roads, streets, and bridges. The city

also has a Bus Rapid Transit (B.R.T.) system operated by LAGBUS with

1,309 mass transit vehicles operating 57 routes with an annual passage

base of over 62million. The Lagos data book estimates the total length of

tarred road in Lagos to be 5,514km (2001). Motor vehicle registration

records of 2015 showed that there were 833,957 vehicles and 25,958

motorcycles registered in the State.

Rail: A 27km Lagos mass transit light rail is under construction and

scheduled to be completed in 2022. The rail will consist of a R.E.D. Line

and a BLUE line. The blue line runs between the Marina in Lagos Island

and the suburb town of Lagos in Okokomaiko, operating 13 stops. The

red line will take advantage of the existing rail line corridor to convey

between 350-400,000 people daily serviced by 11 stops, according to a

statement released by the Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport (LAMATA)

in July 2020. The statement read in part; "the red line is supposed to be

Figure 4.4: Map showing the BRT/ monorail train

route in a part of Lagos city. (Source: courtesy

LAMATA. 2018)

a quick win because it will share tracks with the Nigerian Railway Corporation on its Lagos-Ibadan corridor.”

Ferries: The Lagos government has 167 ferries shuttling its

waterways, conveying approximately 26 million people per

annum, with another 136 boats conveying another 1.5million

people per year. Most of these ferry services are run by

private ferry services with strict regulations, while the rest are

operated by the Lagos ferry services corporation (LSFSC),

which was established in 1983.

Air: The city and its environs are serviced by the Murtala

Mohammed international airport (MMIA), one of the busiest

airports on the African continent. The airport consists of both

the local and international wings, which are approximately

1km from each other. It is estimated that the airport can

currently handle 10,000 passengers/hr. In 2017 the airport

handled 5.4m passengers. The MMIA was the first airport in Nigeria, and it was built circa 1947.

A second airport, Lekki international airport, is currently being proposed on the city's Lagos Island axis.

(Lagos state.gov.ng/aboutlagos, Lagos state data book 2020)

4.27 WASTE MANAGEMENT: Lagos, no doubt, is struggling with the numerous challenges associated with cities of the south. The over-

population associated with the city has compounded the city's problems with its managers, especially its waste weak management

structure. Lagosians generate approximately 13,000 metric tons of solid waste per day, with the city barely able to cope with the

Photo 4.9: Picture showing one of the Lagos ferry terminals,

Ikoyi. (Source: courtesy LAGFERRY, 2020)

volume. This has led many of the inhabitants to resort to dumping refuse into drains and canals, aggravating the perennial issue of

flooding in this low-lying city. In 2011 the Lagos state government dredged almost 700,000 metric tons of silt from the city’s drains

and canals. The state agency designated to deal with matters relating to sanitation is the Lagos state waste management board

(LAWMA). It was first established in 1977 as the Lagos State Refuse Disposal Board (LSRDB) but later metamorphosed into the current

Lagos Waste Management Authority (LAWMA) in 1991. This organization aims to manage through the collection, transportation, and

disposal, intending to improve Lagosians' living conditions regarding their health and sanitation. In trying to deal with the task of

managing the enormous waste generated in the overpopulated city, LAWMA is attempting to engage the matter from several angles.

The authority is employing mass public sensitization campaigns across the State, educating people on the dangers of dumping refuse

into drains and canals and encouraging recycling at various levels enumerating local recycling's economic benefits. Also, the Global

Methane Initiative (G.M.I.), a voluntary international partnership, is funding studies on the feasibility of capturing landfill gas from two

of the stats landfill locations for power generation. (LWAMA 2020)

4.3 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF UNILAG: The development of the University was initially planned for 3 phases. The first phase was

conceived at inception and began in October of 1962. This phase commenced at the temporary site in Suru-Lere with two faculties and

one school, business and social studies faculty of Law, and the medical school, which was conceived as an autonomous institution

attached to a teaching hospital-Lagos university teaching hospital (LUTH).

Further to the successful completion of the first phase, the first set of the student was moved to the permanent site at the beginning

1956/66 academic session with 993 students.

The second phase began in October of 1964 with the establishment of the faculty of engineering, schools of Sciences and Social

sciences, and the College of education. This phase of the University's development was interrupted by the university crises of 1965,

followed by the National crises of 1967-1970 (The Nigerian civil war). In 1967 the medical school was elevated to the College of

medicine. The advanced federal teachers training college, which was part of the take-off facilities from the permanent site, was

incorporated to become the new College of education. By this time, the university enrolment figures had ramped up to 1800 students.

Figure 4.5: Maps shows the phases of physical development between 1962 – 2019.

(Source: courtesy Author, 2020)

In later years, further development saw Lagos international school (a co-educational high school) and the postgraduate school's formal

inauguration both in 1981. From the modest total student intake of 131 students in 1962, the student population had grown to 24,450

by the 1995/96 admission session.

Between 1981 and 1991 was challenging for academia as the nation grappled with a downturn in economic fortunes. Been a State-

sponsored institution, the Campus had its fair share of dilapidation, disrepair, and brain drain.

4.31 ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANISATION: There are three administrative organs that overs see the running of the University these are;

The Council, The Senate, and the Congregation.

The Council overs sees the policies and operations of the University, including finance, discipline, properties, and conditions of service.

The Senate, chaired by the vice-chancellor, is responsible for all the academic affairs of the University, admissions, examinations

syllabus, and courses of study.

The Congregation, comprising all staff members holding degrees, is a wider platform for conferring on matters of general interest.

4.32 CAMPUS LAND USE AND DISPOSITIONS: The University categorizes the disposition of the entire 363 Hectares of the University's

main campus site into four main groups, namely, the developed area, underdeveloped but committed area (these are primarily on the

university edges), and the canal. This research will take advantage of these designated plots to make proposals in line with the

aspirations of the University that will enhance the university edges to be more complimentary to the aspirations of the host

communities they adjoin.

The University developed area covers 156 Ha of land or 43% of the campus land area. This area has been developed for administrative,

academics, commercial residential, and

Recreational uses.

Another category is areas developed but is used by entities not within the control of the institution. Such areas cover a total of 12% 0r

177Ha of university land. These areas are mostly located in

the northwest of the Campus and are made up of the

developments such as Federal College of education

(technical) and St. Finbarrs College, both located on the

west and east of Akoka road, respectively. Also is an

elementary school, all on Akoka road. Ironically a few of

these developments predate the arrival of the University in

that location.

Noteworthy is the mention of the very active physical encroachment into university land, especially from the Iwaya and Makoko riverine

communities. The extent of this encroachment was documented by visits of this author to the various boundary communities. These

infrastructural deficient communities have both colonized

and or invaded a land area of almost 36Ha 0r 10% of the

entire campus land. It is essential to state that this research

proposal is based on the theory that most, if not all, of these

lands, will be reclaimed and developed through a public,

private joint venture partnership.

Figure 4.6: Chart showing Campus land Disposition.

(Source: courtesy Unilag master plan review, 2014)

Figure 4.7: Table showing Land use analysis. (Source:

courtesy Unilag master plan review, 2014)

4.33 UNDERDEVELOPED: the underdeveloped lands are

essentially categorized into two types, the swampy lands are

covering 137Ha, which serves as green infrastructure, and the

non-swampy area covering 0.5Ha or a gross total of 37% of the

campus landmass.

Underdeveloped but committed, another significant category

of used land is located along the western boundary. These are

The Fola-Agoro B.O.T. scheme (6Ha), Ajayi B.O.T. scheme (9Ha),

and the proposed Iwaya student hostel B.O.T. scheme (9Ha). Of

these 24 Ha, only 8Ha have not been actively encroached upon.

The development proposals recommended in this research are

engineers to mutually benefit both the University and the host

communities as part of the attempt to fostering better

harmonious relationships.

4.34 RESIDENT AND DAY TIME POPULATIONS: Unilag is predominantly an on-campus accommodation institution. From its inception,

the school has aspired to accommodate as many of its staff and students as possible. The school's accommodation policy is to strive

to accommodate at least 75% of its full-time student population. The main Campus's daytime student population is almost 34,000;

hence, the school aspires to accommodate 24,000 of these students by all means within their resources. In this research project, this

author is proposing 3000-bed spaces in an area already designated as the Iwaya student hostel B.O.T. scheme.

Figure 4.8b: Table showing Campus Land use

Dispositions Source: courtesy Unilag master plan review,

2014

Another accommodation policy is to house at least 50% of their staff and dependants comfortably within the secure environments of

the Campus. The current staff population is 2400, with an additional 6200 dependants. This research project will employ the activation

of all of these B.O.T. sites as catalysts to re-activate the otherwise dead edges of Iwaya and other similar communities.

The daytime population took into cognizance other ancillary activities within the Campus, such as the commercial vendors, banks,

Elementary school, and secondary school, all of which operate within the school independently and deals with the general public

directly.

Show table 3.34

4.4 CAMPUS INFRASTRUCTURE

4.41 VEHICULAR ROADS AND BRIDGES: The University is currently

accessible by two main roads. The first is the Dan-Fodio Boulevard from

the main gate and the Health Centre road leading to the second gate

that connects the Onike/Iwaya communities. The right of way for both

roads is 16meters.

Dan-Fodio Boulevard is the longest road on the Campus at 1.6km. Other

main roads are Commercial road Tafawa-Balewa road, both of which

connect Dan-Fodio with Health Centre road on the western and eastern

parts of the Campus, respectively. Other secondary roads link the

Campus with the staff and some student residences. In total, there 29

vehicular access routes within campus 4 are main artery routes with a

16meter right of way, with ten minor routes. The minor routes are especially located in the various residential districts across the

Photo 4.10: Picture shows the longest bridge on

campus Medical Centre road. (Source: courtesy

Author, 2020)

Campus, and all have the right of way of between 5.5-6metres. Closes link the more private staff residences; 15 of these road types

exist on the Campus terminated by a cul-de-sac and have a 5metre right of way. In addition to the existing roads, there are five other

roads proposed to intra-connect the Campus further in the future. The roads are located mostly in the undeveloped parts of the

campus.3 of these roads will go eastwards toward Morounfolu

street on the eastern border area of the Campus to connect the

Morounfolu B.O.T. scheme. This scheme is an integral part of the

future intervention to be proposed.

UNILAG revised master plan (2014), Unilag.edu.ng

4.42: PEDESTRIAN WALKWAYS: within the Campus are a network of

formal and informal pedestrian circulation that provides access to

buildings and parking facilities. Only very few of the facilities are

covered. The pedestrian movement around the Campus is not very

legible, with no clear signs or provisions for people with disabilities

or special needs. Both the Campus and the city have this

characteristic in common, where little or no provisions are made for

the pedestrian. It almost seems like a deliberate colonial design

policy to save costs, not lives, in their transportation architecture.

Drawing from the complete street guidelines adopted for this

research, new recommendations for re-coding the roads, streets,

and other public places within the Campus would be stated. These

Photo 4.11: Picture shows Pedestrian Movement at an

off peak period along major university road (Source:

courtesy Author, 2020)

Photo 4.12: Picture shows designated staff and student

parking (Source: courtesy Author, 2020)

recommendations would also be exercised on the principal roads around the campus edges to display the new normative of best

practice in urban design and renewal.

4.43: PARKING: The Campus has become highly motorized due to its urbane nature and the fact that its transportation design is made

essentially for motorized movement and comfort. This has led to a proliferation of vehicular parking spaces consuming valuable real

estate on this Campus. Parking areas are usually located in the front or behind the buildings they serve. The parking facilities have

been designated as open to the public, reserved for parking permit holders, or commercialized. Walking around the Campus shows a

predisposition for vehicles and vehicular movement over any other means of transport. Apart from parking facilities, the Campus also

has four bus and taxi ranks distributed around the Campus.

UNILAG revised master plan (2014), Unilag.edu.ng

Show table 6.4

4.44 TRAFFIC PATTERN AND TRANSPORTATION: Kadiri

Associates carried out a traffic survey report in 2014 as a

basis for informants for the University’s interim revised

master plan. This traffic survey showed that the main-

gate by Dan Fodio Blvd. accounts for 68% of vehicular

inflow and outflow for the weekdays and 61% for the

weekends. The total inflow and outflow for the weekdays

through the main gate is 20,074pcu and for the weekends

Photo 4.12: Picture shows an example of designated parking area

(Arts Block Complex) on campus, many of such areas exits. (Source:

Author, 2020)

is 13,254pcu. The survey suggested that the average weekday volume at both gate's main gate (Akoka) and the second gate (Onike)

are 34% higher than the weekend volumes.

The studies carried out in 2014 by Kadiri Associates

suggested that the inbound traffic peaks between 7 am

and 9 am and then experiences a decline till 2 pm when

traffic movement that's to increase again till 5 pm. It was

also observed in the 2014 studies that traffic movement

varied with the days of the week at the current two points

of access. Mondays have a higher traffic movement on

the second gate, and Wednesdays are when the main

gate experiences its peak movement of vehicular traffic.

Photo 4.13: Picture shows a local taxi rack on Campus. This taxi

rack operates only within the Campus. (Source: Author, 2020)

TRAFFIC FORECAST (2014-2034) is based on a documented growth

pattern established between 2010 and 2014; according to the Unilag

revised master plan (p. 126), "a major assumption in the traffic

forecast is that the established growth rate will not be constant

throughout the twenty-year period." It is envisaged in the forecast

planning that the hourly traffic as the main gate will grow from

1,776pcu in 2014 to 3,891pcu by 2023. The second gate will see a

lower growth pattern from 539pcu in 2014 to 930pcu in 2033.

Finally, it is forecasted that the main gate (Akoka) will remain the

main access point into the Campus by 2034

UNILAG revised master plan (2014), Unilag.edu.ng

Photo 4.14: Picture shows vehicular and pedestrian

movement during off peak. (Source: Author, 2020)

4.5 SERVICE INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE CAMPUS

4.51 WATER DISTRIBUTION: The University adopted a

main distribution ring system. This enables the water

supply to be integrated and interconnected. The

advantage is that it enables the isolation of damaged

portions during repairs with minimal disruption to

other parts of the Campus. The university maintenance

team claims they do not have any updated drawings for

the water distribution around the Campus.

UNILAG revised master plan (2014)

4.52 ELECTRICITY: in 2004, the Unilag authorities

carried out a comprehensive power audit to determine

the existing power system's sustainability and efficacy.

According to the directorate of works and physical

planning, the existing structure comprises an 11KVA

high voltage supply from Nigeria's state power holding

company, PHCN, and Ajah-distribution 132KV injection

sub-station feed into the University's high voltage panel

Figure 4.8-Illustration of Section across University road from Herbert Macaulay

Street

Figure 4.9-Illustration of Section across University road from Atan Cemetery

in the electrical switch room. Ten numbers of feeder

pillars distribute this through ring-main units into

fifty numbers distribution transformers ranging

from 100KVA to 1000KVA. The peak load demand

for the Campus was recorded as 6MW. An

additional two units of 5MW transformers have

been procured for installation. This is expected to

surface for the University's projected power

demand if the additional transformers are

dedicated to campus use.

ALTERNATIVE POWER PROVISIONS, Under the

National Universities Commission (NUC) guidelines,

certain buildings are listed, and utilities are listed

for standby power supply. Unilag currently operates

two numbers 2MW standby power generators,

which are both in active use. The university facilities

management unit has devised a load shedding

schedule to keep the cost at a sustainable level.

UNILAG revised master plan (2014)

Figure 4.10 -Illustration of Section across Dan-Fodio Blvd inside Unilag Campus

4.53 WASTE MANAGEMENT: The summation of the

various dictionary definition of waste is said to be any

material or substance that is no longer useful after

the completion process of its total functions. Or any

substance that is to be discarded because it is of no

economic value to its owner. Waste is characterized

by its physical State, whether solid, liquid or gaseous.

The management of waste, especially in

cosmopolitan cities, has become critical to

maintaining good public health and safety.

UNILAG revised master plan (2014)

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: As the population of the University increased, so did the challenges of solid waste management (SWM).

A sub-unit of the health centre is mandated to manage the SWM of the Campus from generation, storage, collection, transportation,

processing, and disposal. There is no available data to quantify the volume of solid waste generated with the Campus. However, solid

waste consists mainly of domestic waste, medical waste, construction and demolition waste, and sewage and sanitary waste.

SOIL (LIQUID) MANAGEMENT: The wastewater management is under the physical planning department. It is located in the services

area of the University. The department considered the construction of wetlands as a proactive approach for excess wastewater

treatment. The rapid increase in population necessitated this line of thought.

Figure 4.11 -Illustration of Section across Birrel Avenue through ANN Barracks and

Queens College Yaba.

The sanitary wastewater from the campus community is conveyed in sewers ranging from 100mm to 200mm diameter pipes from

homes, offices, classrooms, and student residences to a central sewage pumping station located in the services area. The pump area

consists of six numbers of lift stations and one sewage treatment plant. Both are at depths of 8m and 12m, respectively. Lift stations

with pump capacity ranging between 15hp to 50hp are strategically located within the campus community.

Figure 4.12 -Illustration of Section across International school road showing a bridge within the campus over green infrastructure

Figure 4.13 A B

Figure 4.13 C D

Various statistics on the University of Lagos showing population growth, student gender ratio, staff gender ratio and graduate

distribution (Courtesy Unilag Pocket book 2019)

4.54 CANAL: The canal system in the University is a total of 1.4Km long and covers a land area of 4.5 Ha of the landmass. Most

of the physical development around the University was done while maintaining these natural drainage channels' integrity.

UNILAG revised master plan (2014)

CHAPTER 05 – DESIGN

5.1 INTRODUCTION The study of the relationship between town and gown is an inquiry into how symbiotic socio-economic

benefits can be unlocked between neighbours hitherto

where engaged in an awkward relationship. The constant

boundary encroachment conflicts, perceived security

implications, and social class dichotomy are the usual

suspects for the university campus's reluctance to be liberal

with its territories. It is the objective of this research to

establish the administrative, social, and economic

constitution of the Campus, especially with regards to its

urban spaces and its public realm. Also, all the untapped

potential benefits that the Campus still has locked in that

could be beneficial to its various host communities can be unbundled. For instance, the various B.O.T. locations around the

campus edges could activate the economy in those locations when developed; instituting other points of ingress/egress into

the Campus through other communities would activate the existing real estate market along the edges of these new accesses.

Photo 5.1: Picture of a public sitting area on Campus.

(Source: Author, 2020)

The University's host city's historical background is important to create context and a better understand of the evolution of the

city and how it has impacted its environment. This background analysis also assisted in determining the character, constitution

and economic State, and evolution of the subject city. All of this critical information would determine the premise and nature

synergy been recommended.

Finally, this research aims at showing that a deliberate and organized activation of campus edge conditions has a lot more

benefits to both town and Campus than managing the existing conflicts as they are.

5.2 EXISTING CONDITIONS: The University is characterized as an urban campus because it is located in a city of more than

200,000 people, and its activities impact its surrounding communities socio-economically. This Campus, though, is on a 'mare'

800 acres of land has a registered enrolment of 70% of the total 57,000 student population. During academic sessions, the

campus houses over 20,000 residents (staff and their dependants and the on-campus student population) are administered like

a small independent town. That the Campus is a federal territory has helped to reinforce its independence from the surrounding

local administration. Within the Campus are several sports facilities, including a mini-stadium, an independent power plant

(I.P.P.) portable water system, a fire station, a police post, banks, commercial nodes, roads, bridges, and other infrastructure

characteristics of a small urban commu