Sacred
Space
A Community
Church in
Diepsloot
Jennifer Cochrane
Combined 2 a.indd 1 2008/11/26 02:11:10 PM
This document is submitted in partial ful lment for the degree:
Master of Architecture (Professional)
at the University of the Witwatersrand
Johannesburg
South Africa
2008
I, Jennifer Leigh Cochrane am a student registered for the course Master of
Architecture (Professional) in the year 2008. I hereby declare the following:
I am aware that plagiarism is wrong. I con rm that the work submitted
for assessment for the above course is my own unaided work except for
where I have stated explicitly otherwise. I have followed the required
conventions in referencing thoughts, ideas, and visual materials of others.
For this purpose, I have referred to the Graduates School of Engineering and
the Built Environment style guide. I understand that the University of the
Witwatersrand may take disciplinary action against me if there is a belief that
this is not my unaided work or that I have failed to acknowledge the source
of the ideas or words in my own work.
All images and drawings are the authors own unless otherwise stated.
Signed:
_____________________________
Jennifer Leigh Cochrane
Combined 2 a.indd 2 2008/11/26 02:11:10 PM
This book is dedicated to my family who have given me such support over
the duration of my studies.
With thanks to Mohammed Munchi, Lone Paulson & Peta de Jager for all the
advice and encouragement throughout the year.
Combined 2 a.indd 3 2008/11/26 02:11:10 PM
I left the active hub of Fourways and ventured along the William Nicol extension,
carefully trying to avoid the stones ung up by taxis as they careened past me on
the dust shoulder of the road. The robot ahead of me turned red, I slowed down
and stopped. The four wheel drives and Audis crossing the road alerted me to how
far I?d come- Dainfern. Again the lights were green and I proceeded, the hills began
to open out and long grass and blue gums, two features of the outskirts of the city
I have come to know well, were surrounding me. It seemed as if I was never going
to get there. Could it be this far out? Had I missed it?
I knew what it would be like anyway, I was just hoping to get
in, do what I had to, and get out again. I did not expect what
I was about to see and experience. The extreme poverty was
tangible, but the vibrancy and camaraderie of the people
was strong and the streets were ll of laughing and shouting.
Little did I realize that this project was going to in uence my
path as an architectural student so greatly.
?The streets are dry and dusty and swarming with
humanity. What a change from the quiet hillsides alone
with the cows and goats with time to contemplate life.
Here even the tin hut which is home is shared with others.
People from all areas of the sub-continent are sharing this
impoverished haphazard township which is growing in
population constantly. How a place of respite is needed, a
quiet courtyard a cool place to rest the soul and restore the
spirit. Where can a source of comfort be found, a support??
(Brown 2006:Unpublished)
On my rst trip to Diepsloot
Combined 2 a.indd 4 2008/11/26 02:11:16 PM
I ntroduc t ion
Diepsloot & the Role of the Church
Mappings
The Role of the Church Historically & Today
Col laborat ion of the Churches
Ident i f icat ion of Needs
Urban Design
Site Selec t ion
Programme
Design Themes
Retreat,Transcience & Transformation
Analys is of Churches in Diepsloot
Case Studies
Design
References
2
6
22
26
30
34
46
69
76
78
102
108
124
142
Contents
Above & Opposite(Photograph 2008: Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 5 2008/11/26 02:11:30 PM
2 Introduction
(Photographs 2008: Authors Own)
The tight living conditions and refuse strewn streets
Combined 2 a.indd 2 2008/11/26 02:11:40 PM
3
Introduction vacant pieces of land, these spaces o er respite from the harsh conditions of life.
My rst experience of Diepsloot was on a Sunday afternoon. I watched
how the local people celebrated their faith through the wearing of brightly
coloured garments, decorating the dusty streets as they sang together and
moved in unison to gather in the informal tented worship spaces. It was this
ritual which caught my interest and which directed me on this journey of
exploration.
Diepsloot is a vibrant and fairly young township which comprised of
predominantly RDP (Reconstruction and Development Programme)
government subsidized houses and informal shacks. The settlement, which
has limited services and facilities, is reaching its capacity resulting in its
inhabitants having to live in cramped environments and being forced to share
amenities (Dlamini 2006:INTERNET). Like any informal development, Diepsloot has
numerous di culties to cope with, such as lack of employment, increase in
poverty, substance abuse, prostitution, pollution, unhealthy play areas and
limited access to places of recreation. Many of the residents live in harsh
conditions and often without dignity.
The aforementioned informal churches and their leaders, who are
predominantly Diepsloot residents themselves, are all major players in giving
of aid and upliftment of the people. They assist the community in a variety of
manners o ering counselling, skills training and providing food and clothing.
Above all, these churches provide a place of gathering where the local
people can also nd solace and quiet.
Introduction
This thesis aims to explore the creation of sacred spaces and places of gathering to improve the everyday lives of the inhabitants of Diepsloot township.
A previous study of Johannesburg brought me into contact with the Township
of Diepsloot and opened up this fascinating world which I had never before
experienced. A phenomenon exists here which greatly intrigued me; how the
people of Diepsloot have created places within which to nd support and a
place of sanctuary. Nothing more than tented structures dotted around on
Combined 2 a.indd 3 2008/11/26 02:11:40 PM
Introduction
The interior space of a typical tented church in Diepsloot
(Photograph 2008: Authors Own)
4
Combined 2 a.indd 4 2008/11/26 02:11:45 PM
5
user? The exploration will show how the architecture supports and facilitates
spiritual experiences.
This thesis aims to explore the role of the churches within the township,
and discover how this sacred space, a place which moves the soul, can be
created for the people of the community. Creating both spiritual and physical
upliftment through the provision of a place of gathering and community
facilties.
Although the churches are simple tented structures, the interiors possess
a surreal beauty and a sense of the spiritual. When the people gather
within this fabric structure and sing, it is transcended into a truly sacred
space.
This thesis intends to assess the role and potential role of the church within
the community and see how the church can be used potentially as a catalyst
for public space within the Township.
Whilst very modest the churches create a sense of spiritual seclusion which
moves the worshipper. This thesis will then explore what creates sacred
space and how architectural experiences stir a response from within us and
have the ability to move us. How can architecture be created that moves the
Introduction
Combined 2 a.indd 5 2008/11/26 02:11:48 PM
Diepsloot & The Role of the Church
Combined 2 a.indd 6 2008/11/26 02:11:54 PM
Diepsloot & The Role of the Church
Diepsloot is situated on the fringes of Johannesburg, in part a government subsidized housing estate and in part an informal settlement. Sandwiched between the William Nicol Drive Extension, the
R28 Krugerdorp highway, and private land, this hub of life is
situated amid the agricultural holdings near to the exclusive
gated community of Dainfern.
This phenomenon of scattered churches throughout the settlement led to
an investigation of Diepsloot?s context, and what the role of this vast number
of churches within the settlement is.
Prior to the formalization of the Diepsloot West township, a portion of this
low-income community had for some time legally resided as tenants on the
Zevenfontein farm; however in June 1991 the owner of the farm gave them
notice to vacate the land. Appeals were made by this community for land
to be allocated for their permanent residence within the same region. After
much contention between the local residents and the authorities a portion
of the Diepsloot Farmland was expropriated for the displaced community,
under the ?Less Formal Township Est. Act? (Citizen Reporter 23 July 1992).
Diepsloot West was declared a Township in 1993 and the rst residents were
moved onto their stands in August 1994 (The Star August 12 1994:2).
Combined 2 a.indd 7 2008/11/26 02:12:01 PM
8 Diepsloot & the role of the Church
Contextual map of Diepsloot, showing the location in relation to the Johannesburg CBD
(Photograph Brown:2008)
The tight living conditions and refuse strewn streets
(Photographs of Diepsloot 2008After Map Studio:Authors Own)
A view from the edge of Diepsloot showing the open land which surrounds the Township
An aerial view of the Township. The major arterials de ne the edge of the Township
Combined 2 a.indd 8 2008/11/26 02:12:10 PM
9Diepsloot & the role of the Church
Contextual Map of Diepsloot.
(Map of Diepsloot After MapStudio 2008:Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 9 2008/11/26 02:12:13 PM
Diepsloot & the role of the Church
The township has continued to expand rapidly and in 2001,
squatters were removed from the banks of the Jukskei River in Alexandra
due to ood risks, and were moved to Diepsloot reception area. The majority
of these squatters however, did not qualify for government subsidized
housing, as they had either already been granted houses in other provinces
or were not legal residents of South Africa (The Star 21 August 2001:7). To date ve
thousand two hundred government subsisized houses (RDP?s) have been
built (Mahlangu2008:INTERVIEW). In the last formal survey conducted in 2003 the
population estimate of Diepsloot was 55 751.
A typical street in Diepsloot West, each shack on the property represents a di erent dwelling.
(Photograph Brown: 2008)
10
Combined 2 a.indd 10 2008/11/26 02:12:15 PM
11Diepsloot & the role of the Church
Falling within the category of the second highest density of ve within the Gauteng Region, Diepsloot has more than 400 people per hectare in the reception area and more than 200 people per hectare
in Diepsloot West, inhabiting single story, single dwelling stands evenly
dispersed throughout the area (Marrao 2003:12). In other words, each RDP
house intended for a single family can be inhabited by multiple families
cramped into the single room dwelling. A source of steady income is found
by renting shacks on the private property. Instances were found where two
families resided in the RDP house and ve shacks had been leased by the
property owner. This creates unhealthy living environments and cramped
conditions, where the intended ?garden? is forfeited in favour of a steady
monthly income.
People who seek employment in urban areas are ocking to townships such
as Diepsloot and there are a high number of illegal immigrants who nd
refuge in these areas. As a result of this it is estimated that Diepsloot has a
growth rate of 85 people per day (Marrao 2003:16). As a result, it is estimted
that more than 73% of the residents live below the poverty line1, with the
highest percentage of those employed, earning between R1000 to R1500
per month (Marrao 2003:25).
The Reception Area. Shacks packed as closely as possible to each other.
(Photographs Brown: 2008)
Density of Diepsloot
1Whilst there is no global poverty line, the proposal for South Africa is that the poverty line is based on
minimum food needs for daily energy requirements, plus essential non-food items, which is about R3500
per month (National Treasury 2006)
Combined 2 a.indd 11 2008/11/26 02:12:17 PM
12 Diepsloot & the role of the Church
It is evident that the settlement is mushrooming out of control bringing with it the usual problems of densely populated areas, particularly in poorer communities. These include overcrowding, an
increase in violence as well as a lack of essential amenities, infrastructure
and management (Mocke 2004:21). Whilst this may be a bustling and densely
populated area, many feel lonely and isolated from their own cultural
and familial backgrounds. Few see the improvement of their lifestyles
as a realistic probability and many seek counselling which is available
in the area although not easily accessible (Nkosi 2007,2008: Interview). Many
people live without the basic necessities of life; access to employment,
food, water and the security of having family, and extended family
surrounding them. Residents within the community have come to the
city from various parts of the country and the continent; creating a
kaleidoscope of di erent peoples, cultures and ways of life (Daniels:2007
Interview) (PastorBella:2008 Interview). An increasing number of suicides and
attempted suicides as well as drug and alcohol abuse illustrate the
feeling of despair (Pastor Bella: 2008Interview)(StatsSA 2003:24).
Diepsloot has a young average population, and a large number of
teenagers, with 27% of the population between 20 & 29 years old, 22%
between 30 & 39 years old and 29% less than 20 years old. The local
schools in Diepsloot are overcrowded, and there is an alarmingly high
drop out rate. This is not surprising as many of the youth in schools come
from homes of domestic violence, poverty and overcrowding, where in
many cases it is impossible for studying to be done (Mudzuli 2007: Interview)
Jane, resident of the Informal settlement,
?Unlike where I come from, here my neighbours are right
in my face. When they play radio, I have to listen too,?
she says. She is very distressed by the acute poverty
which is found in the informal settlements ?We used
to plant fruit and vegetables but here poverty seems
extreme because the only way to get food is to go to
the shops,? she adds. In these kinds of environments
it is not only about the lack of physical needs, but
about a lack of dignity. (Zulu 2008:INTERVIEW)
(Nkosi 2007,2008: Interview). Substance abuse has become rife and is on the increase,
particularly amongst high school children (Marrao 2003: 37). Prostitution is another
major problem that is increasing within Diepsloot (Mahlangu 2008:Interview).
Problems of Diepsloot Township
Combined 2 a.indd 12 2008/11/26 02:12:20 PM
Lack of space pervades throughout the community
(Photographs 2008: Authors Own)
13Diepsloot & the role of the Church
Combined 2 a.indd 13 2008/11/26 02:12:25 PM
Diepsloot & the role of the Church14
These problems are compounded by the fact that there are very few amenities
for youth in the area, particularly in the form of entertainment, giving the
youth few alternatives to the relief they nd from drugs and gang culture. A
formal and informal soccer pitch and a fenced o park exist; these are well
used but insu cient to meet the needs of the younger population. Home
life is often non-existent with the majority of households having fewer than
two rooms and seldom comprising people from a single family , making
conditions tight and often tense, with little if any private space (Marrao 2003:39).
Homes also often consist of single parents. The lives of people within informal
settlements, due to these many reasons, are often ones without dignity.
Whilst the conditions for most in Diepsloot are arduous, there is an air of
excitement and joviality. As a visitor one is made to feel welcome, and the
experience of this totally unique place is invigorating. Music permeates the
air, as radio?s from all di erent locations play simultaneously, and laughter
and voices shouting out above the din make you realise you are in someone?s
home, their territory and they are making the most of what they have.
The positive aspect of this
type of living is a sense of
companionship and
community.
(Photographs 2008: Authors
Own)
The polluted streets create
unhealthy environments for
the local inhabitants .
(Photographs 2008: Authors
Own)
The youth in Diepsloot
have few activities to
become involved in.
(Photograph 2008: Authors
Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 14 2008/11/26 02:12:38 PM
Diepsloot Township, showing tented churches scattered along a road reserve
(Cochrane 2007:Photograph)
Diepsloot & the role of the Church 15
The Phenomenon of the Church
Combined 2 a.indd 15 2008/11/26 02:12:40 PM
16 Diepsloot & the role of the Church
The Phenomenon of the Church
It is within this context that these places to congregate and nd an escape have
developed. The Church is a dominant feature in the lives of the Diepsloot residents.
Scattered randomly on any portion of ground that seems available, the coloured
striped tents form recognisable elements. This phenomenon of gathering places for
the community, modest and yet clearly visible, have an increased importance when
considering the conditions within which the people are living.
Here is where the community currently seeks spiritual rejuvenation and solace from
the chaotic surroundings (Nkosi 2007: INTERVIEW) (Community 2008:Interview)(Marrao 2003:16).
Whilst the Council does not have land allocated for the churches, it has given
religious organizations a legal right to exist and allows them to appropriate any land
that appears to be vacant for their use until that property is required (Cllr Mahlangu 2007:
INTERVIEW). These churches therefore exist in a state of uncertainty, little more than
tents can be erected as they may be forced to move at any time.
The churches thus manifest themselves in three places
Unused council land
Land set aside for further use by the Council such as the road reserve which has been
capitalized on by various churches. Creating what has a ectionately become known
as ?Church Street? by residents in Diepsloot (Nkosi, Pastor Bella, Pastor Teddy 2007: INTERVIEW ).
Church Street. A future road now
scattered with churches
(Photographs of Diepsloot 2008:
Authors Own)
A tented church pitched on the
vacant strip soon to become a
proposed road
(Photographs of Diepsloot 2008: Authors
Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 16 2008/11/26 02:12:42 PM
17
Along the edges of the Township
Portions of vacant land along the edges of the Township, or just left over
pieces within the Diepsloot area are rapidly used as Church Sites and tents
erected.
Along the edge of the Watercourse
Many Churches have been pitched along the River?s edge. Any portion of
land along the edge of the watercourse, which is relatively at and appears
to be su ciently above the ood level is appropriated as a church site. The
temporal nature of the tent allows more freedom with the choice of site, as
during any ooding the church can be dissembled and removed if su cient
warning is given.
These churches provide a role in three major ways; anchors in the social lives
of many residents, access points of spiritual renewal, and strong forces in the
challenges against the trials which beset the community at large. Ministers
who are predominantly Diepsloot residents have a strong link to the people
and understand the needs of the community.
Diepsloot & the role of the Church
(Cochrane 2008:Photograph)
A Church on the periphery of Diepsloot
(Cochrane 2008:Photograph)
Combined 2 a.indd 17 2008/11/26 02:12:48 PM
18 Diepsloot & the role of the Church
Contextual Map of Diepsloot.
(Map of Diepsloot After MapStudio:2008)
Combined 2 a.indd 18 2008/11/26 02:12:50 PM
19Diepsloot & the role of the Church
1. New Creation Ministries
2. Vineyard Ministries
3. Diepsloot New Revelation
4. Bread of Life
5. Arise and Shine
6. God?s Will
7. Signs and Wonders
8.Miracle Centre
9. Holiness
10. Messiah
11. Oasis of Life
12. United in Christ
13. Water for Love
14. Get Ready Family Church
15. Jesus for All
16. Diepsloot Christian Church
17. Diepsloot Christian Fellowship
The Names of these Churches allude to what the people of Diepsloot are seeking.
Combined 2 a.indd 19 2008/11/26 02:12:55 PM
20
Social Aspect
Socially the church is a place of entertainment, the central gathering place
where friends will meet, or youth will interact with others of a similar age.
On the weekend gatherings of people most commonly occur at either the
local tavern or the church. The latter is a major social aspect of township life,
and becomes the place where people meet, dance, sing and dress-up. The
community participates in various rituals and celebrations. It is also the place
where new residents often introduce themselves into the community and
encompasses people from many di erent backgrounds and nationalities.
This is seen by the drop in church attendance on the last Sunday of each
month, when people return to their homes, either in neighbouring provin-
ces, or many across the border in neighbouring Zimbabwe. (Pastor Bella 2008:
INTERVIEW)
Community Aid & Assistance
The Church as an organisation o ers a helping hand to the community,
through providing food, clothing, cr?che facilities and counselling. The
churches are involved in skills training and other forms of education which
empower those within Diepsloot . A door to door ministry, which involves
pastors or church assistants going through the neighbourhoods in their
vicinity and assessing the needs of the community, ensure that the aid
reaches those most in need. The Church can assist here in a way which
the local council cannot. Whilst the majority of churches within Diepsloot
are pastored by local residents and have minimal nancial reserves, many
churches and other charity organisations from outside Diepsloot provide
nancial and hands-on support.
Diepsloot & the role of the Church
One of the few play spaces for children in Diepsoot, started
and run by New Creation Ministries
(Photographs of Diepsloot 2008: Authors Own)
The church draws many youth and it becomes a place to meet people and for upliftment
(The Citizen 25th August 2005: 11)
Combined 2 a.indd 20 2008/11/26 02:12:56 PM
21
Spiritual Renewal
The church is a place of spiritual renewal, a retreat into the sacred space
away from the frenetic pace of life and the troubles of daily existence. The
people of Diepsloot, as we have seen, struggle on a daily basis. This just
makes the human need for a place of sanctuary and quiet, for re ection
and support more important. This church becomes this place of escape and
mental and spiritual strengthening and renewal.
Diepsloot & the role of the Church
(Photograph 2008: Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 21 2008/11/26 02:12:59 PM
22 Diepsloot Mappings
Mappings
Combined 2 a.indd 22 2008/11/26 02:12:59 PM
23Diepsloot Mappings
Combined 2 a.indd 23 2008/11/26 02:13:01 PM
24 Diepsloot Mappings
Contextual Map of Diepsloot. Showing Public Facilities
(Map of Diepsloot After MapStudio:2008)
Combined 2 a.indd 24 2008/11/26 02:13:03 PM
25Diepsloot Mappings
Contextual Map of Diepsloot. Showing Movement Routes
(Map of Diepsloot After MapStudio:2008)
Combined 2 a.indd 25 2008/11/26 02:13:05 PM
was during this time that people ocked to the city in increasing numbers,
particularly the poorer farming class who were ruined by large slave-worked
estates, thereby creating a jobless, landless proletariat (Myers 1967:83). The
Roman aristocracy and upper-middle classes however continued to live
luxuriously, alongside this increasingly hungry and agitated throng.
When the ultimate downfall of the empire occurred (Duruy 1972:144), the formal
nature of Roman and Greek state religion gave little solace in times of
increasing stress, especially to the poorer classes (Myers 1967:83). Rome?s religions
did not o er su cient spiritual comfort or direct communion between man
and God. The unhappiness and hopelessness of the people, which by this
time included the harassed middle class, was re ected by their seeking of
support from other religions (Myers 1967: 121; Fletcher 1956 :212). During this stage
of emergency the Romans, particularly the poor, turned to those Eastern
The role of faith in the lives of people and how they construct their environments is a seminal element in the development of society and civilization (Crosbie2006:8). Whilst many di erent beliefs exist,
and each has its own spaces for worship, the concept
that man needs a place of sanctuary and repose remains
constant. Within the context of Diepsloot, Christianity is the
predominant belief system. In fact Christianity or deviations
of this faith were the only beliefs encountered when exploring
the locality. For the purposes of this investigation the role of
Christianity and the Church body will be focused on.
Historically. The Role of the Church: in Rome
and medieval England and how the role has
changed over time.
Rome
The rst time the Church played a predominant role in society was in Rome,
in the rst few hundred years of the common era (Duruy 1972: 143; Fletcher 1956:212).
The recently established Christianity had been brought to Rome by the
Apostles from Judea, a Roman province in the Middle East (Myers 1967: 74). It
26 The Role of the Church Historically and Today
The Role of the Church Historically and Today
Combined 2 a.indd 26 2008/11/26 02:13:05 PM
27
religions which o ered solace. The idea of a better life after death became
the most alluring. By the Fourth Century CE it was clear that Christianity was
to supplant Rome as a unifying force, at least in the Western World
(Myers 1967:83).
Here it is evident that the role of faith and the prospect of an improved
life, even if it is something to expect after death, became a vital instrument
in allowing the citizens to cope in a time of distress. The same needs and
desires are re ected in the people of Diepsloot. With little promise of an
improved lifestyle the people within the community are eagerly searching
for a promise of the hereafter.
The Role of the Church Historically and Today
The Role of the Church Historically and Today
Combined 2 a.indd 27 2008/11/26 02:13:05 PM
Medieval Church
Medieval England is another example of where the Church played a signi cant
role in society. The move from rural subsistence farming increased the divide
between the auence of neighbours (Alsford 2007: INTERNET). The church provided
in this society the place of sanctuary from an arduous life. It provided more
than this too. The religious institutions provided many of the roles which
would be considered social services today. Temporary housing and food
hand-outs for the poor or disabled, care of the sick, education, protective
custody (sanctuary), and retirement homes (Alsford 2007:INTERNET). The impact
that the church had on society is demonstrated by the fact that what we
know about life in the middle ages is documented in the writings of men,
trained and educated in the church.
The church played an important role in the survival of urban life in the Middle-
Ages. The growth of many settlements was initiated by the foundation of
Cathedrals and Monasteries. In the 10th and 11th Century CE, many laymen
in communities would demonstrate their positions as leaders and construct
private churches for themselves and their tenants. These later became known
as Parish Churches which would be for public use ( Fletcher 1956:264 ). This meant
28 The Role of the Church Historically and Today
Combined 2 a.indd 28 2008/11/26 02:13:05 PM
that it was not uncommon to have a high ratio of churches in one town.
These Parish Churches were where values and ethics would be taught
to the community. The parish priest would also ensure that these values
were adhered to and implemented into everyday life. Fundamental rites of
passage such as weddings, baptisms and funerals were undertaken by the
Priest as well as the responsibility of charitable activities, particularly for the
poor (Alsford 2007:INTERNET; Stewart 1954: 22).
The responsibility for the upkeep and improvements of the church would
have been the responsibility of that parish?s community. Certain parishioners
would have been elected to manage the fund-raising for church repair and
purchase of the necessary supplies (Alsford 2007: INTERNET).
This proved to be an e ective method of managing the church and providing
for the public. Many lessons can be learned from this and applied to the
situation that exists in Diepsloot. Already many similarities exist, the large
number of churches, the social upliftment aspect and the fundamental rites
of passage.
The Church in the 21st Century
The role of the church in the 21st Century is de nitely required to be one of
social rejuvenation and aid.
The World Bank has announced a plan to work more closely with church
groups in Africa to ght poverty and to counteract the AIDS pandemic. The
bank hopes to channel resources through church groups and to consult the
church bodies on both economic and social policies. The World Bank sees
the potential assistance of churches in programmes that deal with women,
children and youth, education and health, HIV/AIDS, leadership, corruption
and enterprise (www.worldbank.org: INTERNET). The manner in which the World Bank
has been using the church is indicative that the church still has a major role
to play in communities.
The continuously increasing number of churches, with huge numbers of
followers in poorer communities indicates the need of spirituality in society
today.
29The Role of the Church Historically and Today
Combined 2 a.indd 29 2008/11/26 02:13:05 PM
30
The Churches in Collaboration
It has already been explained that there are numerous churches scattered around Diepsloot, each catering for small groups, providing a variety of churches for the community to choose from. The numerous churches
allow for small congregation. This is preferred by the Pastors
as it enables them to get to know their congregation well,
and it allows them to conduct an e ective door-to-door
ministry (Pastor Bella, Pastor Andrew, Pastor Teddy 2007:INTERVIEW).
The majority of these churches feel
the need to work collaboratively on
occasion. Various church groups will
join together whether it be a combined
service on a Sunday or a particular event
such as Easter, Youth day, Womens day,
Christmas or responding to speci c
events.
A churches forum has been established. This initiative has been introduced to
try and create better communication between the local Council in Diepsloot
and the Churches. Whilst not all of the existing churches are members of
the forum, at least seventeen churches have joined and in order to maintain
Collaboration of the Churches
Combined 2 a.indd 30 2008/11/26 02:13:05 PM
31
?legal? status, all churches will be required by the council to join the forum
in the future (Cllr Mahlangu 2007:INTERVIEW). The churches are disillusioned by the
local council and their e orts in the community due to lack of personnel
and understanding of the needs (Pastor Andrew, Pastor Bella 2007: INTERVIEW). However
the churches have found the forum a useful tool which enables them to
work together to improve the lives of the local residents of Diepsloot, and
improve communication with the city councillors. The majority of Pastors on
the forum, are residents of Diepsloot, and want to provide some means of
support for their neighbours.
They are currently trying to raise funds for a community swimming pool
which they can use for baptismal purposes as well. The plan is for each church
that would like to participate in the project to help raise the funds and then
take alternate responsibilities for the maintenance of the pool.
They see their role against the proli c spreading of HIV/AIDS in the community
as seminal and intend to tackle it as a combined group. Facilities such as skills
training centers and soup kitchens are lacking and the churches feel that it
would be most feasible to share facilities (Pastor Andrew 2008:INTERVIEW).
Pastor Andrew is the Chairperson of the Churches Forum in Diepsloot. He
has been living in Diepsloot for 10 years, almost since its inception, and was
able to obtain land. In the last 10 years pastor Andrew and his congregation
have raised enough money to build themselves a church building using only
the skills of members of the church. He has since expanded his church to
incorporate a creche and skills training facilities. As leader of the forum he
Collaboration of the Churches
Pastor Andrew?s Church Diepsloot. A view of the rear portion of the church building
(Photograph 2008:Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 31 2008/11/26 02:13:07 PM
32 Collaboration of the Churches
Pastor Andrew?s Church Diepsloot. A view of the mural on the front wall of the Church
(Photograph 2008: Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 32 2008/11/26 02:13:13 PM
33Collaboration of the Churches
Pastor Andrew?s Church Diepsloot. Showing the Skills Training and Creche facilities
(Photograph 2008: Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 33 2008/11/26 02:13:20 PM
(Photograph 2008: Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 34 2008/11/26 02:13:23 PM
35
Needs of the Community
Through the investigation of the area and understanding the churches and their roles within the community, the needs of the residents were identi ed. In order to truly understand the desires
of the Diepsloot residents themselves, numerous interviews
were conducted. As wide a variety of people were selected
as possible, trying to assess across age groups, incomes
and genders. Some of these interviews have been recorded
below.
Subsequently a list of what has been assessed to be the
most important needs have been listed.
Identification of Needs
Identi cation of Needs
Combined 2 a.indd 35 2008/11/26 02:13:26 PM
36 Identification of Needs
Church Pastor | Pastor Bella
Combined 2 a.indd 36 2008/11/26 02:13:29 PM
37Identification of Needs
Diepsloot Resident | Selina Ncube Domestic worker Ext. 4
Combined 2 a.indd 37 2008/11/26 02:13:33 PM
38 Identification of Needs
Diepsloot Resident | Steven
Combined 2 a.indd 38 2008/11/26 02:13:37 PM
39Identification of Needs
Diepsloot Resident | Edwin
Combined 2 a.indd 39 2008/11/26 02:13:41 PM
40 Identification of Needs
Diepsloot Resident | Mavis
Combined 2 a.indd 40 2008/11/26 02:13:44 PM
41Identification of Needs
Diepsloot Resident | Wendy
Combined 2 a.indd 41 2008/11/26 02:13:47 PM
42
Identified from these discussions was the
need to create:
Youth Facilities
This proposal seeks to provide alternative entertainment space for the youth,
creating a place for them to congregate to meet their needs whether they are
social, educational, recreational, skills or job opportunities. The population
of Diepsloot is young and problems of substance abuse, prostitution and
unemployment are pervasive highlighting the needs of this particular
sphere of the community (Marrao 2003:16).The Churches are seeking to uplift
this segment of society as they are seen as the future of the community
(Pastor Teddy 2008:INTERVIEW; Pastor Bella 2008:INTERVIEW).
In 2005 a ?Sports against Crime? event was held in Diepsloot. Hundreds of
Diepsloot youth vowed to choose sport over crime, arriving at the event
ready to compete on the eld of play. Kickboxers such as Mthobisi Buthelezi,
the unbeaten Junior Kickboxing Champion of South Africa, himself a product
of the humble and over-extendedDiepsloot gym, attended to encourage
the youth to nurture their sporting potential (Sindane2005:www.joburg.org) A global
study has shown that youth particularly between the ages of nineteen and
twenty-four nd that sport makes them feel part of the community (Ryan2006:52)
The aim of the ?Sport Against Crime? events is to develop the youth through
sport and encourage them not to engage in criminal activity. Sport keeps
people o the street and encourages communication. Whilst these events
help to encourage the participation in sporting activities there is a need to
provide permanent facilities for frequent use.
Identification of Needs
Sports a seminal element of the lives of
the youth in Diepsloot
(Photograph 2008:Authors Own)
Mthobisi Buthelezi
(www.joburg.org 2005: Dlamini)
Diepsloot Gym
(Photograph 2008:Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 42 2008/11/26 02:13:48 PM
43
Skills Training
Churches and other non-governmental organisations would like to provide
skills training for the uneducated, those who may drop out of the overcrowded
schools and others who can?t nd employment. Also many domestic workers
who are illiterate and need a way to supplement their income.
Skills training on sewing, fabric painting and beading are currently being
run by individuals with the know-how from within the community. Brick
manufacturing is being o ered to interested parties. The majority of these
are currently being facilitated by the church.
The proposal would seek to incorporate facilities for skills training to occur.
People from outside Diepsloot, public charities and private institutions often
venture ino the township to aid in skills education. Facilities would provide
a platform in the community to access the community.
Children play Parks
The unsafe streets of Diepsloot have become the playground for many
children of a young age, a potentially hazardous zone. Currently the two
parks which exist are well used, but are not within reach of everyone. If the
programme of this place of gathering can provide for working mothers and
children, it will become a successful destination. What spaces in the township
are fun for young people?
Identification of Needs
Beading and Skills Training o ered to the community
(Photograph 2008:Authors Own)
? I love body building
because it keeps me
away from the streets
and makes me strong?
Shaka Dlamini | Diepsloot
Youth
Combined 2 a.indd 43 2008/11/26 02:13:51 PM
44
Basic Needs
Food and clothing for some within the township, particularly in the informal
settlement, is a luxury. Many people from the community and other charitable
organisations contribute clothing and food parcels to be distributed to the
needy. The church acts as a medium by which those in the most desperate
situations may be reached rst, knowing the community on a one to one level.
The churches however lack the facilities to store the clothes or to provide a
drop o and collection point. A soup kitchen is very badly needed. A single
kitchen could be shared by a number of churches, each being responsible for
running it on a di erent day. This means that the provision is made daily, and
everyone has equal access to it.
Environment
In order for a play space to be fun and stimulating, it needs to have a certain
amount of risk involved, if a place is too ?safe? it is much less challenging and
hence less fun (Ryan 2006:51). Conversely a street is not a safe place for a child the
danger, noise and pollution prove to be hazards for young children, although
it might be fun and stimulating. Through the provision of less prescriptive
forms of play equipment, the park will be somewhere that not only children
enjoy, but a place where adults too like to gather.
Communication/ Access to Information
Lack of communication seems to be a problem for many people within the
community (Nkosi, Mahlangu, Thomas 2007,2008:INTERVIEWS). This scheme needs to
provide an area in which the residents can nd support and information
about education, skills, counselling, housing, migrant support, etc. The
possibility also exists to have an application and disbursement facility for
government grants.
Identification of Needs
Children playing in streets, unattended
(Photographs 2008: Authors own)
Southern Playpark
(Photographs 2008: Authors own)
Combined 2 a.indd 44 2008/11/26 02:13:54 PM
45
A Place of Gathering
A place where people can gather for a mutual purpose, is another vital part
of city life. Even in an overly populated environment it is possible for people
to feel lonely and isolated. When people gather for a common purpose social
ties are made. Whether for church functions, sports activities or watching
television, a place for community gathering and social interaction between
people of di erent ages is vital for a healthy community life where bonds are
strengthened between individuals in the community (Ryan 2006:82). Lighting
is an important element in the night life of Diepsloot, as most people do
not venture out after dark as there are no street lights in the majority of the
township.
The streets of the Township are often littered with discarded bottles, plastic
and paper. When it rains this pollution is washed into the municipal drains
which become congested and ooding results. Many people within the
community are disturbed by the state of the streets and would like to see
the area cleaned. Whilst it is unpleasant to the eye, it also contributes to
an unhealthy living environment. Group clean-up activities have been
implemented successfully in the past (Sindane 2005: www.joburg.org) The community
and Pikit-up, the council refuse removal, work in tandem. Once the clean-up
is completed, all those involved congregate for a party. A facility for such
events would be very bene cial for the community at large and could be
combined with a recycling programme. Recycling programmes, provide an
income and keep the streets clean.
Identification of Needs
Above left;Image of the Northern Park Map Showing the two play parks.
(Photographs 2008: Authors own; Mapping 2008:Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 45 2008/11/26 02:14:01 PM
46 Urban Design
Combined 2 a.indd 46 2008/11/26 02:22:26 PM
47
The Urban Design
Following the description of the role of the church and the needs of the community, an urban design has been developed which assists in implementing these ideas on a large scale. The urban design seeks to make the churches more e ectual and help in the management
and provision of a multitude of other activities for the community.
Urban Design
Urban Design
Combined 2 a.indd 47 2008/11/26 02:24:07 PM
48
Diepsloot
It has been established that there are numerous churches within the area that
are helping to uplift the community. With no formal facilities or infrastructure
from which to work their assistance is limited. In order for these churches to
be able to function e ectively some type of formal space would need to be
provided.
Diepsloot is de ned by several boundaries. Edged by the William Nicol
Ext. and the Krugersdorp Highway, with private land to the South and
Waterworks to the West, Diepsloot has almost no possibility of expansion;
anything new would have to be provided within the existing Township. A
tributary of the Jukskei River runs throughout Diepsloot, de ning a green
edge along its banks. With nobody assuming o cial responsibility for this
unoccupied zone, there has been no maintenance and hence the area has
become overgrown, and is not utilised much by the surrounding community.
Whilst there are many current problems concerning this space, it is a unique
feature and a possible asset to the community. This strip could be a possible
site for the churches.
The vision of this urban design is to see the church as a catalyst for an open
space system. The proposal seeks to scatter the vast number of churches
throughout the green space.
This would create visibility for the churches, a permanent place for them
to exist and would disperse them throughout the settlement, as they are
currently clustered predominantly in one area. The churches are already
making use of this space for church activity, both for open air worship and
in the form of tented churches. The churches would assume the active
management of the spaces.
Urban Design
Map of Diepsloot Showing Boundaries
(Photographs 2008: Authors own after Map Studio)
Church on the River Edge
(Photographs 2007: Authors own)
KRUGERSDORP HIGH
WA
Y
WILLI
AM NI
COL E
XTENSIO
N
Combined 2 a.indd 48 2008/11/26 02:24:20 PM
49Urban Design
Aerial View of Diepsloot River (Brown 2006:Photograph)
Combined 2 a.indd 49 2008/11/26 02:24:21 PM
50 Urban Design
Map indicating where the churches are currently positioned
(after Aerial Photo 2008:Authors Own)
Map indicating proposed positions of the churches
(after Aerial Photo 2008:Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 50 2008/11/26 02:24:39 PM
51
As already identi ed, the churches work collaboratively and participate in a
forum. This would enable some of the facilities such as the soup kitchen, skills
training, counseling rooms to be shared by the various churches. This idea
was spawned from the church bodies themselves. The Churches Forum has
monthly discussions with representatives from each of the churches. Their
mission statement of 2007 is ?The church body working together for the
bene t of the community of Diepsloot? (Pastor Andrew 2007:INTERVIEW). It would
be idealistic to think that all churches will cooperate however, a substantial
number, particularly those in the forum want to work collaboratively in order
to be more e ective in their work for the commmunity.
The idea is to disperse the churches along the strip and provide a central
facility with speci c amenities which can be shared for practical and nancial
reasons. Those who want to remain independant will still be provided with
their space along the river. This central hub creates a place from where
residents can be directed to the appropriate facilities. A space for large
gatherings, function and skills training facilities, a creche, food and clothing
distribution, place of refuge and information dissemenation would be
provided in this central core. It will also be a prototype for the other churches
who can develop their areas as they have opportunity and feel the necessity.
Any churches which may start in the future can be integrated into the belt.
The urban design is a framework within which the individual churches will
slot. As funds are limited in a context such as this, the churches can develop
as they raise the funds to do so.
Urban Design
Map indicating central facility
(after Aerial Photo 2008:Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 51 2008/11/26 02:24:55 PM
52
Public Spaces
This area needs to create places which allow activities to occur. Not only
programmed recreation, but spontaneous activities and forms of play, which
may only be temporary (Ryan 2006:12, 85).The intention is to encourage social and
cultural exchange, provide places for the individual as well as the collective;
enhancing the quality of everyday life. Through the creation of this park, a
place of gathering for the diverse population in Diepsloot is intended to be
provided. This park is a public place which serves a multitude of needs for
the people. Public space, according to Zoe Ryan the author of ?The Good Life?,
a book on the creation of public space, is really constituted by people and
their daily activities and movements (Ryan 2006:). This green space is potentially
a place to renew your soul, relax, exercise, socialize, develop di erent skills
and facilitate learning, which according to Ryan are the vital components of
any thriving urban environment (Ryan 2006: 49, 52, 85).
Utilise the role of the churches
It has been established that the people need a place of sanctuary and
respite and this can be facilitated by the church body for any individual in
the community. The role that the churches play in this proposal is to both
o er this place of sanctuary as well as creating focal points along the strip.
These churches will provide the necessary management and maintenance
of the amenities. The churches involved
initiated this idea, intending as a group
to provide facilities for the community
as an alternative to alcohol, drug abuse
and gang activity. The presence of these
churches, where the pastors will live, adds
a sense of security to the belt.
Open Space Systems
James Wines, author of the book
Urban Design
Intentions of Urban Design
To make use of open space,
To act as a connecting device between both sides of the currently divided Township,
To create public space,
To utilize the churches; creating places of refuge
To utilize the churches; in a management capacity.
Green Architecture, asserted that the challenge facing architects is the
integration of ?environmental technology, resource conservation, and
aesthetic content, into the built environment.? (Wines 2004 :15) Today there
are increasing environmental and ecological concerns. Escalating levels of
poor health in underprivileged areas, and socially corrupt environments are
just some of the warning signs that we need to improve our surroundings
and provide places where the public feel safe (Gaventa 2006:13). Since Frederick
Law Olmstead designed central park in 1858, investment in parks and open
spaces has been shown to add value to urban regeneration schemes and
provide health and educational bene ts (Ryan 2006:6,82). Urban greenways
and playgrounds curb levels of pollution, encourage physical activity, and
promote social cohesion, helping to establish sustainable neighbourhoods
and communities.
Connectivity
The analysis of Diepsloot showed how the river is currently dividing the
community. Facilities on the one side of the community are not necessarily
easily accessible by the residents on the opposite side . This proposal seeks
to create both a physical connection through a series of bridges and social
connections, creating a community which is integrated and where all can
Combined 2 a.indd 52 2008/11/26 02:24:55 PM
53
gather and utilise facilities.
The Alexandra Renewal Project
The ARP (Alexandra Renewal Project), in Alexandra Township has created a
similar public area along the banks of the Jukskei River. This was a source of
inspiration in many ways, as it demonstrates how simple devices can create
spaces which improve the lives of the people at a minimum cost.
Urban Design
Photo?s of the ARP during Africa Week
(left to right)
1. Play Facility for children and youth with basketball net & climbing wall
2. De ned Pathways which direct movement through the area
3. Circular walls which serve multiple purposes
4. Multi-purpose pavillions scattered throughout
5. Places de ned where concerts can occur
(Photgraphs 2007: Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 53 2008/11/26 02:25:08 PM
54
Urban Design
The positioning of churches as major anchor points along the river was
determined by:
? assessing where major pedestrian routes traversed the
watercourse (as the intention is to try and assist the cohesion
of the area),
? visual links to speci c sites,
? and high ground- important to display hierarchy of the
church, and safe level above the ood line.
Once the major crossing points were identi ed, each was assessed to
determine which of them should be formalized and developed. As the
concept is to develop the edges of the riverbank, the issue of water was
seminal in the design. The 50 year and 100 year oodline had to be carefully
considered and began to form the boundary along which the built design
could occur.The ood line was determined through a process of analysis of
the site and interpolating the unknown portions from the water engineer?s
drawings.
Urban Design
Combined 2 a.indd 54 2008/11/26 02:25:46 PM
55Urban Design
Map indicating pedestrian movement, visual links, green belt, water levels and the ood
line (after Aerial Photo:Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 55 2008/11/26 02:27:45 PM
Urban Design56
Map indicating Proposed Positions of Churches (after Aerial Photo 2008:Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 56 2008/11/26 02:27:47 PM
57Urban Design
Combined 2 a.indd 57 2008/11/26 02:27:47 PM
58
Urban Design Precedents
Parc De la Villette
Paris
As Diepsloot has an unstructured landscape to design within, the
following analysis of Rem Koolhaas? and Bernard Tschumi?s designs for the
Parc De La Villette in Paris was executed in order to assist in setting up a
reference system to help create a broad urban design which over time
can be plugged into. These two architects developed their own reference
points in order to assist with the design of such a large site (Koolhaas2003:56)
(Martin2003:305).
Paris? sustained drive to build major civic and cultural activities, which became
known collectively as ?le grande projets?, caused them to become the focus
of international media attention (Doordan 2001:232). One of these ?grande projets?
was the Parc de la Villette. The opportunity for the park had arisen as the
slaughterhouses had been relocated. This opened up an area of 55 hectares
in the working class neighbourhood of la Villette (Doordan 2001:236 ). The design
for the park was determined by proposals submitted in an international
competition. The competition was won in 1983 by the swiss born architect
Bernard Tschumi (OXFORD DICTIONARY:686) Both Tschumi?s winning design as well
as the competition entry of Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas, will be brie y
analyzed in the following section.
The park was seen as an opportunity to design an urban park tting for the
Urban Design
Tschumi Parc de la Villette Paris 1987-1991 (Martin 2003: 305)
Combined 2 a.indd 58 2008/11/26 02:27:47 PM
59
twenty- rst century (Doordan 2001: 237).
Bernard Tschumi?s proposal for
Parc De La Villette
Tschumi argued against passive ?aesthetical? parks, which represented a
Utopian environment mimicking that of nature, and rather supported
the idea of new urban parks, based on cultural invention, education and
entertainment (Doordan 2001:237). Tschumi created a geometry, based on points,
lines and planes. The Parc de La Villette was designed by superimposing the
three di erent ordering systems. The points consisted of pavilions which
were distributed through the park in a grid pattern, the lines were a series
of paths and canals. The planes consisted of open areas of at green lawn
(Doordan 2001:237).
Each of the thirty points, or pavilions, housed a service such as music,
refreshments, gardening, sports centres, etc. (Doordan 2001:238, Martin 2003:305 )
which were distributed through the Park. The Park had been conceptualized
as one devoted to activity rather than rest and relaxation, and so the amount
of ?greenery? for relaxation was limited. Only two kilometres of tree lined
paths and a few acres of grass were created in the park, as well as sixty or
so small ?thematic gardens? such as water gardens, vegetable gardens and
educational gardens. Each being less than 1000 square meters. There were
also large games areas (Martin 2003:305). A 900m gallery spanned across the
park. This was covered and meant it was useable in any weather condition.
Urban Design
Tschumi Parc de la Villette Paris 1987-1991
(Martin 2003: 305)
Plan of Park
Combined 2 a.indd 59 2008/11/26 02:27:48 PM
Rem Koolhaas proposal for
Parc de La Villette Design
The proposal was to derive maximum bene t from the implantation on
the site of a number of activities, understanding from the commencement
of the design that the programme would undergo constant change and
adjustment, this allowed for any modi cation or replacement to occur whilst
keeping the initial hypothesis intact (Koolhaas 2003:921).
The core concept was to create the most dynamic coexistence of activities ?x, y
and z?, and through their interaction determine and create new extraordinary
events.
The Strips
Koolhaas divided the strips into bands of di erent activities, partly at
random but responding in some way to the logic or characteristic of the site.
This prevented clustering and allowed for maximum interaction between
di erent activities (Koolhaas 2003:923).
The direction of these bands was determined by the position of the existing
features, such as the Grande Halle and Science Museum. The width of the
strips was xed to 50m or increments of 5, 10, 25, 40m. This would allow for
change without causing too much interference, as well as creating speci c
points for the infrastructure to be positioned.
60 Urban Design
My Urban Design Proposal: Layering
Rem Koolhaas Proposal for Parc de la
Villette: Showing layering
(Koolhaas 2003: 923)
Water
Sports Facilities
Pedestrian Connections
Place of calm
Urban Agriculture
Combined 2 a.indd 60 2008/11/26 02:27:54 PM
Point Grids
Small scale elements which are not included in the strips are scattered
throughout the site forming kiosks, refreshment bars, playgrounds, picnic
areas etc. The placements for these elements were determined mathematically
by the desired frequency of each activity. This leads to random clustering that
creates di erent places of various importance possessing di erent qualities
and characteristics (Koolhaas 2003:925).
Access & Circulation
Two major elements of circulation were designed; the Boulevard and the
Promenade. The Boulevard runs from North to South crossing all the bands
perpendicularly, and connecting all the major architectural components in
the park. It is also the twenty-four hour part of the programme where all
night activities are located. The promenade connects areas which have been
demarcated as places of interest or plazas. These plazas are equipped with
small amphitheatres, seating, chess tables and roller blading surfaces.
Urban Design 61
Rem Koolhaas Proposal for Parc de la
Villette: Showing Access & Circulation
(Koolhaas 2003: 927)
Rem Koolhaas Proposal for Parc de la
Villette: Showing Points & grids
(Koolhaas 2003: 925)
Combined 2 a.indd 61 2008/11/26 02:27:56 PM
62
The Final Layer areas that have been identi ed as higher places of visual hierarchy , and the
strips are varieties of functions which stem from what is happening on the
site currently.
The concept of the boulevard is manifested in the running walking pathway
which de nes the ood line and connects the places of di ering activities.
The promenade is re ected in the spiritual centre which connects the
community and crosses the boulevard perpendicularly. Through setting this
up as a broad system it helps to identify the dispersal of uses throughout the
belt.
Urban Design
GRIDS De ned by the curve
of the water path
POINTS Important or
beautiful places along the
edges FLOODPLAIN
CROSSING POINT
SPORT &
RECREATION
WATER PURIFICATION
RELAXATION
CHURCH ACTIVITY
STRIPS Di erent
activities based on what is
currently existing and the
potential of the strip
Elements which are existing on the site or which have
been added and are too large to incorporate in the
mathematical system.
Incorporated into this Urban Design.
Learning from these precedent studies, some of the
lessons have been adopted into the urban design
for Diepsloot. The equivalent of grids, points, planes
strips have been incorporated as seen below. The Grid
is based on the curve of the river, the points are the
Rem Koolhaas Proposal for Parc de
la Villette: Including the Existing
(Koolhaas 2003: 929)
Combined 2 a.indd 62 2008/11/26 02:28:19 PM
63Urban Design
A very de ned oodline exists. A
pathway would be used to de ne this
edge and prevent shacks spreading into
the dangerous oodplain. It would also
provide a pathway for the people as a
running track, walking path and would
house zones where social interaction
would
occur.EXISTING Incorporating what
is currently
starting to occur
The next layer of determining the Urban Design was
based on assessing what was already starting to occur
on the site.
Diagram Showing the Floodline in Context
of the RDP Houses and Shacks
(Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 63 2008/11/26 02:28:26 PM
64 Urban Design
The belt thickens out towards the middle.The thinner
edges which provide less space to develop in would
remain as a modest intervention and would contain
urban agriculture and reed bed systems. The churches
scattered along this route de ne the crossing points as
already explained.
Combined 2 a.indd 64 2008/11/26 02:28:28 PM
65Urban Design
Where the belt is the thickest will be the zone that will
be developed. The community has already started
to see the potential of this area and has begun to ll
in certain areas and utilize them for storage, as taxi
washing spots and for some of the tented churches.
Combined 2 a.indd 65 2008/11/26 02:28:30 PM
66
Current Problems of the Watercourse
In order for the potential of this strip to be realized, the negative aspects
need to be understood in order to mitigate them. The following is a brief
explanation of some of the problems experienced in the area.
The issues that this strip raises:
-The source of this tributary lies just East of Diepsloot in agricultural land,
thus when the water enters into the settlement it is of a relatively high
quality because its catchment area is from agricultural land surrounding
the Township. Once inside the territory of the township, this watercourse
becomes heavily polluted. After heavy rain, waste from the streets is washed
into the river course, creating an unhealthy environment. The green belt
along this water course is currently not maintained and has become a
dumping ground.
How the urban design strives to mitigate this problem:
The Township needs to be addressed as a whole. Through the educational
facilities provided by the churches, awareness will be raised about hygiene
and ecology. If the belt is an asset to the community the residents will
prohibit dumping. A reed bed system will be introduced with ltration
drains along streets, sifting the litter before reaching the river.
Church bodies contribute to the maintenance of the green belt and co-
ordinate clean-up drives followed by social events. This has been tested in
Diepsloot and proved very popular amongst all involved (Sindane 2005:www.
joburg.org). Recycling projects can help reduce the littering and give monetary
pro t to those involved.
Urban Design
POLLUTED WATER
Refuse dumped on River Bed in Diesploot
(Photograph 2007:Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 66 2008/11/26 02:28:31 PM
67
Few bridges are allocated and thus pedestrians have carved their own routes
across this land. These crossings are formed out of a need to access facilities
on either side of the river. When the water level has risen, after the summer
rains, these paths are unusable. Many of the Diepsloot residents remain on
their side of the Township if possible. This green belt is currently a divide in
the community.
How the urban design mitigates the problem:
The fact that this belt becomes a hub of activity, unites the community on
either side. Pathways and pedestrian bridges are formalised across the river
connecting the people on either side.
Urban Design
FLOODING
The possibility of ooding is very real. People ocking to the township are
in desperate need of shelter and will build their shacks as close to the water
line as possible. As Johannesburg?s rainfall is such that there are seven dry
months of the year residents take their chances close to the river, however
the huge summer downpours are a great threats to those who have settled
within the oodplain.
How the urban design mitigates the problem:
By de ning the edge of the oodplain with the pathway and creating
valuable space for the community within. The residents will protect their
own interests and prohibit people settling within the oodplain.
SAFETY
This greenbelt which anks the water course is seen as unsafe. Lack of
lighting, and maintenance has created an environment within which criminal
activities can occur.
How the urban design mitigates the problem:
As seen in the Alexandra Renewal Project, houses which ank the developed
watercourses have turned to face the river. This increases the safety of the
green belt as there is higher surveillance. The presence of the churches with
their pastors in the river belt also contributes to increased safety.
LACK OF CROSSING
Combined 2 a.indd 67 2008/11/26 02:28:31 PM
68
Flood Control and Use of Space below Floodplain
The buildings will hug the edge of the oodplain. Some
facilities can be provided below the ood line, for instance
elements such as sports elds, platforms on which to pitch
tents, parks and gathering places. Some of these elements
will be unusable during the summer months when there is
extensive rain. Sports elds within the ood zones would be
perfect for winter sports such as soccer and would allow for
rugby. Through de ning the built form along the edge, and
creating permanent pathways where current footpaths exist
along the edge of the development, a type of ood control
will be implemented. People will know where the boundaries
of the shacks are, and if the land on the other side is valuable
to the people this will prevent others from settling within the
public domain.
Ecological Aspects
In order to make use of the green belt as a prospective area, the water
course will have to be cleaned and maintained in a healthy state.
Reeds along the belt can be used as part of a water puri cation system
in the form of reed beds. This will be explained in more detail later in this
document. Recycling projects can help reduce the littering and illegal
dumping in the area as well as providing education for the residents.
The ecological aspect of the design will incorporate an educational
facet, perhaps through the park?s play spaces, which will teach children
about the local river. Through the redesign of the green space, the local
children will have access to open space, where they can have contact
with nature, and a place to enjoy physical activity and be in creative
surroundings. This will increase urban space whilst protecting and
nurturing the existing environment.
Combined 2 a.indd 68 2008/11/26 02:28:31 PM
69
Children?s play facilities need to be located near to other amenities such
as the washing area, to create a safer environment for the children, as
although the water provides an opportunity it can also be dangerous
for young children.
Some residents are using portions of the strip for urban agriculture.
Portions of the strip around the water will become zoned for this type
of activity, if it is not used it will just revert back to being part of the
strip. This is feasible as the water which is puri ed through the reed
beds can be used for gardening.
Childrens Play Spaces
Combined 2 a.indd 69 2008/11/26 02:28:31 PM
70 Site Selection
Combined 2 a.indd 70 2008/11/26 02:28:32 PM
Site Selection
A framework for the ?green belt? has been set up in order to identify spiritual nodes and places for other activities along the strip. This urban design was used as a tool in order to
determine the most feasible site for a ?centre? along the
greenbelt. The design of the central church node will
be focused on and serve as a prototype if successful.
This nucleus will provide communal facilities for the
churches to share and would include a soup kitchen,
clothing distribution points, counselling and other
activities which each church may be involved with.
Combined 2 a.indd 71 2008/11/26 02:28:32 PM
72 Site Selection
The choice of site was determined by the following factors:
? If this was to be the ?community centre? a su cient amount of
land would be required to facilitate the various amenities, as well
as being above the ood line.
? The location would need to be positioned fairly centrally to allow
as many people as possible to access it.
Combined 2 a.indd 72 2008/11/26 02:28:54 PM
73Site Selection
Combined 2 a.indd 73 2008/11/26 02:28:56 PM
74 Site Selection
Combined 2 a.indd 74 2008/11/26 02:28:59 PM
75Site Selection
Refuse dumped on River Bed in Diesploot
(Brown 2006:Photograph)
Combined 2 a.indd 75 2008/11/26 02:29:01 PM
Programme
The programmatic requirements for this complex were determined from the needs of the community and the role of the church within the community.
It services the community as a place of spiritual retreat as well as the
major node which facilitates the needs of the church activities and
other organizations.
76 Programme
Combined 2 a.indd 76 2008/11/26 02:29:05 PM
77Programme
(Collage 2008:Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 77 2008/11/26 02:29:10 PM
78 Programme
Combined 2 a.indd 78 2008/11/26 02:29:16 PM
Combined 2 a.indd 79 2008/11/26 02:29:18 PM
80
Combined 2 a.indd 80 2008/11/26 02:29:19 PM
81
Design Themes,
Transcience
& Transformation
Combined 2 a.indd 81 2008/11/26 02:29:19 PM
82
Themes
Three major themes have been identi ed for this
thesis, those of:
1. Retreat
2. Transience
3. Transformation
Retreat
This thesis looks speci cally at the idea of creating sacred space and creating
a zone for re ection, contemplation, and invigoration: a place of retreat.
Architecture is made up of physical materials, but it also produces experiences
that go past the tangible world. This section will explore what creates sacred
space, the de nitions of thresholds, transitions, enclosure, materiality, nature
and the senses, by looking at theorists and Architects for inspiration. Speci c
examples of African ways of making sacred space, local to the area and in a
very subtle way will be explored.
Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
Combined 2 a.indd 82 2008/11/26 02:29:22 PM
83
Transience
The impermanency of the tents, which are temporarily scattered around
the community symbolize a people still laying down their roots. These
impermanent structures demonstrate the transience and state of ux which
exists for the people in the Township.
The proposal of the churches as a catalyst on the green belt along the
Jukskei River tributary, raises the issue of the changing water levels at the
various seasons and demonstrates another aspect of the constant changes.
The religious calendar of the churches also constantly alters. The number
of people congregating varies depending on the importance of the ritual
occasion
Transformation
This aspect looks at the role of architecture to improve the lives of shack
dwellers and bring about social change. The transformation of the ground
as the water etches its mark transforms and renews the land. The spiritual
cleansing of the soul in Baptismal ritual transforms the individual who is
raised anew.
Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
Combined 2 a.indd 83 2008/11/26 02:29:26 PM
84
Retreat
Robin Evans describes retreat as ?to retire from the arbitrary assaults of the
cacophonous and disarrayed world? (Evans 1997 :36 ). It is the demarcation of a
sacred place for renewal, a reprieve from the vulgarity and harshness of much
of the world that we live in. In order to create such a space in the proposed
design one must understand what it is that makes it di erent to secular
space and how it moves one. Philosopher Mircea Eliade describes sacred
space in his book The Sacred and Profane, as being that which is di erent
from the ordinary environment which surround us, non-homogeneity within
homogeneity (Eliade1987:11). ?For religious man, this spatial non-homogeneity
nds expression in the experience of the opposition between space that is
sacred and all other space, the formless expanse surrounding it? (Eliade1987:11).
Sacred space o ers an environment in which we can leave the common
world which has lost its mystery and come into a place which renews the
soul. The intention for Diepsloot is to create such a place for the inhabitants
who live in a frenetic environment and need opportunity to escape. Claire
Gallagher describes the incredible power of being transformed by a space,
particularly if the space is a sacred one enabling its participants to transcend
the limitations of their quotidian lives (Eberhard 2005:1).
How does one create a place of retreat. It has been divided into the following
chapters to try and determine the elements which determines such a space.
threshold, transition, enclosure, the senses, light and shadow, materiality,
natural environment.
Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
Sacred Space for Contemplation
(Flickr2008)
Combined 2 a.indd 84 2008/11/26 02:29:26 PM
Thresholds, Transition & Enclosure
Where does secular, or profane end, and sacred begin? This raises the ideas
of thresholds, transition and enclosure. A myriad of methods exist by which
people try to eclipse part of the chaotic universe ltering out unwanted
perceptions in order to generate a few moments of calm (Evans 1997:37).
The Church is an example that Mircea Eliade uses to describe the place
where sacred and profane meet (Eliade 1987: 13). The door becomes the
threshold between the profane exterior and the sacred interior. It is where
they encounter each other and to enter the sacred becomes possible. In the
archaic world this was represented by an enclosure which opens up to the
sky. This is visible in the African context where nomads and Christian sects
demarcate a sacred enclosure in the open landscape. The threshold de nes
the space where sacred begins and the profane ends. The spiritual equivalent
is the Christian journey . Architecture has the ability to create a world that is
separate despite physical proximity to the secular.
85Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
Zionist Circle
(Photograph 2008:Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 85 2008/11/26 02:29:30 PM
86
Through the use of devices such as enclosures, walls and thresholds the
transition between the sacred and the profane can be constructed. Whilst
stepping over the door of the church may be the threshold between the
sacred and the profane in other instances the threshold may also be about a
process or journey. It can be the approach sequence which prepares the user,
gradually heightening the experience and enticing them into the most sacred
space. The threshold could be simple or complex, precise or ambiguous but it
is essential to de ne the transition from the secular into the sacred world. In
Diepsloot the majority of the users will arrive on foot, the approach heightens
the experience of the visitor. Architect Peter Zumthor refers to the process of
moving through a space which is poignant as seduction, implying that you?re
being lured towards something that has encapsulated your imagination. The
design intent in Diepsloot is for the building to become a visible icon that
intrigues the user. Tadao Ando refers to this movement through a sequence
of spaces to the holy as the preparation of the soul (Ando 1989:68). Architecture
has the ability to envoke a response in the user which is beyond the physical
experience, greater than what we experience everyday. Seminal buildings
which evoke this response are Peter Zumthor?s Thermal Baths and Tadao Ando?s
Chapel of light. Tadao Ando has a conviction about the ?spiritual calling and
capacity of architecture? and about its potential for the ?revitalization of society
and life? (Ando 1989:7), which is one of the tasks that this thesis hopes to address.
Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
Zumthor.Thermal Baths Vals, 1996 .
(Zumthor 2006:28) .
Zumthor.Thermal Baths Vals, 1996
(Zumthor 2006:28)
Ando.Chapel of Light.1987-88, Japan .
(www.arquinauta.com) .
Ando.Church on the Water 1987 - 1989 Yufutsu-Gun, Hokkaido, Japan
(www.arquinauta.com)
Combined 2 a.indd 86 2008/11/26 02:29:31 PM
87
The Senses
In order to be truly moved by architectural space one must engage in that
space with all one?s senses. The intensity which we experience when we are
in a natural setting can be attributed, according to Pallasmaa, to the fact that
we use all our senses (Pallasmaa 2005:75). In a forest we hear the wind in the trees,
we smell the wet foliage and bark, we see the trees reaching to the heavens
dappling the light and this instills in us the intensity and tranquility of the
natural setting. Through our di erent senses we receive messages which re-
inforce one another (Pallasmaa 2005:75). This walk in the forest is invigorating and
healing due to the constant interaction of all our senses together (Bachelard1971:6).
Architect Peter Zumthor also describes experiential architecture as being
something which we can see, hear, touch and smell, in order to create such
a place we need to discover this and consciously work with these qualities
(Zumthor 2006: 17). In the proposed design the intention is to invigorate the
senses through materials texture and the play of light and visual connections
to the river. Modern architecture has for the most part been one that appeals
to the eye. A fundamental weakness of architecture today is its almost
exclusive visual quality, which sets it outside our emotions (Pallasmaa 2005:75).
Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
A graphic collage of one?s senses in the forest
(Flickr 2008:www. ickr.com).
Combined 2 a.indd 87 2008/11/26 02:29:31 PM
88
Church bells resounding through a town, or even the
sound of footsteps reverberating through a square
all have an emotional charge because the sound
puts us into direct contact with space, we interact
with. The sound helps us make the size of space understandable. A
shape or the smoothness of a stone, certain colours or ne detail can evoke
a taste. A particular smell in a room, can transport us to a place that our
retinal memory has forgotten, and our skin feels the change in temperature
as we pass from sunshine to shade, we now experience a place not just a
space (Pallasmaa 2005:51,52,53,54). A meaningful architectural experience is not,
according to Pallasmaa simply a series of retinal images, but encounters
and confrontations which interact with memory (Pallasmaa 2005:63). Its not
about a sum of visual, tactile and audible experiences but rather our body
experiencing a space, which speaks to all our senses at once. The intention
of the design of the sacred space in Diepsloot is to create a place where
the user feels di erent to all other places in their daily lives.Often the users
will have come from places vastly di erent to where they nd themselves
now. The design will strive to create a place where all senses will be used.
?In moving architectural experiences, space,
material and time seem to unite into a single
dimension that penetrates our awareness.
In these experiences, space takes on more
gravity, as it were- the character of light
becomes tangible, time seems to stop & space
is dominated by silence ... ?
(Pallasmaa 2005 Encounters:75).
Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
The Panthenon, Rome 118-25 A.D.
(Konemann 1996:13)
Combined 2 a.indd 88 2008/11/26 02:29:32 PM
89
Light & Shadow
To create a place within society that is full and satisfying these experiences of the
senses need to be integrated with light and nature, this is the view of architects
such as Tadao Ando, who are interested in metaphysical architcture. As the
most abstract cipher for the ethereal and the presence of the heavenly, light is
possibly the greatest association people have with sacred, soul stirring space
(Heathcote,E &Mo atL 2007:76). Light has for centuries been associated with the divine,
emanating from above. It has a further symbolic meaning as the man made
intervention of architecture maps the changing times and seasons through
capturing light and marking speci c days and seasons for both symbolic and
climatic reasons. Light possesses a spiritual quality but can only be powerful
when understood against darkness. The contrasts of shadow and light make
depth and distance ambiguous and invite tactile dreams (Pallasmaa 2005 :51).
Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
Domino de Pingus Winery, 2003, Pena el: Spain
(Zumthor 2006:46)
Chilida, E.Mount Tindaya 1996 Jauntegui
(Cerver 2005:218)
Combined 2 a.indd 89 2008/11/26 02:29:33 PM
90
Materials
Light is closely related to the
properties of materials, which
are enhanced and exposed
through light. Their re ective
quality, colour intensity and
their tactility becomes apparent
when bathed in light. Natural
materials express their age, their
origins and their history of use.
The patina of the materials adds
the enriching experience of time
to the materials of construction.
(Pallasmaa 2005 :31). Mass production
and technological advancements
have created unnatural materials. We rarely deal with nature any more, its
qualities have been manipulated and changed so that we rarely connect
with the natural environment. Our manipulated new materials, to which we
can no longer relate, keep us even further from the natural earth which we
inhabit.
The materials used in Diepsloot are often insensitive to human touch and
interaction, the harshness of fabricated materials such as corrugated iron and
areas completely devoid of natural elements creates a di cult environment
in which to live. The design seeks to bring the user back into closer contact
with natural materials and the natural environment from which they
originally came.
Environment Nature
Zumthor believes that if we can design spaces which enhance the natural and
real world, the architect can make the users interface with the environment.
Nature for Zumthor is the source of sensory stimuli. The direct relationship
with the natural setting evokes a passionate response, for example his baths
at Vals (Zumthor 2006:28).
Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
Zumthor. Thermal Baths Vals, 1996
(Zumthor 2006:28)
Combined 2 a.indd 90 2008/11/26 02:29:34 PM
91Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
Precedent Study
African Zionist Church | Homestead Park
The approach to the zionist meeting place in
Homestead Park, Johannesburg
(Photograph 2008:Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 91 2008/11/26 02:29:40 PM
92
The African Zionist Church creates sacred space in a very modest
way. A ring of white stones assembled with care stand out against the brown sandy
oor; a simple device that sets up a hierarchy of spaces, and forms a threshold between
the secular and the sacred. Secretly hidden amongst tall eucalyptus trees, the simple
circle creates a place of reverence and silence. The tall trees become a woven canopy
and the heavenly light dapples on the ground. One feels that this is sacred ground. The
rustle of the leaves and the movement of the dancing shadows instill silence. There
is the smell of water nearby and the musical whistling of the grass in the gentle breeze.
Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
Images of the gathering space (Photographs 2008: Authors Own
Image of the trees that form the ceiling of the space .
Combined 2 a.indd 92 2008/11/26 02:29:54 PM
93Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
Image of the trees that form the ceiling of the space .
Combined 2 a.indd 93 2008/11/26 02:29:57 PM
94 Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
(Eliade 1987:11)
(Evans 1997:6)
Combined 2 a.indd 94 2008/11/26 02:29:58 PM
95Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
Combined 2 a.indd 95 2008/11/26 02:30:00 PM
96
Transience
The churches in Diepsloot are currently composed of mainly tented
structures, the light quality and exibilty of use of the structure
was an inspiration. The tents, impermanence and ability to de ne a
large ground plan with a small amount of material have made it a
suitable structure for the current conditions in Diepsloot Township.
Through the study of tented precedents the idea of the tent will be
incorporated into the design. These tents allow for large gatherings
and are reminiscent of the humble beginnings of the church in the
township.
Tensile Precedents
Historically tensile, impermanent structures have been of great interest
and have been researched for numerous di erent puposes. While the
tent has roused the attention of architects, historians and academics for a
multitude of di erent reasons, the focus of this piece is on the qualities of
tensile structures, their impermanence, exibility and their ability to become
symbolic places of ritual.
Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
Light tensile structure in African Desert
(Oliver 1971:126)
Combined 2 a.indd 96 2008/11/26 02:30:01 PM
97
Through the analysis of a few precedents of tensile structures these qualities
will be explored. The study will look speci cally at Africa?s nomadic tribes
who made proli c use of the tent, the Israelites Tented Tabernacle in the
Wilderness and the Haj Terminal in Jeddah.
Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
The Haj terminal provides space for
the pilgrims on their lifetime journey
to mecca which occurs seasonally
Skidmore, Owings & Merill,The Haj
Terminal Jeddah Saudi Arabia:1972
(Grebe 1983:382)
The tented Tabernacle in the wilderness,
a holy place for ritual and meeting with God
Israelites,Tabernacle: Sinai (www.bibleplaces.com)
A tented church in Diepsloot township in
the green belt that runs along the river
(Photograph 2007:Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 97 2008/11/26 02:30:03 PM
98
Nomadic Architecture
Nomadic architecture is based on simple structural solutions
and the use of natural and available materials and resources
(Prussin 1995: Intro xvii). Sometimes considered to be primitive
solutions due to their construction of wood, leather and
fabric, these simple structures are the predecessors of the
tensile engineering achievements of today. Whilst the context
for most of these African nomadic structures are the deserts,
which are considered to be some of the largest, hottest and
most threatening of the world, they o er as much in the way
of variety and vividness as any of their sedentary counterparts
(Prussin 1995: Intro xx). The aesthetics of the tents are a result of
the philosophy unique to its context, the structure doesn?t
separate the user from the natural world but seeks to re-
unite a person?s relationship with nature. The connection of
the tent to its surrounding environment, enhanced by its lack
of walls or sealed doors and windows, creates a very unique
means of inhabiting, whether for dwelling or exigency (Cowan
2005:7). The nomad?s belief is to provide enhanced landscaping
as a useful environment (Cowan 2005:31).
Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
A bedouin tent reveals the relationship
between the nomads and the landscape.
Bedouin Tribe (www.google.co.za/images)
A view out from inside a nomadic dwelling
connecting to the landscape
Light tensile structure in African Desert
(Oliver 1971:126)
Combined 2 a.indd 98 2008/11/26 02:30:03 PM
99
The space enclosed by the tent becomes structured by its internal use, one
space that contains many places. When the tent is used for ritual purposes,
the movement through the tent becomes highly ordered and structured. The
touching of the tactile materials and the contact with the ground, inhaling
the aromas that waft through the tent causes the space to becomes ones
own. Not only movement but speci c positions are allocated for di erent
uses and sequences of the ritual (Prussin 1995:60).
The tent represents both a metaphorical architecture in terms of structure,
and also a progressive and nomadic approach to the practice of architecture
as an environmental art of making space.
Even the Nomads who settled on the outskirts of the newly built cities would
have maintained the tradition they were familiar with, just as rural migrants
to urban centers have done so for millennia (Prussin 1995: 2).
Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
Plan of a Gabra Tent (Prussin 1995:41) A typical Tekna Tent (Oliver 1971:128) A tent from South East Morocco (Prussin 1995:69)
Combined 2 a.indd 99 2008/11/26 02:30:09 PM
The Tabernacle
The tabernacle was a tented dwelling place for God to meet with the
Israelites as they wandered through the desert. Simple in form, one tented
structure divided into two spaces with a courtyard surrounding it. Each space
had a speci c ritualistic and spiritual signi cance. This tented space was
the centre of the Israelite?s cultus (Jacobs :02). The outer courtyard de ned an
external gathering space connecting the inhabitants to the blue sky above,
the heavens becoming a ceiling and positioning an individual in the grand
cosmos. The Israelites were a Nomadic tribe which needed the tent made
of linen and animal hide, to be impermanent and hence easy to relocate.
However, this in no way detracted from the seriousness and signi cance of
the ritual and importance of the spaces. The Israelites re ected this tensile
architecture in their permanent buildings once they were settled in Canaan,
demonstrating their connection to their origins. The Temple which replaced
the tented Tabernacle in Jerusalem, mimicked the tented structure yet in
more permanent and solid materials (Prussin 1995:2).
The encampent showing the
courtyard open to the sky and
the sacred central tent. The tented
Tabernacle in the
wilderness, a holy
place for ritual and
meeting with God
showing the tensile
fabric.
The Tabernacle From Above (www.bibleplaces.com)
The Plan and Perspective of
? A Primitive Temple? By Le Corbusier
(Le Corbusier 1927:66)
The Coutyard (www.bibleplaces.com)
The Tabernacle central covering (www.bibleplaces.com)
100 Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
Combined 2 a.indd 100 2008/11/26 02:30:10 PM
Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation 101
The Linear Terminal Building
(www.greatbuildings.com)
The light tent and solid rooms
(www.greatbuildings.com)
Detail of Tent (www.greatbuildings.com)
The Haj
The Haj Terminal in Jeddah accommodates an enormous number of pilgrims that
arrive seasonally on their lifetime journey to visit Mecca. From this respect it can
be considered a place of ritual.
The Haj Terminal is designed to facilitate a large number of people with highly
diversi ed needs over a short period of time. The appropriate space was thereby
created that is adaptable to meet the needs of the Hajiis. It consists of a long
linear terminal building that was protected from the sun and allowed for natural
ventilation. The neccessary facilities are provided in tough small permanent
buildings which sit under this massive volume. Housed within these buildings
are places to wash, rest, prepare food, bank as well as post o ce and general
information facilities (Grebe 1983:382).
The inherent long span characteristics of steel cable structures allows the columns
to be widely spaced, which also then allows for maximum exibilty in planning for
the various support buildings in this area. The te on fabric allows the light to be
transmitted in warm hues but keeps out the harsh desert sun. At night the fabric
allows the light to be re ected (Grebe 1983:382).
Combined 2 a.indd 101 2008/11/26 02:30:11 PM
102
From the above precedents certain qualities of tented structures have been
extracted.
Light & Tactile
The tented fabric possessed a certain character with regard to its transmission
of light. The tent was translucent allowing light to lter through but retained
its ability to provide protection from the elements. The sewn seams are always
visible and contribute to the feeling of craft and tactility. The way the fabric
hangs creates spaces which possess very unique and intriguing qualities .
Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
Latuske. Theater Tent , Hamburg:2001 (Herwig 2003:85)
Quality of light and Pattern in A Diepsloot Church Tent (Photograph 2008:Authors )
Combined 2 a.indd 102 2008/11/26 02:30:20 PM
103Design Themes, Transcience & Transformation
Collage depicting
scenes of Transcience
(Authors Own)
Combined 2 a.indd 103 2008/11/26 02:30:21 PM
104
Transformation
.
The idea of this thesis is to transform the people of Diepsloot
physically, mentally and spiritually. This would be achieved through the
provision of a permanent architectural intervention which would help
transform the township from a temporary camp to a permanent one.
Waste Equals Food
The community is being transformed through: skills training, sports activities,
education, spiritual rejuvenation and counselling. The intervention which is
proposed seeks to help facilitate these endeavours.
The method in which this would be applied is through the ?Cradle to Cradle?
concept (McDonough & Braugnaut 2002:54), a strategy for business growth
and prosperity that generates ecological, social and economic value. This
system is rooted in the natural world. The essential design principle is waste
equals food. At the end of its useful life a material is used to make an equally
valuable new product.
From this point of view the minerals or plastics from which a product is made,
do not need to be reduced because they will not become waste on a land ll,
instead they become the new material for another process (McDonough &
Braugnaut 2002:).
Within Diepsloot this concept would be implemented through the collection
of greywater and surface run-o , which is puri ed and used to water the
proposed agricultural beds. This small scale agriculture is used to train
the community on e ective and hygeinic intensive farming methods. The
produce from this agriculture would be used in the proposed soup kitchen,
which would be supplemented by other food donations. The vegetable
peelings would then be used as compost for the vegetable gardens.
? Cherry Tree. Each Spring it makes thousands of
blossoms, which then fall in piles to the ground- not
very effi cient. But the fallen blossoms, become food for
other living things. The trees abundance of blossoms
is both safe and useful, contributing to the health of
a thriving , interdependent system. The tree spreads
multiple positive effects- making oxygen, transpiring
water, creating habitat and more. And its beautiful!?
Bill McDonough
Combined 2 a.indd 104 2008/11/26 02:30:24 PM
105
The Green Strip
The transformation of the green strip is a necessary requirement in the
scheme. As already identi ed the quality of water entering the township
is relatively high but becomes polluted when owing through the area.
Surface run-o washes impurities into the river and the vacant green belt
has become a popular waste dumping ground.
The site is positioned along the waters edge and so it is important to deal with
the puri cation of the water entering the river course from my proposed site.
Both the surface run-o and the greywater from the community complex
will need to be puri ed before being released back into the watercourse.
This will be done through the use of bio lters and reed beds. The churches
will initiate clean up drives, which have been successful in the past, to remove
the refuse.
For this to be e ective the township has to be tackled as a whole. The basic
principles that need to be implemented are: reducing surface water speed
along roads, encouraging ltration before entering the river. If the water
enters the bio lters and reed beds at a slower pace they purify the water
more e ectively . This is done by planting indigenous grasses along the
road ways and areas where the water predominantly ows as indicated in
diagram. Grates need to be installed in the road gutters to collect the litter
before ltering into the reed beds. Reed beds and bio lters will need to be
introduced along the length of the river at places where water ows into the
belt.
The process of identifying the particular needs is complex and varies in
each situation. A thorough investigation would need to be instituted with
the relevant water professionals. However, the following diagram shows the
overall scheme for the community as a whole.
Map showing the Main Water Run-o along which the grass will be planted (Cochrane 2008:Mapping)
Grass planted along
these routes
Combined 2 a.indd 105 2008/11/26 02:30:44 PM
106
Reed Beds and Bio lters
Reed beds and bio lters have genuine weight of science behind their
conception, construction and application. Having no standardized design
procedures specialists are required in the nal implementation of all
systems. The following describes the basic requirements to be catered for in
the design proposal.
Within this context reed beds and bio lters are a viable solution. Reeds
already exist naturally along the river. The systems have low capital and
operational costs which make them a feasible solution. Considering that this
project seeks to create a place of sanctity along the river, they provide an
aesthetically pleasing option.
Reed Beds Comprise of a variety of systems in one. They include:
aquatic macrophytes (reeds)
fungi
algae
bryophytes (such as moss)
aqautic invertabrates
The reeds are the basis of the system providing oxygen and surfaces on
which other organisms can grow and proliferate. The fungi aids in degrading
synthetic chemicals such as pesticides (Cooper 1996:Document).
This system can be used in conjunction with bio lters to maximize the
e eciency. Bio lters use physical ltration methods as well as bacteria to
break down contaminates. Various types of bio lters exists depending on
the types of impurities in the water
A tented church along the waters edge. Reeds are seen in the background(Photograph 2008:Authors own) A Reed Bed with bio lter (Cochrane 2008:Authors own)
Combined 2 a.indd 106 2008/11/26 02:30:45 PM
107
A Reed Bed with bio lter (Photograph 2008:Authors own)
The Site Showing the Water entry and position of Reed Bed with Bio lter (Brown 2007: Photograph)
Combined 2 a.indd 107 2008/11/26 02:30:48 PM
The inhabitants of Diepsloot have begun to create sacred places for themselves. The following is an analytical assessment of how they
practice, what rituals are performed and what
elements are brought into the church.
Analysis of Churches
in Diepsloot
Combined 2 a.indd 108 2008/11/26 02:30:50 PM
109Analysis of Churches in Diepsloot
Analysis of Churches
in Diepsloot
Combined 2 a.indd 109 2008/11/26 02:30:53 PM
An analysis of a typical tented church in Diepsoot..
Axis
The churches are predominantly
rectilinear in shape, with a central axis.
A central aisle allows ease of access to
the front of the church. Ceremonies
are long, normally not less than three
hours and so movement between
the congregation, the front and the
back of the church is frequent and
designed for.
Altar
The altar is always located at the
front of the tent and is made special
through the draping of lace cloth. The pulpit from which the minister
speaks is movable and is positioned to the side whenever the congregation
participates in singing. When the sermon begins the pulpit is moved to the
front, or just o the axis. The singing has important emphasis in the church
and the congregation participates fully with clapping and dancing, often
using the generous aisle space or coming to the front.
110 Analysis of Churches in Diepsloot
Layout and Entrance
The chairs are moveable, allowing easy storage, as the churches cannot be
locked. This also enables di erent seating con gurations to be assembled.
They are positioned in rows facing the front for normal Sunday services and
are turned to face the aisle during wedding ceremonies. A large number of
people stand during the service.
Entrances to the churches are either on axis or from the rear. The churches
never position the entrance o the road but allow for an intermediate space
before entering into the sanctuary.
Altar of Church
(Cochrane 2007: Photo)
Combined 2 a.indd 110 2008/11/26 02:30:57 PM
Outdoor Space
The tents? sides are often opened to allow cross ventilation through the space
which can become unbearably hot. This allows for the externally demarcated
space to be used by children during service time. Creating a visual connection
between the parents inside and the children outside, the exterior space
becomes a safe place for play, as well as allowing them to move between the
internal and external spaces at will.
111Analysis of Churches in Diepsloot
Analytical Diagram Showing the seating layout, axis and entrance
(Cochrane 2008)
Analytical Diagram Showing outdoor Space
(Cochrane 2008)
Combined 2 a.indd 111 2008/11/26 02:31:01 PM
Wedding Ritual
Entrance
For the wedding ceremony a carpet is laid outside the entrance of the church.
Along the edges it is decorated with potted plants and arti cial owers. The
retinue, which often consists of an entourage of a dozen people, dance down
the aisle. The aisle for the duration of the ceremony has prime importance. It
is for this reason that the orientation of the chairs is moved from facing the
front altar to focusing on the central circulation space.
A table is placed at the altar. During the ceremony the bride and groom sit at
the table, which is decorated and displays the cake.
The area where the bride initially entered becomes a place for the guests
to gather whenever the bride comes in or leaves. This normally occurs
several times as the bride and her retinue will change out ts throughout the
ceremony.
The tent becomes the reception space at the end of the ceremony. Tables are
brought into the tent, or weather permitting installed outside. The openings
along the side of the tent become views into this space and many people
within the community will come to watch from the outside.
112 Analysis of Churches in Diepsloot
Analytical Diagram Showing layout of Church for wedding functions
(Cochrane 2008)
Combined 2 a.indd 112 2008/11/26 02:31:02 PM
113
Combined 2 a.indd 113 2008/11/26 02:31:02 PM
114
Case Studies
Combined 2 a.indd 114 2008/11/26 02:31:02 PM
The following two case studies of inspirational church spaces have been chosen for analysis. The Chapel at Ronchamp is both a seminal piece of sacred architecture as well as an inspiration in its
exiblitity to address various sizes of congregations.
The Chapel of Light was chosen as a local study as it managed
to create an internal world of beauty and a sanctuary in an
otherwise desolate and profane environment at the Vaal
University of Technology.
Combined 2 a.indd 115 2008/11/26 02:31:03 PM
116
Ronchamp
Site
Ronchamp is sited in a wooded spur above the Town, close to the large
industrial centers of Belfort and Montb?liard (Le Corbusier1957:88). Le Corbusier
believed that the site demanded nothing less than a building that responded
totally to the ?visual acoustics? (Frampton1992:228).The site was close to the city
but separate, and situated in between four mountain ranges which were to
be the frame for the building. Le Corbusier avoided appealing to religious
values in his explanation of his design, which was based on landscape not
religious creed (Doorden2001:194). The site, previously a pilgrimage chapel, was
destroyed during WWII and the remaining rubble was used in the building of
Ronchamp, giving meaning to the materials used.
Case Studies
Site Plan of Chapel Notre
Dame du Haut Showing
Surrounding Mountains
(The Tablet 2006:10)
Combined 2 a.indd 116 2008/11/26 02:31:15 PM
117
Pilgrimage & Procession
Le Corbusier was designing for a pilgrim church; 30 000 pilgrims congregated
at this site once a year so the approach and ascent to the church was seen
as important. Le Corbusier looked at the Greek idea of procession in the
acropolis as a precedent, how the climb is arduous but glimpses of the
destination inspire you to continue (Frampton2002:105). The fact that the site is
on a hill gave Corbusier great opportunity to bring the visitor up and around
imitating this idea. The procession creates an eagerness to enter, by the
time one reaches the chapel there has been a build up; the di cult climb
is humbling and the building appears and disappears obscuring scale and
making the building look much bigger than it is in reality. This makes the
arrival more sacred (Frampton2002:105).
Case Studies
Ronchamp, showing the
Procession to the Chapel.
LeCorbusier.Notre Dame du Haut.
Ronchamp,1955
(After Corbusier 1957)
The Acropolis, showing the Procession
to the Parthenon. The Acropolis.Athens,447-432
(After Banister Fletcher 1956)
Le Corbusier. Notre Dame du Haut: Procession to Chapel.Ronchamp,1953-1955 (Le Corbusier 1957: 77-80)
Combined 2 a.indd 117 2008/11/26 02:31:20 PM
118
Internal & External Space
Ronchamp is designed for a 200 member congregation but also to allow
for much greater numbers. The annual pilgrimage of 30 000 people is
accommodated by an external altar and all the internal elements are displays
on the external part of the building. The concave shape of the Eastern fa?ade
and the small ziggurat contain the exterior space (same idea as the templum
in the acropolis) allowing the church to cater for its local congregation and
the pilgrimage.
Materiality
The bold sculptured white organic form of Ronchamp stands out against the
green landscape, appearing to grow from the landscape (Frampton1992:229).The
very modern and organic rough sprayed concrete allowed Le Corbusier to
be sculptural and respond in form to the landscape, it was also the most
practical for a site on a road with no easy vehicular access (Le Corbusier 1957:88).
The sand and stones were taken from the site. The ne craftsmanship of
the building enhances the sacredness of the space. The internal space has
Case Studies
Plan Showing the Contained External Space
Le Corbusier.Chapel Notre Dame du Haut,
Ronchamp1955 ( Le Corbusier 1957:103)
Le Corbusier?s Sketch of Ronchamp on the Site
( Frampton 2002:105)
Congregation Gathering on the External East
Fa?ade Corbusier.Chapel Notre Dame du Haut.
Ronchamp 1955 ( Le Corbusier 1957:22)
Aerial View of Ronchamp
(SPADEM 1973: Postcard)
Combined 2 a.indd 118 2008/11/26 02:31:34 PM
119
a dark stone and cement oor, timber supports, confessionals and pews. The
simplicity of form gives the structure the feeling of being sculpted.
There is an intentional crudeness of the building, the oor slants down
and the roof dips creating a cave like atmosphere (Doorden2001:193). The cross
at the front gives a holiness to the building. Le Corbusier said that on the
inclusion of the cross the Chapel at Ronchamp ceased to be a building under
construction and became a spiritual place (Le Corbusier1957:128).
Plan
The plan of Ronchamp is totally asymmetrical and organic in shape di ering
from the traditional symmetrical plan of a church, as it is so site speci c.
The walls of the plan curl inward and smaller chapels are created along
the edge (Doorden 2001: 193). An altar at the front with a sacristy to the left, a
large choir space lines the northern edge of the main chapel space and
wooden pews ll the south edge (Frampton2002:109). The main entrance, used
for special occasions, is on the southern edge behind the pews. The more
informal entrance on the opposite side is normally used. There are two
countervailing slopes, that of the nave which falls east towards the altar,
and that of the sanctum which falls west. A stone paved axis in conjunction
with the previously mentioned slopes indicates orientation of the Nave as
well as the curve of the roof which emphasizes the axis (Frampton2002:109). It
intimates the Hebrew tabernacle which evokes history and is symbolic of
the sacred (Frampton1992:228). It has the idea of a formal axis and frontal altar in
a very untraditional form. Le Corbusier hints at the ancient in order to create
a sacred atmosphere.
Iconography is kept to a minimum in order not to distract the worshippers.
Case Studies
Plan of Ronchamp Showing the Axis, Entrances an
Le Corbusier. Chapel Notre Dame du Haut,Ronchamp 1955
( Le Corbusier 1957:22)
Combined 2 a.indd 119 2008/11/26 02:31:35 PM
120
Light
In Ronchamp most of the light comes through the apparently randomly
pierced southern wall. Each of the dozen perforations displays a di erent
shade of primary colours Inscribed on the panes are Marian prayers, which
suggest Le Corbusier?s interest in the poetic and lyrical elements of spirituality
(Frampton2002:107). The thick Southern wall causes light to burst through in
coloured beams. Through the panes of glass one can see trees, clouds and
passers by.
Light illuminates shape, and shapes have an emotional power (Le Corbusier1957:27).
Constantly changing light enters the nave from the three side chapels. These
receive light from the North, East and West respectively. The larger cowl
pointing towards the north for a soft light, the smaller cylindrical ones catch
the warm red morning light and the last golden rays of the evening sun. Thus
the internal light changes with the time of the day.
Roof: Ethereal
The dark brown roof contrasts with the whitewashed walls. On approach of
the building from the south, the roof appears as an enormous cantilevered
mass suspended over the curved and cantered southern wall. The roofs
shape is a response to the uidity of the site. This heavy mass appears to oat
over the wall, this is more apparent from inside, where a 10cm sliver of light
is evident (Hoag1977:99). The oating roof appears to defy the laws of gravity,
making a visitor feel that they are witnessing a supernatural event.
Case Studies
Light in Chapel Notre Dame Du Haut.Ronchamp, 1955 (After Le Corbusier 1957:102)
Combined 2 a.indd 120 2008/11/26 02:31:47 PM
121
The idea of supernatural is a strange association for the calculated and
rational Le Corbusier, however Reyner Banham asks the question how do you
create a ?functional church? (Banham 1962:27). He argues that it cannot be a box,
which would be the church imitating the functional buildings of factories
etc., rather that it must be the ?rigorous analysis of the ritual to be enacted
in it? in terms of space, lighting, site lines, procession, access, circulation etc
(Banham 1962:27). ?It would be the task of the architect to work this out from rst
principles?, in other words not to hang onto the Priest?s or congregation?s idea
of the traditional requirements but to reassess them (Banham 1962:27).
Elevation
As Architectural theorist and author Kenneth Frampton describes the
elevations, ?A visitor is made instantly aware that the building has been
conceived in terms of landscape, above all by the roughly plastered
southern wall that sweeps out with tremendous force toward the horizon?
(Frampton2002:106). This gesture is answered on the eastern fa?ade by a concave
wall, embracing the grass forecourt. Each fa?ade is di erent and the roof line
changes around the building (Frampton2002:106).
Case Studies
The Elevations of Ronchamp
( Le Corbusier 1957:32)The Roof Le Corbusier.Chapel Notre Dame Du Haut.Ronchamp, 1955 (Le Corbusier 1957:102)
Combined 2 a.indd 121 2008/11/26 02:31:48 PM
122
Chapel of Light
The chapel of light was chosen as a case study as it is an
example of architecture which creates a sacred space in a
modest way. The experience of the building is extraordinary.
The architects have managed to create a sacred place in an
otherwise placeless environment.
Commission
Comrie Wilkinson Architects were commissioned by the Vaal University of
Technology to design a spiritual space for the students, a place of retreat as
there had been three student suicides. This also coincided with the o cial
transformation of The Vaal Triangle Technikon to the Vaal University of
Technology and the building was used as an icon to show the progression
of the university. It had a low budget but the architects were given freedom
in the design (Pienaar 2006: INTERVIEW). Notre Dame du Haut, was chosen as a
precedent study because of the way in which procession had been dealt
with (Pienaar 2006:INTERVIEW).
Site
The Chapel of light is situated in a profane environment. Located in the
industrial Area of Vanderbijlpark, on the far corner of the Vaal University
of Technology campus, this pavilion building?s immediate landscape is a
deserted parking lot and an empty park. The University campus is divided
by a water gulley into academic facilities to the North and Residential to the
South (Pienaar2006: INTERVIEW).
Case Studies
Aerial Photo of The Vaal University of Technology Campus Showing the Chapel of Light (Cochrane: 2006)
Combined 2 a.indd 122 2008/11/26 02:31:50 PM
123
Place of Retreat
The chapel becomes an object, an icon associated with rest and reprieve.
The harsh environment meant that the building needed to create its own
context. It achieved this by de ning external spaces, creating a sense of
place.
Although the case study of Ronchamp was used because of how it deals
with procession, the Chapel of light is located on at ground and so the
idea of procession is translated into one of thresholds. One approaches
the building from the residences. The tower acts as an axis termination
point, drawing one to the rst threshold, the entrance of the chapel.
Ronchamp is about the external approach, but due to the di erent
context the Chapel of light?s approach becomes more internalized and
about hierarchy and ordering of space and progress through it. Neutral
facades encompass a sacred space, it is not about the external but about
the internal. The rst threshold is demarcated by a change in oor height
and materiality, a course aggregate lled platform. This draws one into an
entrance courtyard which is articulated by a free standing wall. A oating
roof extends from the lobby area over this courtyard, making you feel
small and inhibited, a way of creating reverence. It also acts as a guide
to draw you to the next threshold. The ground ramps up and the wall to
the ablutions curve acts as a pivot bringing you to the lobby, creating a
much more human and comfortable scale. The door which was previously
hidden comes into view and you are pulled in. This building uses the body,
and its? experience of space, as a tool.
Case Studies
Images of The Chapel of Light Showing the Four Thresholds.
Wilkinson.The Chapel of Light. Vanderbijlpark, 2004 (Cochrane:2006)
Wilkinson. Plan of the Chapel of Light.VanderbijlPark,2004
(After Wilkinson 2004:Plans)
Combined 2 a.indd 123 2008/11/26 02:31:50 PM
124
Materials
The facades of the Chapel of Light are neutral; the use of red face brick
externally creates the transition from the dull to the sacred internal space
which has bright white illuminated walls, reinforcing the transition from public
to private space. The use of materials is simple. The building also exploits the
qualities of the brick. The brick has been used to resolve structural solutions
such as the beam. The aesthetics of the fa?ade is created through using three
di erent brick textures. The internal nish of the walls is carpet plaster, soft
with a hand-crafted e ect. The internal space has white walls with re ective
black oor tiles and timber ceilings and pews, the variety and colour of the
building materials are kept simple. The oating steel and plywood roof is
very high, emphasizing the verticality of the space.
Layout
The Chapel of light maintains the hierarchy and spatial layout of a traditional
church space. It is asymmetrical and diverts from the traditional plan of a
church. This is speci cally because it was to be a multi-denominational
spiritual space, a place of inclusion for all. This meant that no iconography
was used in the chapel. However, it did maintain a traditional hierarchy, the
altar positioned at the front on an axis, which is echoed in the shift of the
roof planes down the center of the space. The oating steel and plywood
ceilings are very high with lowered space over the liturgical area, evoking the
traditional roof of conventional churches.
Case Studies
Students Gathering at The Chapel of Light
Wilkinson.Chapel of Light.Vanderbijlpark2004 (Pienaar2006:Photo?s)
External Gathering Space
The low budget meant that the chapel would have to be small, however the
brief was for a multi-denominational space for all the students and was about
inclusion. It was decided to build for 100 people but allow space for gatherings
externally and place to expand (interview with Pienaar2006). In a similar way
to Ronchamp it creates a contained space for people to gather. The elevated
platform becomes a formal place to address the gathered students who are
contained by this rigid external wall which encloses space.
Combined 2 a.indd 124 2008/11/26 02:31:51 PM
125
Traditional aisles are incorporated in terms of vertical light shafts, which allow
re ected natural light into the building and to deal with the sharp western
sun. The intimation of conventional spatial order adds to the feeling of
sacredness of the space. There is a covered external verandah alongside the
chapel designed as a spill overarea for functions and as a threshold into the
private garden which is an enclosed space like the ?propylea? at Ronchamp.
The building itself creates the perimeters; the wall also directs your view to
the dam.
Case Studies
Plan of Chapel of Light Showing the Axis,
Entrances, Aisles & Falls
Wilkinson.Chapel Of Light.Vanderbijlpark,2004
(After Wilkinson :2004)
Photo?s of The Chapel of Light
Wilkinson.The Chapel of Light. Vanderbijlpark, 2004 (1,2 Pienaar:2004)
Combined 2 a.indd 125 2008/11/26 02:32:09 PM
Photograph Showing view to dam, framed by wall
(Pienaar 2004)
Section of Chapel of Light Showing the Layering and Creation of Internal Worlds
(After Pienaar:2004)
Photograph of vertical light shafts
(Pienaar 2004)
Photograph Showing external
spill out space
(Pienaar 2004)
126 Case Studies
Combined 2 a.indd 126 2008/11/26 02:32:43 PM
Light
The Chapel of Light does not use direct light but all the light is de ected.
It manipulates the sun, so that the atmosphere of the space changes
throughout the day. The natural light which indirectly washes into the
building through narrow slots in the walls and through a clerestory window
between the roof plane, enhances the sacredness and emotive qualities.
The layering technique employed creates protection from the eastern and
western direct sun, and starts to create depth creating an internal world from
the harsh exterior environment
Section of Chapel of Light Showing de ected light at Di erent times of day
(After Pienaar:2004)
127Case Studies
Combined 2 a.indd 127 2008/11/26 02:32:51 PM
128 Case Studies
The Roof of the Chapel of Light
Wilkinson. Chapel Of Light.Vanderbijlpark, 2004(Photo Pienaar: 2004)
Combined 2 a.indd 128 2008/11/26 02:32:52 PM
129
Roof
The roof of the Chapel of Light appears to oat. The entire building is
covered with a lightweight roof that acts as a device to tie all the various
design elements and spaces together (Deckler 2006:38). The at roof depicts the
landscape and the at topped acacia trees indigenous to the area. The roof
is supported by a rhythmic series of I-beam columns completely separated
from the brickwork and intelligently accentuated by the brick piers; the
combination accentuating the height of the chapel. The columns are carried
through the structure from inside to outside.
Elevation
The facades are neutral and simple in expression. On the West fa?ade, which
is the rst elevation seen on approach, one sees a rhythm of openings and the
at plane of the roof which resonates with the site and horizon. The North and
South fa?ade express the idea of layering to create its own context, stepping
down toward the dam, the less built up side of the site, also allowing the
light to enter into the space. The eastern fa?ade has a low garden wall which
frames the view, connecting the interior to the site.
Case Studies
The Roof of the Chapel of Light
Wilkinson. Chapel Of Light.Vanderbijlpark, 2004(Photo Pienaar: 2004)
The Elevations of Chapel of Light
(Wilkinson2004:Plans)
Combined 2 a.indd 129 2008/11/26 02:32:52 PM
Combined 2 a.indd 130 2008/11/26 02:32:55 PM
Design
What all this means for the design of the complex
Combined 2 a.indd 131 2008/11/26 02:32:55 PM
132 Design
Design Concept
The initial design concept was to de ne the two edges along the roadways
and create an open internal gathering space, covered with a tensile structure.
The use of a tented structure emanated from the existing tented churches. As
established in the analysis of the tented tabernacle in the wilderness, when a
society becomes permanent, or settled they will still hold to what they have
known before. The use of tented fabric is symbolic in its reference to the tented
churches that exist there now. It is also a practical choice as the tent has no
walls or sealed doors or windows, allowing it to be open to the landscape
and encourage users inside. The lightweight fabric allows a large area to be
covered creating a multi-use space. This will become a sacred space when
the churches use it for their gatherings in mass as was documented earlier.
Considering the economic status, the space can be used for a myriad of other
purposes; Saturday markets (where things made in the skills training facilities
Combined 2 a.indd 132 2008/11/26 02:33:07 PM
133Design
can be sold) youth events, concerts, community forums and gathering
space in times of crisis etc. This is easily accommodated in the tent
structure which is exible. Through the subtle intervention of level
changes and permanent furniture, as seen in the nomadic tribes of
Africa, multiple spaces can be de ned within the one large space. The
tent doesn?t impose on the landscape and its organic forms create an
evocative and sensuous form which re ects that of nature, creating an
undulating landscape that imitates the riverbank.
Combined 2 a.indd 133 2008/11/26 02:33:30 PM
134 Design
Initial Concept
The views to the waterway only become clearly visible when
in the external gathering space. The openness of the tent and
its light structure enables a strong relationship to the beautiful
landscape.
The building itself starts to hold space. The internal courtyard
is de ned by two wings and an external gathering space is
claimed by the structure which runs parallel to the road. This
element was used successfully in Comrie-Wilkinson?s Chapel
of light which subtly de ned an exterior gathering space
Sketch of Chapel of Light
(Left)After Wilkinson
Chapel of Light Below
(Photograph Pienaar 2004)
Combined 2 a.indd 134 2008/11/26 02:33:50 PM
135Design
The processional route de nes various thresholds. One must move along the route to
enter the church, increasing the expectation of the pilgrim. As you approach your view
changes from the hard edge of the shacks into the ethereal world of the tent focusing
the view on the river ahead. This was inspired by Le Corbusier?s use of Procession in his
chapel at Ronchamp which created a pilgrimage route that was a modern interpretation
of the ancient Greek acropolis (Corbusier 1957).
A ritual procession to the baptismal pool which also serves as
part of the sports complex, creates a pilgrimage route along
the rivers edge.
Ronchamp, showing the
Procession to the Chapel.
LeCorbusier.Notre Dame du Haut.
Ronchamp,1955
(After Corbusier 1957)
Combined 2 a.indd 135 2008/11/26 02:34:04 PM
136 Design
A series of thresholds de ne increasingly sacred spaces. The most public
and ?hardest? portion of the design runs along the road, increasing in
privacy and sacredness as you move towards the river.
The edges are hard and the interior space is soft and relates to the water.
Combined 2 a.indd 136 2008/11/26 02:34:23 PM
137
Design Process
The design developed and the hard edge attached onto the pathway which
runs through the urban design. It de nes the movement of people through
the complex and creates views into the tented space. The tented structure
attaches to the building which de nes its edges and a subtle structure along
the roadway becomes a trade zone, building on what has already started to
happen in the community.
The building?s hard edge with the tented structure is precedented in the Haj
Terminal in Jeddah which consists of tough buildings sitting beneath the
large, light tented structure.
The church is positioned along the river?s edge. During the rainy season the
water level rises and the church will appear to oat on the edge of the water.
The spiritual symbolism in water and cleansing is important and the building
starts to map the changing seasons, an idea which is proli c in the writings
on sacred architecture discussed previously. The changing landscape as it is
etched by the water?s motion also enhances the idea of the temporality and
transient nature of life.
Design
Combined 2 a.indd 137 2008/11/26 02:34:26 PM
138
Final Design
The nal concept of placing the church along the road, separates
it from the ancillary functions, as Mircea Eliade de nes sacred
space as the separation from the other (Eliade 1987:11). The
community would ll the landscape as is already happening
along the river, and the church would have a sense of prominence
being raised higher than the surrounding landscape above the
oodline. It also starts to de ne the edge of the tent and follows
the Zionist principles of clearing a space and raising it, giving it
prominence and allowing the landscape to continue as usual
along the edge.
Design
Combined 2 a.indd 138 2008/11/26 02:34:37 PM
139Design
Combined 2 a.indd 139 2008/11/26 02:34:41 PM
140
The interior space is covered by a tensile fabric, the initial design proposed
three tents imitating the current tent churches in their simple apex designs.
Each tent would be able to be dissembled, thereby creating di erent spaces
for di erent functions within the large gathering area. This proposal created
long thin spaces which inhibits the exibilty of use. Inspired by the kind of
light which was discovered at the Homestead Park Zionist meeting place,
a forest of trees was explored, the intent was for structures which did not
create a directional space as well as ones that play with light.
The tree structures were based on the principal of the umbrella, funnelling
water into the center which can then ow into an underground drain. The
structural elements also dappled the light creating patterns on the oor.
Photograph of Design Homestead Park 2008: Authors Own
Design
Combined 2 a.indd 140 2008/11/26 02:34:48 PM
141
These tented structures can be erected or dissembled to create spaces for
di erent uses.
All tents open to accomodate a large religious gathering. These occur
frequently to celebrate Christian holidays such as Christmas, Easter as well as
Youth Day, Womens Day and other occassions when a number of churches
will gather together to discuss problems or just to encourage each other.
In these situations the entire public space becomes sacred. This diagram
indicates two thousand people gathering for special occassions.
If there is a church function such as a wedding or a funeral at the same time
as a market day for instance, the tents can be dissembled creating a divide
in the sacred and the secular functions
The church at other times will be open for just a few people who seek seclusion
whilst bustling activities occur on the opposite side. The disassembly of the
tents keep the church separate as a beacon.
Large religious gathering Two functions run simultaneously Church is separated
Design
Combined 2 a.indd 141 2008/11/26 02:35:39 PM
142
There are two demarcated edges which enclose the interior space. The edge
which anks the road, accommodates vendors which open out into a square
along the road. The simple buildings which house the skills training centre,
the soup kitchen, counselling rooms and public ablutions etc. are attached
to either side of the pathway which extends along the length of the green
belt. New buildings can be inserted or existing ones modi ed in this strip.
Model showing hard edge: Authors Own Sketch showing hard edge: Authors Own
Design
Combined 2 a.indd 142 2008/11/26 02:36:01 PM
143Design
Sketch showing Urban Markers which help de ne
the Procession to the church: Authors Own
Model showing Urban Markers which help de ne
the Procession to the church: Authors Own
Towers are positioned at either end of the entrance to the strip- urban
markers. They also de ne the processional route. The tallest tower acts as a
pivot device, this idea was inspired by the Chapel of Light where the tower
pulls the visitor around and into the building. This tower is an indicator to
the visitor that the pedestrian axis is going to change. The Church Tower
becomes a terminating point for the axis. The church and its vertical tower
are a strong visual element when approaching the complex from the other
side of the river. Raised above the river it grows from the rocky edge.
Model showing the Church as a Beacon as you
approach the complex from across the river
Combined 2 a.indd 143 2008/11/26 02:36:24 PM
144
The community will be involved in the building of the project. This
both empowers the community with skills training as well as temporary
employment. The building has to be suited to the skills of the local people
who display local lattice weaving, brick making and stone building skills. The
intention is to incorporate as many of the crafts into the design. Wrought
iron work and carpentry are particularly prevalent.
The materials of these buildings are to be brick, stone and plaster.
The bricks are made on site using the local sand.
Brick Making in Diepsloot
(Photograph 2008: Authors Own)
Training local residents in
building techniques
(Digest of SA Architecture 2008: 67)
Design
Combined 2 a.indd 144 2008/11/26 02:36:29 PM
145Design
Combined 2 a.indd 145 2008/11/26 02:36:34 PM
146 Design
The Church
Conceptually the church de nes a space that is di erent to the remainder of
the complex. Simple devices can be used to de ne a threshold which creates
the sense of something sacred. Drawing on the principles of the Zionist
circle, which is a modest wall beneath the light roof of foliage, the church
will grow from the landscape and create a place that is ?other?.
Designed to accomodate a gathering of 100 to 120 people seated, it has the
ability to open out into the larger gathering space which can accomodate
between 2000 and 2500 people. The building gestures toward the external
congregation as its roof tilts in the direction of the internal tented space. Two
doors open up along the side of the church as embracing arms enveloping
the people.
The main altar faces east in order to maximize the morning sun. Jesus is
symbolised in biblical allegory as the sun and as the morning star. The altar
is positioned against the wall which backs onto the busy street and public
area. This facade will be dealt with accordingly to bu er the sound and create
privacy. Stained glass will be used in this area in order to recreate the kind of
light quality found in the striped tents now. The community will be used for
this as they possess the ironmongery skills that could possibily be used for
this purpose. A position for the altar to move to the side wall also enables the
di erent churches to appropriate the church in their own way.
The roof lifts toward the North and so the sunlight will be captured directly
into the space on speci c days and be ltered light for the rest of the year.
Selected views toward the river will be captured.
Sacred Platform
Roa
d
Roa
d
Roa
d
Alta
r
Alta
r
Altar
Entrance
Entrance
Entrance
Combined 2 a.indd 146 2008/11/26 02:36:49 PM
147Design
Combined 2 a.indd 147 2008/11/26 02:36:55 PM
148 Design
Combined 2 a.indd 148 2008/11/26 02:36:55 PM
149
Final Drawings
Design
Combined 2 a.indd 149 2008/11/26 02:36:56 PM
150
S I T E P L A N
Combined 2 a.indd 150 2008/11/26 02:37:18 PM
151
S I T E P L A N
Combined 2 a.indd 151 2008/11/26 02:37:23 PM
152
S T R I P
Combined 2 a.indd 152 2008/11/26 02:37:25 PM
153
S T R I P
Combined 2 a.indd 153 2008/11/26 02:37:30 PM
154
Combined 2 a.indd 154 2008/11/26 02:37:35 PM
155Design
Combined 2 a.indd 155 2008/11/26 02:37:36 PM
156
Photograph of Model From Above Photograph of Model Showing the Hard Strip
View of Complex
from River
M O D E L
Combined 2 a.indd 156 2008/11/26 02:37:42 PM
157
View of Church from River Approach along Road from opposite side of the River
View of Complex
from River
M O D E L
Combined 2 a.indd 157 2008/11/26 02:37:47 PM
158
Combined 2 a.indd 158 2008/11/26 02:37:59 PM
159Design
Morning
Late Morning to Midday
Evening
Lig
ht
Study of the
Chu
rc
h
Combined 2 a.indd 159 2008/11/26 02:38:34 PM
160 References
References
ANDO,T(1989).Tadao Ando Rizolli: NY
BACHELARD, G, 1971 The Poetics of Reverie. Beacon Press: Boston
BANHAM, R (1962). Guide to Modern Architecture. London: Architectural Press
BANISTER FLETCHER, (1954).A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method. (16th Edition) London: B.T.Batsford
BELL, B (Ed)(2004).Good Deeds, Good Design: Community service through Architecture. New York: Princeton Architectural Press
CERVER, F (2005). The World of Contemporary Architecture. Germany: Konemann
CHING,K; JARKOMBEK, M and PRAKASH,V (2007). A Global History of Architecture. New Jersey & Canada: John Wiley and sons
CHING, F(1996).Architecture: Form Space and Order.New York:John Wiley & Sons
COOPER , P & JOB, G & GREEN, M & SHUTES, R(1996) Reed Beds & Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment London: Wrc
COWAN, G (2005)Nomadology in Architecture: Ephemerality, Movement & Collaboration.NSW:Dissertation
CROSBIE, M (2006)Houses of God: Religious Architecture for a New Millennium. Victoria:Image Publishing Group
Combined 2 a.indd 160 2008/11/26 02:38:35 PM
CURL, J(1999).Oxford Dictionary of Architecture.London: Oxford University Press
DOORDAN, D (2001).Twentieth Century Architecture. London: Laurence King
DECKLER, T; GRAUPNER, A; RASMUSS,H (2006). Contemporary South African Architecture in a Landscape of Transition. Cape Town: Double
Storey
EBERHARD, J (2005).Neuroscience & The Architecture of Spiritual Spaces. Columbus: AIA
ELIADE, M (1987). The Sacred and the Profane:The nature of Religion. San Diego: Harcourt Brace & Co
EVANS, R (1997).Translations from Drawings to Buildings and Other Essays.London: Architectural Association
FRAMPTON,K (1992).Modern Architecture:A Critical History. London: Thames & Hudson
FRAMPTON,K (2002).Le Corbusier:Architect of the Twentieth Century.New York: Harry N. Abrams
GREBE, O (1983). Skidmore, Owings & Merril:Architecture and Urbanism. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company
GAVENTA, S (2006),New Public Spaces. London: Octopus Publishing Group
HEATHCOTE, E & MOFFAT, L (2007).Contemporary Church Architecture Wiley Academy: Great Britain
HERWIG, O (2003). Featherweights: Light, Mobile & Floating Architecture. NY, MUNICH: Prestel
HOAG,E & J (1977).Masters of Modern Architecture. New York: Bobbs-Merrill Company
JENCKS, C (2002) The New Paradigm in Architecture.London: Yale University
KOOLHAAS, R & MAU, M & OMA (2003)2nd Ed. c1998. Small, Medium, Large, Extra Large. NY: Monacelli Press
LE CORBUSIER(1927).Towards a New Architecture. London: Architectural Press
LE CORBUSIER(1957).Ronchamp. Germany: Verlag Gerd Hatjie
LE CORBUSIER (1955). Le Poeme de l?Angle Droit, Paris:Le Corbusier Foundation
MAGUBANE, P &KLOPPER,S (2001)Homesteads .Cape Town: Struik Publishers
Combined 2 a.indd 161 2008/11/26 02:38:35 PM
162
McDONOUGH, W & BRAUNGART, M (2002). Cradle to Cradle:Remaking the Way We Think North Point Press
MERLEAU-PONTY, M (1992) Sense & Nonsense:Essay;The Film and The New Psychology. Northwest University Press
MATTHEWS, P (2003) Architexture. Waterkloof: Visual books
OXLEY, J (1992), Places of Worship in South Africa. Halfway House: Southern Book Publishers
OLIVER, P (1971).Shelter in Africa. London: Barnes & Jenkins
PALLASMAA,J(2005)Encounters. Helsinki: Karisto
PALLASMAA, J(2005)The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture & the Senses. Great Britain :Wiley-Academy
PENN, C and YORKE, F (1959). A Key to Modern Architecture.Glasgow:Blackie & Son
PRUSSIN, L (1995). African Nomadic Architecture: Space, Place and Gender. Washington: Smithsonian Institute
RYAN, Z (2006)The Good Life:New Public Spaces for Recreation.New York: Van Alen Institute
SAITOWITZ, S (2005), Stanley Saitowitz Buildings and Projects. NY: Monacelli Press
STEWART,C (1954).Samsons History of Architectural Development Vol II.London,Ny: Longman Green
VRANCKX, B (Ed)(2006).Urban Landscape Architecture. Gloucester: Rockport
WINES, J (2004). Green Architecture. New York: Taschen
ZUMTHOR, P (2005)2nd Edition c 1998.Thinking Architecture. Germany: Birkhauser
ZUMTHOR, P (2006). Atmospheres. Germany: Birkhauser
Combined 2 a.indd 162 2008/11/26 02:38:35 PM
163
PIENAAR, M (April 2006) Architect of the Chapel of light
CLLR MAHLANGU ( April 2007) Diepsloot Counsellor
DLAMINI, S Diepsloot Youth
NKOSI. S ( April 2007,March 2008) Diepsloot Resident
DANIELS (March 2007, March 2008) Diepsloot Resident
PASTOR BELLA ( April 2007, Feb, Mar,August,October 2008 ) Church Pastor Diepsloot
PASTOR ANDREWS (Mar 2007, April2008) Head of the Churches Forum
PASTOR TEDDY (April 2008) Church Pastor in Diepsloot
MUDZULI, S (March 2007) Diepsloot Resident
ZULU,T (2008) Diepsloot Resident
A series of interviews were conducted with the community of Diepsloot on a continuous basis throughout the process who are not all listed here
Internet
JAER, F (not given).Le Corbusier.INTERNET. http://www.-scf.usc.edu Cited 9 sept ?04
DLAMINI, N (2006). The Race to House DiepslooINTERNET.http://www.joburg.org.za Cited 6 May?08
SINDANE, L (2005). Big Clean up in Diepsloot. INTERNET http:// www.joburg.org.za Cited 5 May ?08
ALSFORD, S (2007).Medieval English Hiatory. INTERNEThttp://www.trytrl.com Cited 26 May ?08
MARRAO 2003 Baseline Services Survey. City of Johannesburg. Unpublished
The National Treasury 2006INTERNET http://www.treasury.gov.za Cited 14 April ?08
THE CITIZEN Diepsloots First 200 by August (9 May 1994) Citizen Reporter
THE STAR Tackle Housing Divide (8 July 2004) Max Du Preez
Interviews
News Articles
Combined 2 a.indd 163 2008/11/26 02:38:35 PM
Combined 2 a.indd 164 2008/11/26 02:38:37 PM