Appendix 1. Category 1 ? 3 Declared Weed and Alien Invader Plants in South Africa in
terms of the Regulations pertaining to the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43
of 1983 as amended.
Declared Weeds & Invaders:Category 1 Plants
Acacia implexa Benth. Screw - pod wattle. Weed
Acacia longifolia (Andr.) Willd. Long - leaved wattle. Weed
Acacia paradoxa DC. Kangaroo wattle. Weed
Acacia pycnantha Benth. Golden wattle. Weed
Achyranthes aspera L. Burweed.Weed
Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) Crofton weed. Weed
Ageratina riparia (Regel) R.M.King Mistflower. Weed
Ageratum conyzoides L. Invading ageratum. Weed
Ageratum houstonianum Mill Mexican ageratum. Weed
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Lebbeck tree. Weed
Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. False lebbeck. Weed
Alhagi maurorum Medik. Camel thorn bush. Weed
Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis Madeira vine, Bridal wreath. Weed
Araujia sericifera Brot. Moth catcher. Weed
Argemone mexicana L. Yellow-flowered Mexican poppy. Weed
Argemone ochroleuca Sweet White-flowered Mexican poppy. Weed
Arundo donax L. Giant reed, Spanish reed Weed
Azolla filiculoides Lam. Azolla, Red water fern.. Weed
Bryophyllum delagoense (Eckl.) Chandelier plant. Weed
Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston Mauritius thorn. Weed
Campuloclinium macrocephalum (Less) DC. Pom pom weed. Weed
Canna indica L. Indian shot Weed
Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw. Balloon vine. Weed
Cereus jamacaru DC. Queen of the Night. Weed
Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl. Yellow or Orange cestrum. Weed
Cestrum elegans (Brongn.) Schtdl. Crimson cestrum. Weed
1 of 7
Cestrum laevigatum Schtdl. Inkberry. Weed
Cestrum parqui L'H?r. Chilean cestrum. Weed
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King Triffid weed, Chromolaena. Weed
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Spear thistle, Scotch thistle. Weed
Convolvulus arvensis L. Field bindweed, Wild morning glory. Weed
Cortaderia jubata (Lem.) Stapf Pampas grass. Weed
Cortaderia selloana (Schult.) Asch. Pampas grass. Weed
Cuscuta campestris Yunck. Common dodder. Weed
Cuscuta suaveolens Ser. Lucerne dodder Weed
Cytisus monspessulanus L. Montpellier broom. Weed
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link Scotch broom. Weed
Datura ferox L. Large thorn apple. Weed
Datura innoxia Mill. Downy thorn apple Weed
Datura stramonium L. Common thorn apple Weed
Echinopsis spachiana (Lem.) Fiedrich Torch cactus. Weed
Echium plantagineum L. Patterson's curse. Weed
Echium vulgare L. Blue echium Weed
Egeria densa Planch. Dense water weed. Weed
Eichhornia crassipes (C.Mart.) Solms Water hyacinth Weed
Elodea canadensis Michx. Canadian water weed Weed
Hakea drupacea (C.F.Gaertn.) Roem. Sweet hakea Weed
Hakea gibbosa (Sm.) Cav. Rock hakea Weed
Hakea sericea Schrad. & J.C.Wendl Silky hakea Weed
Harrisia martinii (Labour.) Britton Moon cactus, Harrisia cactus Weed
Hedychium coccineum Sm. Red ginger lily Weed
Hedychium coronarium J. K?nig White ginger lily Weed
Hedychium flavescens Roscoe Yellow ginger lily Weed
Hedychium gardnerianum Kahili ginger lily Weed
Lantana - all seedbearing forms Lantana, Tickberry, Cherry pie Weed
Lepidium draba L. Pepper - cress, Hoary candaria Weed
2 of 7
Leptospermum laevigatum (Gaertn.) Australian myrtle Weed
Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob. Indian laurel Weed
Lythrum salicaria L. Purple loosestrife Weed
Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) Cat's claw creeper Weed
Montanoa hibiscifolia Benth. Tree daisy Weed
Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. Parrot's feather Weed
Myriophyllum spicatum L. Spiked water-milfoil Weed
Nassella tenuissima (Trin.) Barkworth White tussock Weed
Nassella trichotoma (Nees) Arech. Nassella tussock Weed
Nerium oleander L. Oleander Weed
Nicotiana glauca Graham Wild tobacco Weed
Opuntia aurantiaca Lindl. Jointed cactus Weed
Opuntia exaltata A.Berger Long spine cactus Weed
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Mission or Sweet prickly pear Weed
Opuntia fulgida Engelm. Rosea cactus Weed
Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. Large flowered prickly pear Weed
Opuntia imbricata (Haw.) DC. Imbricate cactus or prickly pear Weed
Opuntia lindheimeri Engelm. Small round - leaved prickly pear Weed
Opuntia monacantha Haw. Drooping or Cochineal prickly pear Weed
Opuntia spinulifera Salm-Dyck Saucepan cactus Weed
Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. Pest pear of Australia Weed
Orobanche minor Sm. Lesser broomrape, Clover broomrape Weed
Paraserianthes lophantha (Willi.) Australian Albizia, Stink bean Weed
Parthenium hysterophorus L. Parthenium Weed
Passiflora caerulea L. Blue passion flower Weed
Passiflora mollissima (Kunth) Banana poka, Bananadilla Weed
Passiflora suberosa L. Devil's pumpkin, Indigo berry Weed
Passiflora subpeltata Ortega Granadina Weed
Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Fountain grass Weed
Pennisetum villosum R.Br. ex Fresen. Feathertop Weed
3 of 7
Pereskia aculeata Mill. Barbados gooseberry Weed
Pistia stratiotes L. Water lettuce Weed
Pittosporum undulatum Vent. Australian cheesewood Weed
Psidium x durbanensis Baijnath ined. Durban guava Weed
Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi Kudzu vine Weed
Rhus succedanea L. Wax tree Weed
Rivina humilis L. Rivina, Bloodberry Weed
Rosa rubiginosa L. Eglantine, Sweetbriar Invader
Rubus cuneifolius Pursh and hybrid R. x proteus C.H.Stirt.American bramble Weed
Salvinia molesta D.S.Mitch. Kariba weed Weed
Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. Red sesbania Weed
Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. Silver-leaf bitter apple Weed
Solanum mauritianum Scop. Bugweed Weed
Solanum seaforthianum Andr. Potato creeper Weed
Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. Wild tomato Weed
Spartium junceum L. Spanish broom Weed
Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth Yellow bells Weed
Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K.Schum. Yellow oleander Weed
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray Mexican sunflower Weed
Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) S.F.Blake Red sunflower Weed
Triplaris americana L. Triplaris, Ant Tree Weed
Ulex europaeus L. European gorse Weed
Xanthium spinasum L. Spiny cocklebur Weed
Xanthium strumarium L . Large cocklebur Weed
Declared Weeds and Invader Plants: Category 2 Plants
Acacia cyclops A.Cunn. ex G.Don Red eye Invader
Acacia decurrens (Wendi.) Willd. Green wattle Invader
Acacia meamsii De Wild. Black wattle Invader
Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. Australian blackwood Invader
Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L.Wendl. Port Jackson Invader
4 of 7
Agave sisalana Perrine Sisal Invader
Atriplex nummularia Lindl. Old man saltbush Invader
Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq. Beefwood Invader
Casuarina equisetifolia L. Horsetail tree Invader
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Red river gum Invader
Eucalyptus cladocalyx F.Muell. Sugar gum Invader
Eucalyptus diversicolor F.Muell. Karri Invader
Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden Saligna gum, Rose gum Invader
Eucalyptus paniculata Sm. Grey ironbark Invader
Eucalyptus sideroxylon A.Cunn. Black ironbark, Red ironbark Invader
Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honey locust, Sweet locust Invader
Hypericum perforatum L. St. John's wort, Tipton weed Invader
Pinus canariensis C.Sm. Canary pine Invader
Pinus elliotti Engelm. Slash pine Invader
Pinus halepensis Mill. Aleppo pine Invader
Pinus patula Schltdl. & Cham. Patula pine Invader
Pinus pinaster Aiton Cluster pine Invader
Pinus radiata D.Don Radiata pine, Monterey pine Invader
Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Chir pine, longifolia pine Invader
Pinus taeda L. Loblolly pine Invader
Populus alba L. White poplar Invader
Populus x canescens (Aiton) Sm. Grey poplar, Matchwood poplar Invader
Prosopis glandulosaTorr. Var. and hybrids Honey mesquite Invader
Prosopis velutina Wooton and hybrids Velvet mesquite Invader
Psidium guajava L. and hybrids Guava Invader
Ricinus communis L Castor - oil plant Invader
Robinia pseudoacacia L. Black locust Invader
Rorippa nasturtium - aquaticum (L.) Watercress Invader
Rubus fruticosus L. agg. European blackberry Invader
Salix babylonica L. Weeping willow Invader
5 of 7
Salix fragilis L. Crack or brittle willow Invader
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson grass, Aleppo grass Invader
Declared Weeds & Invader Plants: Category 3 Plants
Acacia baileyana F.Muell. Bailey's wattle Invader
Acacia elata A.Cunn. ex Benth. Pepper tree wattle Invader
Acacia podalyriifolia A.Cunn. Pearl acacia Invader
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Tree - of - heaven Invader
Atriplex lindleyi Moq. Subsp. inflata Sponge - fruit saltbush Invader
Bauhinia purpurea L. Butterfly orchid tree Invader
Bauhinia variegata L. Orchid tree Invader
Cotoneaster franchetii Boiss. Cotoneaster Invader
Cotoneaster pannosus Franch. Silver - leaf cotoneaster Invader
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. Loquat Invader
Grevillea robusta A.Cunn. ex R.Br. Australian silky oak Invader
Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth Morning glory Invader
Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don Jacaranda Invader
Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. Japanese wax - leaved privet Invader
Ligustrum lucidum Aiton Chinese wax - leaved privet Invader
Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. Californian privet Invader
Ligustrum sinense Lour. Chinese privet Invader
Ligustrum vulgare L. Common privet Invader
Lilium formosanum A. Wallace St Joseph's lily, Trumpet lily Invader
Melia azedarach L. Syringa, Persian lilac Invader
Metrosideros excelsa Sol. ex Gaertn. New Zealand christmas tree Invader
Mimosa pigra L . Giant sensitive plant Invader
Morus alba L. White or common mulberry Invader
Myoporum tenuifolium G.Forst. Manatoka Invader
Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott Sword fern Invader
Phytolacca dioica L. Belhambra Invader
Plectranthus comosus Sims 'Abyssinian' coleus Invader
6 of 7
Pontederia cordata L. Pickerel weed Invader
Psidium cattleianum Sabine Strawberry guava Invader
Psidium guineense Sw. Brazilian guava Invader
Pyracantha angustifolia (Franch.) Yellow firethorn Invader
Pyracantha crenulata (D.Don) Himalayan firethorn Invader
Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb. Rambling cassia Invader
Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) lrwin Peanut butter cassia Invader
Senna pendula (Willd.) Irwin Invader
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Jambolan Invader
Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston Rose apple Invader
Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze Tipu tree Invader
Toona ciliata M.Roem. Toon tree Invader
7 of 7
1 of 2
APPENDIX 2. Study Site Labels and GPS Coordinate Locations using the following settings: Cape
Datum; SDI Scale = ?0.25; and units presented in Statuate (hddd?mm.mm?).
Example: H H C 2 - H igh/ L ow altitude; H igh/ L ow invasion intensity;
Cleared/ U ncleared treatment; Plot number 2.
High altitude plots Low altitude plots
1 - H H C 2 - S 25? 13.65 21 - L L U 1 - S 25? 05.90
E 30? 68.19 E 30? 91.14
2 - H H C 3 - S 25? 13.62 22 - L H C 1 - S 25? 05.90
E 30? 68.38 E 30? 91.14
3 - H L C 2 - S 25? 13.62 23 - L H C 2 - S 25? 05.90
E 30? 68.38 E 30? 91.14
4 - H H C 4 - S 25? 13.33 24 - L H U 1 - S 25? 05.90
E 30? 68.80 E 30? 91.14
5 - H H C 1 - S 25? 13.30 25 - L L U 2 - S 25? 06.34
E 30? 69.03 E 30? 90.87
6 - H L C 3 - S 25? 12.96 26 - L H C 4 - S 25? 06.22
E 30? 69.48 E 30? 90.85
7 - H L C 4 - S 25? 12.96 27 - L H C 5 - S 25? 06.22
E 30? 69.48 E 30? 90.85
8 - H L C 1 - S 25? 12.55 28 - L H U 4 - S 25? 06.283
E 30? 70.43 E 30? 90.59
9 - H H U 1 - S 25? 12.55 29 - L H U 5 - S 25? 06.28
E 30? 70.43 E 30? 90.59
10 - H H U 2 - S 25? 12.55 30 - L L U 3 - S 25? 06.28
E 30? 70.43 E 30? 90.59
11 - H L U 1 - S 25? 10.77 31 - L H U 2 - S 25? 06.28
E 30? 79.86 E 30? 90.59
12 - H H U 5 - S 24? 95.39 32 - L L C 1 - S 25? 06.15
E 30? 88.98 E 30? 89.78
13 - H H C 5 - S 24? 95.45 33 - L L C 3 - S 25? 06.15
E 30? 89.42 E 30? 89.78
14 - H H U 3 - S 24? 95.45 34 - L L C 4 - S 25? 05.98
E 30? 89.42 E 30? 88.72
15 - H H U 4 - S 24? 95.45 35 - L L C 5 - S 25? 05.98
E 30? 89.42 E 30? 88.72
2 of 2
High altitude plots Low altitude plots
Appendix 2. Continued??.
16 - H L U 2 - S 24? 95.45 36 - L L C 2 - S 25? 05.98
E 30? 89.42 E 30? 88.72
17 - H L C 5 - S 24? 95.54 37 - L H C 3 - S 25? 05.84
E 30? 90.90 E 30? 88.27
18 - H L U 3 - S 24? 95.41 38 - L L U 4 - S 25? 05.78
E 30? 91.56 E 30? 87.70
19 - H L U 4 - S 24? 95.39 39 - L L U 5 - S 25? 05.78
E 30? 91.72 E 30? 87.70
20 - H L U 5 - S 24? 95.39 40 - L L U 3 - S 25? 04.96
E 30? 91.72 E 30? 87.70
Appendix 3. Probability values for percentage ground cover estimates of soil, litter, grass, herbaceous vegetation, rock and depth of litter for the
three-way ANOVA?s on invasion (INV), altit ude (ALT) and management (MAN). d.f. = 1,32 for all m ain effects and interaction terms. P < 0.05
indicated in BOLD .
Variable
ALT
MAN
MAN*ALT
INV
ALT*INV
MAN*INV
MAN*ALT*INV
Soil (%)
0.079
0.424
0.603
0.424
0.242
0.095
0.569
Litter (%)
0.236
0.004
0.037
0.042
0.397
0.149
0.478
Herbaceous (%)
0.755
0.005
0.038
0.013
0.7985
0.477
0.028
Rock (%)
0.518
0.871
0.131
0.936
0.152
0.746
0.468
Grass (%)
0.652
0.813
0.001
0.488
0.841
0.555
0.087
Depth of litter (cm)
0.084
0.015
0.238
0.377
0.714
0.352
0.234
1 of 1
Appendix 4. Differences in soil physical characteristics tested by three- way ANOVA's with repeated measures (depth) for altitude (ALT),
invasion intensity (INV) and clearing (MAN). d.f. = 1,32 for all main effects and interaction terms. Bold text indicates P < 0.05.
Soil Characteristic
ALT
INV
MAN
ALT
*INV
ALT
*MAN
INV
*MAN
ALT
*INV
*MAN
Depth
Depth
*ALT
Depth
*INV
Depth
*MAN
Depth
*ALT
*INV
Depth
*ALT
*MAN
Depth
*INV
*MAN
Depth*
ALT*
INV*
MAN
Soil organic
matter (%)
0.0001
0.605
0.235
0.099
0.044
0.956
0.462
0.0001
0.103
0.841
0.423
0.923
0.291
0.582
0.856
pH
0.693
0.067
0.260
0.370
0.591
0.972
0.490
0.016
0.143
0.776
0.847
0.272
0.847
0.574
0.337
Clay (< 2 ?m)
0.047
0.140
0.005
0.0001
0.121
0.433
0.025
0.442
0.143
0.520
0.637
0.216
0.809
0.550
0.712
Silt (< 20 ?m)
0.001
0.145
0.027
0.410
0.490
0.876
0.796
0.137
0.406
0.767
0.022
0.768
0.037
0.565
0.746
Silt (> 20 ?m)
0.138
0.025
0.393
0.068
0.891
0.319
0.301
0.378
0.113
0.841
0.715
0.113
0.127
0.698
0.112
Sand (> 50 ?m)
0.001
0.017
0.003
0.067
0.288
0.774
0.091
0.112
0.328
0.575
0.019
0.908
0.934
0.824
0.490
Gravel (> 2000
?m
0.0002
0.025
0.309
0.110
0.873
0.333
0.378
0.000 4
0.025
0.851
0.174
0.812
0.280
0.613
0.842
Appendix 5. Soil elements as oxides, (mean ? S.E.) found under different altitudes, invasion intensities and m anagement treatments for both A (0 -10 cm ) and B
(10 - 20 cm ) horizons. Means with the same superscript letter within row are not significantly different (P < 0.05, Ryan?s Q).
High Altitude
Low Altitude
High invasion
Low invasion
High invasion
Low invasion
Treatment
Oxides
Soil
horizon
Cleared
Uncleared
Cleared
Uncleared
Cleared
Uncleared
Cleared
Uncleared
Al2O3 (%)
A
23.0 ? 1.9a
19.0 ? 1.9ab
18.4 ? 1.0 ab
15.4 ? 1.3bc
15.1 ? 2.8bc
11.1 ? 1.5c
16.6 ? 0.5 abc
15.0 ? 0.7 bc
B
24.6 ? 2.2a
17.6 ? 1.8ab
19.3 ? 1.4ab
16.2 ? 1.4bc
13.6 ? 2.5bc
10.2 ? 2.0 c
18.1 ? 0.8 ab
15.5 ? 0.8 bc
CaO (% )
A
0.3 ? 0.1 a
0.3 ? 0.2 a
0.5 ? 0.1 a
0.2 ? 0.0 a
0.3 ? 0.1 a
0.2 ? 0.1 a
0.3 ? 0.1 a
0.0 ? 0.0 a
B
0.3 ? 0.1 ab
0.1 ? 0.1 ab
0.4 ? 0.1 a
0.1 ? 0.0 b
0.2 ? 0.1 ab
0.1 ? 0.0 b
0.2 ? 0.1 ab
0.2 ? 0.0 ab
Fe2O3 (%)
A
13.6 ? 1.7a
9.3 ? 1.5abc
12.4 ? 1.6ab
7.8 ? 1.7abc
7.7 ? 1.6abc
10.6 ? 1.8abc
6.7 ? 1.0 bc
4.7 ? 0.3 c
B
13.8 ? 1.8a
8.0 ? 2.0 abc
12.2 ? 2.0 ab
7.5 ? 2.0 abc
9.5 ? 2.0 abc
10.4 ? 1.8abc
6.4 ? 0.8 bc
4.8 ? 0.4 c
K2O (%)
A
1.7 ? 0.3 bc
0.7 ? 0.3 c
2.2 ? 0.1 ab
1.3 ? 0.4 bc
1.9 ? 0.2 ab
1.9 ? 0.4 ab
2.1 ? 0.1 ab
3.0 ? 0.1 a
B
1.8 ? 0.3 abc
0.6 ? 0.3 c
2.2 ? 0.3 ab
1.4 ? 0.5 bc
1.7 ? 0.2 bc
1.8 ? 0.4 abc
2.3 ? 0.1 ab
3.0 ? 0.1 a
MgO (% )
A
0.5 ? 0.2 a
0.4 ? 0.3 a
0.9 ? 0.1 a
0.4 ? 0.1 a
0.3 ? 0.1 a
0.4 ? 0.1 a
0.3 ? 0.1 a
0.3 ? 0.0 a
B
0.5 ? 0.2 a
0.4 ? 0.3 a
0.8 ? 0.1 a
0.3 ? 0.1 a
0.3 ? 0.1 a
0.4 ? 0.1 a
0.3 ? 0.1 a
0.4 ? 0.0 a
MnO (% )
A
0.2 ? 0.1 a
0.2 ? 0.1 a
0.3 ? 0.1 a
0.1 ? 0.1 a
0.1 ? 0.0 a
0.2 ? 0.0 a
0.2 ? 0.0 a
0.1 ? 0.0 a
B
0.2 ? 0.0 a
0.1 ? 0.1 a
0.2 ? 0.1 a
0.1 ? 0.1 a
0.1 ? 0.0 a
0.2 ? 0.0 a
0.2 ? 0.1 a
0.1 ? 0.0 a
Na2O (%)
A
0.3 ? 0.0 ab
0.2 ? 0.1 b
0.4 ? 0.1 ab
0.3 ? 0.1 ab
0.6 ? 0.2 ab
0.3 ? 0.2 ab
0.4 ? 0.0 ab
0.7 ? 0.1 a
B
0.3 ? 0.0 b
0.2 ? 0.1 b
0.4 ? 0.1 ab
0.3 ? 0.1 b
0.4 ? 0.2 ab
0.3 ? 0.2 ab
0.5 ? 0.0 ab
0.8 ? 0.1 a
P2O5 (%)
A
0.2 ? 0.0 a
0.2 ? 0.0 a
0.2 ? 0.0 a
0.2 ? 0.0 ab
0.1 ? 0.0 c
0.1 ? 0.0 bc
0.1 ? 0.0 bc
0.1 ? 0.0 c
B
0.2 ? 0.0 a
0.1 ? 0.0 bcd
0.2 ? 0.0 ab
0.1 ? 0.0 abc
0.1 ? 0.0 d
0.1 ? 0.0 cd
0.1 ? 0.0 cd
0.1 ? 0.0 cd
SiO2 (%)
A
48.8 ? 3.6d
58.3 ? 2.4cd
59.4 ? 5.2cd
70.1 ? 4.1bc
80.5 ? 3.4ab
82.1 ? 2.3ab
76.2 ? 2.2ab
84.0 ? 3.1a
B
47.6 ? 3.6c
70.9 ? 5.2ab
60.3 ? 6.1bc
72.8 ? 5.5ab
81.7 ? 1.7a
86.5 ? 2.5a
75.4 ? 2.8ab
84.1 ? 2.8a
TiO2 (%)
A
1.4 ? 0.1 a
0.9 ? 0.1 bc
1.3 ? 0.2 ab
1.0 ? 0.1 abc
0.5 ? 0.1 d
0.6 ? 0.1 cd
0.8 ? 0.1 cd
0.6 ? 0.1 cd
B
1.5 ? 0.1 a
0.9 ? 0.1 cd
1.3 ? 0.2 ab
1.1 ? 0.2 abc
0.5 ? 0.1 d
0.6 ? 0.1 cd
0.9 ? 0.1 bcd
0.7 ? 0.1 cd
1 of 1
Appendix 6. Probability values for soil chemical elements (XRF data) from three way ANOVA=s with repeated measures (depth) for altitude
(ALT), invasion intensity (INV) and clearing (MAN). d.f. = 1,32 for all m ain effects and interaction terms. Bold text indicates P < 0.05.
Soil
Characteristic
ALT
INV
MAN
ALT*
INV
ALT*
MAN
INV*
MAN
ALT*
INV*
MAN
Depth
Depth*
ALT
Depth*
INV
Depth*
MAN
Depth
*ALT
*INV
Depth
*ALT
*MAN
Depth
*INV
*MA
N
Depth*
INV*
ALT*
MAN
Al2O3 (%)
0.0001
0.992
0.003
0.002
0.546
0.360
0.834
0.594
0.466
0.059
0.265
0.329
0.372
0.681
0.133
CaO (%)
0.148
0.896
0.016
0.810
0.059
0.381
0.117
0.001
0.591
0.399
0.907
0.811
0.475
0.210
0.374
Fe2O3 (%)
0.005
0.015
0.022
0.188
0.019
0.404
0.319
0.899
0.490
0.754
0.455
0.571
0.976
0.335
0.814
K2O (%)
0.0002
0.001
0.134
0.609
0.001
0.198
0.600
0.999
0.840
0.244
0.707
0.654
0.919
0.939
0.502
MgO (%)
0.043
0.540
0.237
0.400
0.075
0.207
0.385
0.932
0.471
0.754
0.726
0.232
0.899
0.707
0.550
MnO (%)
0.348
0.851
0.268
0.569
0.274
0.053
0.738
0.072
0.291
0.995
0.413
0.895
0.675
0.642
0.823
Na2O (%)
0.004
0.027
0.687
0.700
0.174
0.095
0.093
0.500
0.544
0.250
0.482
0.298
0.337
0.574
0.476
P2O5 (%)
0.0001
0.706
0.046
0.252
0.069
0.836
0.182
0.0001
0.111
0.280
0.146
0.753
0.280
0.111
0.646
SiO2 (%)
0.0001
0.302
0.0003
0.025
0.254
0.802
0.332
0.021
0.326
0.105
0.020
0.991
0.282
0.101
0.449
TiO2 (%)
0.0001
0.215
0.003
0.187
0.029
0.745
0.038
0.615
0.625
0.745
0.799
0.755
0.552
0.363
0.675
1 of 1
1 of 1
Appendix 7. Probability values for soil trace elements (XRF data) from three-way ANOVA?s of altitude
(ALT), invasion (INV) and management / clearing treatment (MAN) for soil depths 0 - 10 cm (A) and 10 -
20 (B). d.f. = 1,32 for all main effects and interaction terms. Bold text indicates P > 0.05.
Soil characteristic
Soil
horizon
ALT
INV
MAN
ALT*
INV
ALT*
MAN
INV*
MAN
ALT*INV*MAN
A
0.005
0.013
0.375
0.015
0.726
0.245
0.392
As (?g.g-1)
B
0.036
0.002
0.472
0.005
0.889
0.882
0.598
A
0.569
0.010
0.005
0.252
0.001
0.271
0.649
Ba (?g.g-1)
B
0.947
0.014
0.006
0.518
0.002
0.712
0.623
A
0.187
0.890
0.012
0.498
0.016
0.272
0.570
Co (?g.g-1)
B
0.395
0.902
0.036
0.339
0.072
0.183
0.717
A
0.0001
0.167
0.403
0.913
0.011
0.094
0.499
Cr (?g.g-1)
B
0.0003
0.152
0.138
0.963
0.032
0.149
0.514
A
0.998
0.230
0.270
0.059
0.041
0.127
0.260
Cu (?g.g-1)
B
0.863
0.081
0.099
0.061
0.089
0.308
0.586
A
0.226
0.116
0.399
0.511
0.638
0.399
0.638
Mo (?g.g-1)
B
0.017
0.004
0.255
0.440
0.052
0.769
0.769
A
0.054
0.637
0.172
0.337
0.030
0.106
0.352
Ni (?g.g-1)
B
0.052
0.278
0.084
0.350
0.047
0.176
0.499
A
1.000
0.055
0.965
0.726
0.726
0.570
0.793
Pb (?g.g-1)
B
0.589
0.045
0.076
0.570
0.750
0.945
0.051
A
0.005
0.066
0.012
0.940
0.001
0.590
0.777
Rb (?g.g-1)
B
0.010
0.053
0.003
0.500
0.001
0.478
0.789
1 of 1
Appendix 8. Soil organic matter, pH and soil physical characteristics tested for significant differences using
three-way ANOVA?s for altitude (ALT), invasion (INV) and management (MAN) for soil horizons, 0 - 10
cm (A) and 10 - 20 (B). d.f. = 1,32 for all main effects and interaction terms. Bold text indicates P < 0.05.
Soil Characteristic
Soil
horizon
ALT
INV
MAN
ALT*INV
ALT*MAN
INV*MAN
ALT*INV*
MAN
A
0.0001
0.624
0.219
0.162
0.047
0.826
0.582
Soil organic matter
(%)
B
0.0001
0.627
0.330
0.077
0.073
0.864
0.376
A
0.364
0.123
0.342
0.255
0.736
0.797
0.889
pH
B
0.675
0.073
0.275
0.739
0.497
0.779
0.206
A
0.014
0.102
0.017
0.001
0.127
0.666
0.058
Clay (< 2 ?m)
B
0.276
0.318
0.008
0.0001
0.213
0.344
0.035
A
0.003
0.211
0.425
0.449
0.730
0.909
0.946
Silt (< 20 ?m)
B
0.001
0.165
0.001
0.476
0.058
0.625
0.648
A
0.316
0.080
0.696
0.269
0.290
0.340
0.089
Silt (> 20 ?m)
B
0.203
0.092
0.077
0.086
0.334
0.594
0.759
A
0.003
0.033
0.172
0.161
0.382
0.744
0.102
Sand (> 50 ?m)
B
0.007
0.039
0.0001
0.064
0.319
0.876
0.198
A
0.0001
0.095
0.933
0.214
0.464
0.340
0.471
Gravel (>2000 ?m)
B
0.047
0.062
0.061
0.211
0.509
0.625
0.525
Appendix 9. Regression relationships of invasive species basal cover and density with aerial cover used to determine pre-clearing invasion intensity
in plots cleared of exotic species. ?-? indicates no data ava ilable, ?#? indicates regression relationship used. Transform ations used in the table below
were Log10 transformations.
Final results
Bugweed
Eucalypt
Pine
Total
Variables
Data
equation
r2
equation
r2
equation
r2
equation
r2
untransformed
5.06+(104.48*X)
#
0.52
13.27+(281.11*X)
#
0.56
1.42+(20.08*X)
0.03
33.93+(-306.99*X)
0.03
transformed
5.06+(104.49*X)
0.51
13.26+(281.18*X)
0.56
0.002*exp(94.25*X)
#
0.17
33.96+(-307.37*X)
0.03
Density vs. aerial
cover
untransformed
-
-
39.66+(-3226.25*X)
0.13
1.43+(9903.85*X)
0.04
16.66+(60007.59*X)
#
0.44
transformed
-
-
39.87+(-3255.82*X)
0.13
4.33+(-27499.51*X)
0.12
108.52+10.37*LOG(X)
0.44
Basal cover vs.
aerial cover
1 of 1
Appendix 10. Mean and S.E. for pre- and post-clearing aerial cover of total exotic vegetation and two exotic weed species, Eucalypus grandis and
Solanum mauritianum. Values with the same superscript letter are not significantly different using Ryan?s Q post-hoc test (p < 0.05).
High Altitude
Low Altitude
High Invasion
Low Invasion
High Invasion
Low Invasion
Treatment
% aerial cover
Cleared
Uncleared
Cleared
Uncleared
Cleared
Uncleared
Cleared
Uncleared
Total exotic pre-clearing
72 ? 1 a
72 ? 8 a
52 ? 3 ab
11 ? 4 c
65 ? 5 a
69 ? 11 a
23 ? 10 bc
23 ? 7 bc
Total exotic post clearing
21 ? 12 b
72 ? 8 a
3 ? 1 b
11 ? 4 b
29 ? 8 b
69 ? 11 a
11 ? 4 b
23 ? 7 b
S. mauritianum pre-clearing
5 ? 2 a
15 ? 7 a
8 ? 1 a
3 ? 1 a
24 ? 8 a
32 ? 17 a
5 ? 2 a
18 ? 5 a
S. mauritianum post clearing
3 ? 2 a
15 ? 7 a
3 ? 1 a
3 ? 1 a
15 ? 5 a
32 ? 17 a
5 ? 2 a
18 ? 5 a
E. grandis pre-clearing
63 ? 4 a
71 ? 9 a
15 ? 7 b
7 ? 3 b
64 ? 13 a
43 ? 8 ab
18 ? 8 b
4 ? 2 b
E. grandis post clearing
18 ? 13 bc
71 ? 9 a
1 ? 1 c
7 ? 3 c
14 ? 6 bc
43 ? 8 b
2 ? 1 c
4 ? 2 c
1 of 1
Appendix 11. Means and S.E. for percentage aerial cover of total, indigenous, exotic vegetation and various common species from plots under
different experimental categories. ??? indicates not present. Valu es with same superscript letters in the same row indicate no significant differences
using Ryan?s Q post-hoc test.
High Altitude
Low Altitude
High Invasion
Low Invasion
High Invasion
Low Invasion
Treatment
% Aerial cover
Cleared
Uncleared
Cleared
Uncleared
Cleared
Uncleared
Cleared
Uncleared
Total
36 ? 11a
83 ? 5a
49 ? 17a
62 ? 12a
49 ? 8a
81 ? 10 a
72 ? 13a
77 ? 6a
> 5 m
17 ? 14b
80 ? 7a
29 ? 18b
11 ? 2b
3 ? 1b
37 ? 11b
40 ? 15ab
45 ? 4ab
2 - 5 m
16 ? 5b
23 ? 7b
19 ? 8b
26 ? 10 b
22 ? 1b
60 ? 11a
40 ? 7ab
41 ? 2ab
Total
< 2 m
10 ? 3a
12 ? 10 a
13 ? 7a
34 ? 12a
21 ? 7a
11 ? 3a
12 ? 6a
12 ? 5a
Total
14 ? 9b
11 ? 4b
45 ? 16ab
51 ? 13ab
20 ? 1ab
12 ? 7b
61 ? 13a
54 ? 8ab
> 5 m
5 ? 3a
13 ? 5a
28 ? 17a
6 ? 3a
2 ? 1a
9 ? 6a
36 ? 15a
38 ? 6a
2 - 5 m
9 ? 6ab
5 ? 2b
18 ? 9ab
22 ? 11ab
7 ? 3ab
15 ? 5ab
37 ? 8a
28 ? 6ab
Indigenous
vegetation
< 2 m
7 ? 4a
10 ? 10 a
12 ? 7a
32 ? 13a
7 ? 2a
7 ? 3a
8 ? 6a
11 ? 5a
Total
21 ? 12b
72 ? 8a
3 ? 1b
11 ? 4b
29 ? 8b
69 ? 11a
11 ? 4b
23 ? 7b
> 5 m
13 ? 12b
67 ? 9a
1 ? 1b
5 ? 3b
1 ? 1b
28 ? 12b
4 ? 4b
7 ? 3b
2 - 5 m
6 ? 3b
18 ? 6b
1 ? 1b
4 ? 2b
15 ? 4b
46 ? 13a
4 ? 2b
13 ? 4b
Exotic
vegetation
< 2 m
3 ? 2b
2 ? 1b
1 ? 0 b
2 ? 0 b
14 ? 5a
4 ? 2b
4 ? 2b
2 ? 1b
Total
3 ? 2a
15 ? 7a
3 ? 1a
3 ? 1 a
15 ? 5 a
32 ? 17 a
5 ? 2 a
18 ? 5 a
> 5 m
1 ? 1
-
1 ? 1
-
-
-
-
3 ? 1
2 - 5 m
0 ? 0 a
13 ? 6a
1 ? 1a
2 ? 1a
8 ? 2a
30 ? 17a
3 ? 2a
12 ? 4a
Solanum
mauritianum
< 2 m
3 ? 2a
2 ? 1a
1 ? 1a
1 ? 0 a
7 ? 3a
2 ? 1a
2 ? 2a
3 ? 1a
Total
18 ? 13bc
71 ? 9a
1 ? 1c
7 ? 1c
14 ? 6c
43 ? 8b
2 ? 1c
4 ? 2c
> 5 m
12 ? 12
66 ? 9
-
5 ? 3
1 ? 1
32 ? 10
-
4 ? 2
2 - 5 m
6 ? 3
5 ? 2
1 ? 1
2 ? 1
6 ? 5
9 ? 5
0 ? 0
-
Eucalyptus
grandis
< 2 m
0 ? 0
-
0 ? 0
-
7 ? 3
2 ? 1
1 ? 1
-
1 of 2
High Altitude
Low Altitude
High Invasion
Low Invasion
High Invasion
Low Invasion
Treatment
% Aerial cover
Cleared
Uncleared
Cleared
Uncleared
Cleared
Uncleared
Cleared
Uncleared
Total
1 ? 1
1 ? 1
-
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
3 ? 2
4 ? 4
1 ? 1
> 5 m
1 ? 1
1 ? 1
-
-
0 ? 0
3 ? 2
4 ? 4
1 ? 1
2 - 5 m
-
-
-
0 ? 0
-
-
-
0 ? 0
App 11. Cont.
Pinus patula
< 2 m
-
-
-
1 ? 1
-
-
-
-
Total
-
-
1 ? 1
14 ? 11
-
-
-
-
> 5 m
-
-
1 ? 1
1 ? 1
-
-
-
-
2 - 5 m
-
-
0 ? 0
13 ? 9
-
-
-
-
Buddleja
< 2 m
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total
-
1 ? 1
24 ? 17
-
5 ? 3
3 ? 2
3 ? 2
18 ? 11
> 5 m
-
1 ? 1
21 ? 14
-
1 ? 1
-
3 ? 3
12 ? 7
2 - 5 m
-
0 ? 0
3 ? 2
-
4 ? 2
3 ? 2
-
5 ? 3
Acacia
ataxacantha
< 2 m
-
-
1 ? 1
-
1 ? 1
-
-
0 ? 0
Total
7 ? 7
-
-
-
1 ? 1
-
-
1 ? 1
> 5 m
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2 - 5 m
3 ? 3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Unidentified
Species 22c
< 2 m
4 ? 4
-
-
-
1 ? 1
-
-
1 ? 1
Total
2 ? 2
-
1 ? 1
14 ? 6
0 ? 0
-
-
-
> 5 m
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2 - 5 m
2 ? 2
-
-
2 ? 1
0 ? 0
-
-
-
Unidentified
Species 22d
< 2 m
-
-
1 ? 1
12 ? 6
-
-
-
-
2 of 2
Appendix 12. Letter from the Directorate: Plant and Quality Control, National
Department of Agriculture on seed identification.
1 of 1
Appendix 13. Species list, presence/absence and richness per experim ental category for all seeds and
capsules greater than 0.1 cm in diameter found in the litter and soil, down to 4 cm depth of burial.
High Altitude
Low Altitude
High Invasion
Low Invasion
High Invasion
Low Invasion
Treatment
Species
Cleared
U ncleared
Cleared
U ncleared
Cleared
U ncleared
Cleared
U ncleared
Woody species
Eucalyptus grandis
(capsules)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Solanum
auritianum m
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Clutia monticola
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Acacia ataxacantha
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Species number
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Herbaceous species
Ipomoea spp.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
U nknown Poaceae
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Big Brown seed sp.
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
Senna septemtrionalis
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
Passiflora edulis
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Big round sp.
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
Helinus sp.
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
cf. Turraea sp.
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
Robinia sp.
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
Eriosema sp.
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
Pavonia cf. columella
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
Bidens pilosa
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
U nknown Fabaceae
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Smilax anceps
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Round Black
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
cf. Entada sp.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Species number
8
10
10
8
8
8
11
14
Total Species number
11
14
14
12
12
12
15
18
1 of 1
Appendix 14. Mean and S.E. for all species of seed and capsules found in the soil seed bank for litter, 0 - 2 cm and 2 - 4 cm depth of burial for each
treatment category in the experimental design. Values with the same superscript letter are not significantly different using a one-way ANOVA and
Ryan?s Q post hoc test (P < 0.05).
High Altitude
Low Altitude
High Invasion
Low Invasion
High Invasion
Low Invasion
Treatment
Species
Depth
Cleared
Uncleared
Cleared
Uncleared
Cleared
Uncleared
Cleared
Uncleared
Litter
244 ? 138ab
1001 ? 304 a
250 ? 179ab
63 ? 19ab
514 ? 162ab
87 ? 42ab
450 ? 219ab
83 ? 56 b
0 - 2 cm
77 ? 67a
226 ? 79a
92 ? 50 a
38 ? 24a
283 ? 81a
22 ? 11a
132 ? 55a
79 ? 72 a
Eucalyptus
grandis
(capsules)
2 - 4 cm
146 ? 113a
102 ? 19a
30 ? 14a
12 ? 7a
116 ? 39a
4 ? 2a
141 ? 62a
39 ? 17 a
Litter
24 ? 7abc
16 ? 6abc
7 ? 2abc
7 ? 5bc
181 ? 106 bc
64 ? 21ab
10 ? 6a
31 ? 12 abc
0 - 2 cm
51 ? 32a
39 ? 15a
26 ? 13a
17 ? 4a
173 ? 90 a
157 ? 28a
42 ? 10 a
67 ? 30 a
Solanum
mauritianum
2 - 4 cm
16 ? 5bc
18 ? 10 bc
14 ? 9c
43 ? 32bc
200 ? 47a
154 ? 70 ab
28 ? 9abc
54 ? 19 abc
Litter
1 ? 1a
4 ? 4a
3 ? 2a
3 ? 2a
1 ? 1a
0 ? 0 a
0 ? 0 a
1 ? 1
0 - 2 cm
8 ? 8b
6 ? 2ab
8 ? 3 ab
41 ? 19b
3 ? 2ab
2 ? 1a
2 ? 1b
7 ? 3 ab
Clutia monticola
2 - 4 cm
2 ? 2b
4 ? 1ab
12 ? 10 b
27 ? 9b
1 ? 1ab
0 ? 0 a
0 ? 0 b
12 ? 7 ab
Litter
1 ? 1a
1 ? 1a
1 ? 1a
0 ? 0 a
3 ? 3a
1 ? 1a
2 ? 1a
0 ? 0 a
0 - 2 cm
3 ? 3a
1 ? 1a
1 ? 1a
4 ? 1a
12 ? 11a
3 ? 3a
2 ? 1a
1 ? 1 a
Unknown
Ipomoea sp.
2 - 4 cm
12 ? 6ab
1 ? 1b
1 ? 1b
0 ? 0 b
1 ? 1b
1 ? 1b
16 ? 4a
9 ? 5 ab
Litter
2 ? 1
0 ? 0
3 ? 2
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
2 ? 1
0 - 2 cm
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
1 ? 1
2 ? 1
0 ? 0
2 ? 2
3 ? 3
3 ? 2
Helinus
integrifolius
2 - 4 cm
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
9 ? 8
1 of 3
Appendix 14 . Continued.
Litter
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 - 2 cm
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
9 ? 6
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
Senna cf.
Septemtrionalis
2 - 4 cm
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
2 ? 2
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
Litter
0 ? 0
3 ? 3
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 - 2 cm
0 ? 0
26 ? 26
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
18 ? 15
6 ? 6
Acacia
ataxacantha
2 - 4 cm
0 ? 0
10 ? 10
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
2 ? 2
1 ? 1
Litter
0 ? 0
2 ? 1
4 ? 2
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
2 ? 1
0 ? 0
0 - 2 cm
0 ? 0
2 ? 2
8 ? 5
6 ? 4
2 ? 1
3 ? 3
1 ? 1
3 ? 2
Passiflora edulis
2 - 4 cm
2 ? 2
0 ? 0
8 ? 8
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
10 ? 10
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
Litter
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
4 ? 4
0 - 2 cm
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
Bidens pilosa
2 - 4 cm
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
7 ? 4
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
Litter
0 ? 0
8 ? 8
0 ? 0
2 ? 2
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 - 2 cm
6 ? 6
1 ? 1
19 ? 13
322 ? 275
16 ? 16
0 ? 0
14 ? 13
4 ? 3
Pavonia cf.
Columella
2 - 4 cm
13 ? 5
8 ? 4
2 ? 1
37 ? 20
2 ? 2
0 ? 0
28 ? 16
2 ? 1
Litter
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 - 2 cm
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
Entada sp.
2 - 4 cm
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
Litter
0 ? 0
8 ? 8
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 - 2 cm
0 ? 0
2 ? 2
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
2 ? 2
Smilax sp.
2 - 4 cm
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
2 of 3
Appendix 14 . Continued.
Litter
2 ? 1
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
3 ? 2
0 - 2 cm
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
2 ? 1
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
6 ? 4
6 ? 4
Turraea sp.
2 - 4 cm
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
8 ? 5
1 ? 1
Litter
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 - 2 cm
13 ? 9
0 ? 0
4 ? 3
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
Robinia sp.
2 - 4 cm
2 ? 2
2 ? 2
4 ? 4
5 ? 3
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
12 ? 12
Litter
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
6 ? 4
4 ? 3
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 - 2 cm
4 ? 4
0 ? 0
6 ? 4
11 ? 5
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
2 ? 1
2 ? 1
Eriosema sp.
2 - 4 cm
11 ? 5
0 ? 0
2 ? 2
2 ? 2
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
3 ? 2
2 ? 1
Litter
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 - 2 cm
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
Unknown
Fabaceae
2 - 4 cm
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
16 ? 15
0 ? 0
Litter
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
0 - 2 cm
8 ? 8
1 ? 1
8 ? 8
1 ? 1
9 ? 8
9 ? 8
16 ? 13
4 ? 2
Unknown
Poeaceae
2 - 4 cm
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
6 ? 4
2 ? 2
0 ? 0
Litter
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
7 ? 4
6 ? 3
0 - 2 cm
0 ? 0
2 ? 2
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
2 ? 1
0 ? 0
2 ? 1
4 ? 3
Big round sp.
2 - 4 cm
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
2 ? 1
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
2 ? 1
11 ? 11
Litter
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
3 ? 2
2 ? 2
8 ? 7
0 - 2 cm
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
2 ? 1
0 ? 0
2 ? 1
7 ? 3
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
Big brown sp.
2 - 4 cm
0 ? 0
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
0 ? 0
1 ? 1
2 ? 2
1 ? 1
1 ? 1
3 of 3
1 of 3
Appendix 15. Regression equations of seed half life for seeds of Acacia mearnsii and Solanum
mauritianum under greenhouse and field trials for varying light, water and depths of burial. * after r 2
values indicates P < 0.05. X in the equations is the time of seed in the seedbank in months and Y
equals the total percentage of seeds remaining in the seedbank.
S . mauritianum seed half life
Depth
0 cm
2 cm
4 cm
Average
Treatment
Field low light (shaded) conditions
Regression
relationship
Linear
Linear
Linear
Linear
Equation
92.2 + (-5.0 * X )
94.6 + (-4.1 * X )
100.0 + (-4.0 * X )
95.6 + (-4.4 * X )
r2
0.64*
0.63*
0.70*
0.76*
Projected ? life
9 ? months
11 ? months
13 months
11 months
Treatment
Field high light (unshaded) conditions
Regression
relationship
Linear
Linear
Linear
Linear
Equation
97.0 + (-5.8 * X )
99.8 + (-5.4 * X )
97.5 + (-5.3 * X )
98.1 + (-5.5 * X )
r2
0.8*
0.72*
0.85*
0.86*
Projected ? life
8 ? months
9 ? months
9 ? months
9 months
Treatment
Greenhouse low light (shaded), low water (5.14 ml/day) conditions
Regression
relationship
Linear
Linear
linear
Equation
105.4 + (-5.2 * X )
104.6 + (-5.7 * X )
105.0 + (-5.5 * X )
r2
0.67*
0.91*
0.83*
Projected ? life
10 ? months
9 ? months
10 months
Treatment
G reenhouse low light (shaded), high water (50.69 ml/day) conditions
Regression
relationship
Linear
Linear
Linear
Equation
103.0 + (-5.7 * X )
102.4 + (-5.5 * X )
102.7 + (-5.6 * X )
r2
0.71*
0.80*
0.78*
Projected ? life
9 ? months
9 ? months
9 ? months
Treatment
Greenhouse high light (unshaded), low water (5.14 ml/day) conditions
Regression
relationship
Linear
Linear
Linear
Equation
101.5 + (-5.1 * X )
99.9 + (-4.4 * X )
100.7 + (-4.7 * X )
2 of 3
Appendix 15. Cont?.
r2
0.76*
0.86*
0.83*
Projected ? life
10 months
11 ? months
11 months
Treatment
Greenhouse high light (unshaded), high water (50.69 ml/day) conditions
Regression
relationship
Linear
Logarithmic
Linear
Equation
103.0 + (-6.0 * X )
69.6 + (-35.3 * Log X
)
96.4 + (-5.9 * X )
r2
0.90*
0.74*
0.94*
Projected ? life
9 months
50 months
8 ? months
A. mearnsii seed half life
Depth
0 cm
2 cm
4 cm
Average
Treatment
Field low light (shaded) conditions
Regression
relationship
Logarithmic
Linear
exponential
Linear
Equation
81.0 - 28.8 * Log( X)
97.9 + (-3.9 * X )
98.0 * Exp(-0.4 * X
)
95.6 + (-3.4 * X )
r2
0.74*
0.66*
0.90*
0.82*
Projected ? life
25 years
1 year 1 month
6 years 4 months
1 year 3 months
Treatment
Field high light (unshaded) conditions
Regression
relationship
Logarithmic
Linear
Logarithmic
Logarithmic
Equation
56.6 - 27.6 * Log( X )
96.2 + (-3.5 * X )
80.1 - 29.8 * Log(
X )
73.4 - 31.9 * Log(
X )
r2
0.92*
0.77*
0.74*
0.89*
Projected ? life
5 years
1 year 2 months
25 years
8 years 4 months
Treatment
Greenhouse low light (shaded), low water (5.14 ml/day) conditions
Regression
relationship
Linear
Linear
Linear
Equation
101.2 + (-4.1 8 * X )
99.2 + (-3.4 * X )
100.2 + (-3.7 * X )
r2
0.85*
0.83*
0.86*
Projected ? life
1 year ? month
1 year 3 months
1 year 1 ? months
Treatment
Greenhouse low light (shaded), high water (50.69 ml/day) conditions
Regression
relationship
Exponential
Linear
Linear
Equation
97.4 * Exp(-4.3 * X )
102.1 + (-4.2 * X )
99.3 + (-3.8 * X )
3 of 3
Appendix 15. Cont.
r2
0.80*
0.85*
0.86*
Projected ? life
1 year 4 months
1 year
1 year 1 month
Treatment
Greenhouse high light (unshaded), low water (5.14 ml/day) conditions
Regression
relationship
Linear
Linear
Linear
Equation
99.5 + (-3.7 * X )
98.3 + (-3.3 * X )
98.9 + (-3.5 * X )
r2
0.76*
0.70*
0.76*
Projected ? life
1 year 1 ? months
1 year 3 months
1 year 11 months
Treatment
G reenhouse high light (unshaded), high water (50.69 ml/day) conditions
Regression
relationship
Linear
Linear
Linear
Equation
99.7 + (-4.5 * X )
99.9 + (-3.9 * X )
99.8 + (-4.2 * X )
r2
0 .92*
0 .85*
0 .92*
Projected ?
life
11 ? months
1 year 1 month
1 year
Appendix 16. Key species codes used in Constrained Canonical Analyses (CCA) Plots
Figure 6.6. Species indicated in bold are declared Category 1(*), 2 (**) and 3 (***) weed
species and ? are undeclared weed species..
S pecies N am e Species Code in Plot
Bothriochloa radicans
BOTHRADI
Brachiaria deflexa
BRACDEFL
Cymbopogon validus
CYMBVALI
Cyperus esculentus
CYPEESCU
Hemarthria altissima
HEMAALTI
Hyparrhenia dichroa
HYPADICH
Ischaemum fasciculatum
ISCHAFASC
Kyllinga erecta
KYLLEREC
Panicum aequinerve
PANIAEQU
Panicum maximum
PANIMAXI
Paspalum urvillei
PASPURVI
Pennisetum macrourum
PENNMACR
Phragmites australis
PHRAAUST
Setaria incrassata
SETAINCR
Setaria megaphylla
SETAMEGA
Sorghum bicolor
SORGBICO
Sporobolus consimilis
SPORCONS
Themeda triandra
THEMTRIA
Acalypha caperonioides
ACALCAPE
Acalypha villicaulis
ACALVILL
A c h y ranth es asp era*
ACHYASPE*
Adenocline acuta
ADENACUT
Adiantum poiretii
ADIAPOIR
Anomatheca laxa
ANOMLAXA
Anthospermum welwitschii
ANTHWELW
Asclepias physocarpa
ASCLPHYS
Asparagus cooperi
ASPACOOP
Bidens pilosa?
BIDEPILO
Cheilanthes viridis
CHEIVIRI
Chenopodium schraderianum
CHENSCHR
C o nv o lv ulus arv ensis*
CONVARVE*
Conyza aegyptiaca?
CONYAEGY
Conyza albida?
CONYALBI
Corchorus asperifolius
CORCASPE
1 of 5
Species Name Species Code in Plot
Cucumis zeyheri CUCUZEYH
Cynoglossum lanceolatum
CYNOLANC
Desmodium repandum
DESMREPA
Dietes iridioides
DIETIRID
Eriosema pauciflorum
ERIOPAUC
Eriosema psoraleoides
ERIOPSOR
Foeniculum vulgare?
FOENVULG
Gladiolus dalenii
GLADDALE
Helichrysum ruderale
HELIRUDE
Helichrysum acutatum
HELIACUT
Helichrysum revolutum
HELIREVO
Helichrysum sp.
HELICHRY
Helichrysum rugulosum
HELIRUGU
Hydrocotyle americana
HYDROAMER
Hypoestes forskaolii
HYPOFORS
Hypoxis rigidula
HYPORIGI
Hypoxis sp.
HYPOXISS
Indigofera swaziensis
INDISWAZ
Ipomoea pes-caprae
IPOMPESC
I p o m o ea p urp urea * * *
IPOMPURP***
Lagenaria siceraria
LAGESICE
Mariscus congestus
MARICONG
Medicago hispida?
MEDIHISP
Mentha longifolia
MENTLONG
Myrsiphyllum volubile
MYRSVOLU
Nepeta cataria
NEPECATA
Oxalis corniculata
OXALCORN
Oxalis latifolia
OXALLATI
Passiflora edulis?
PASSEDUL
P assif lo ra sp . *
PASSIFLO*
Pentodon pentandrus
PENTPENT
Physalis angulata?
PHYSANGU
Protasparagus exuvialis
PROTEXUV
Pseudarthria hookeri
PSEUHOOK
Pseudognaphalium luteo-album
PSEULUTE
Pteridium aquilinum
PTERAQUI
Rhynchosia galpinii
RHYNGALP
2 of 5
Species Name Species Code in Plot
Rhynchosia hirta RHYNHIRT
Rumohra adiantiformis
RUMOADIA
Scadoxus multiflorus
SCADMULT
Selago transvaalensis
SELATRAN
Senecio affinis
SENEAFFI
Senecio conrathii
SENECONR
Senecio coronatus
SENECORO
Senecio graminifolius
SENEGRAM
Senecio poseideonis
SENEPOSE
Senecio quinquelobus
SENEQUIN
Senecio serratuloides
SENESERR
Senna septemtrionalis
SENNSEPT
Smilax anceps
SMILANCE
Solanum nigrum
SOLANIGR
S o lanum sisy m b rif o lium *
SOLASISY*
Stephania abyssinica
STEPABYS
Thelypteris pozoi
THELPOZO
Toddalia asiatica
TODDASIA
Thunbergia natalensis
THUNNATA
Wahlenbergia undulata
WAHLUNDU
Antidesma venosum
ANTIVENO
Artemisia afra
ARTEAFRA
Brachylaena discolor
BRACDISC
C aesalp inia d ec ap etala*
CAESDECA*
Cassinopsis ilicifolia
CASSILIC
Clausena anisata
CLAUANIS
Cliffortia linearifolia
CLIFLINE
Clutia affinis
CLUTAFFI
Clutia monticola
CLUTMONT
Dalbergia armata
DALBARMA
Diospyros galpinii
DIOSGALP
Diospyros lycioides
DIOSLYCI
Diospyros whyteana
DIOSWHYT
Endostemon obtusifolius
ENDOOBTU
Englerophytum magalismontanum
ENGLMAGA
Euclea crispa
EUCLCRIS
Euclea natalensis
EUCLNATA
3 of 5
Species Name Species Code in Plot
Flemingia grahamiana FLEMGRAH
Gymnosporia mossambicensis
GYMNMOSS
Hymenodictyon parvifolium
HYMEPARV
Indigofera daleoides
INDIDALE
Keetia gueinzii
KEETGUEI
L antana c am ara*
LANTCAMA*
Leucosidea sericea
LEUCSERI
Leonotis sp.
LEONOTIS
Lippia javanica
LIPPJAVA
Maesa lanceolata
MAESLANC
Gymnosporia polyacantha
MAYTPOLY
Passerina filiformis
PASSFILI
Pavetta gracilifolia
PAVEGRAC
Pavonia burchellii
PAVOBURC
Plectranthus laxiflorus
PLECLAXI
Plectranthus sp.
PLECOERT
Rhamnus prinoides
RHAMPRIN
Rhoicissus torminalis
RHOITORM
Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia
RHOITRID
Rhus dentata
RHUSDENT
Rhus discolor
RHUSDISC
R ub us c uneif o lius*
RUBUCUNE*
S o lanum m auritianum *
SOLAMAUR*
Toddalia asiatica
TODDASIA
Trimeria grandifolia
TRIMGRAN
Verbena bonariensis?
VERBBONA
Acacia ataxacantha
ACACATAX
A c ac ia m earnsii* *
ACACMEAR**
A c ac ia m elano x y lo n*
ACACPYCN*
Apodytes dimidiata subsp. dimidiata
APODDIMI
Breonadia salicina
BREOSALI
Buddleja auriculata
BUDDLORI
Buddleja salviifolia
BUDDSALV
Cephalanthus natalensis
CEPHNATA
Combretum celastroides
COMBCELA
Combretum fragrans
COMBFRAG
4 of 5
Species Name Species Code in Plot
Combretum kraussii COMBKRAU
Cussonia paniculata
CUSSPANI
Cyathea dregei
CYATDREG
Dombeya rotundifolia
DOMBROTU
E uc aly p tus g rand is* *
EUCAGRAN**
Ficus sur
FICUSSUR
G rev illea ro b usta* * *
GREVROBU***
Grewia occidentalis
GREWOCCI
Halleria lucida
HALLLUCI
Ilex mitis
ILEXMITI
Musa lanceolata
MUSALANC
P inus p atula* *
PINUSPATU**
Prunus persica?
PRUNPERS
Rawsonia lucida
RAWSLUCI
Sequoia sp.?
SEQUSEMP
Syzygium cordatum
SYZYCORD
Tricalysia capensis
TRICCAPE
Zanthoxylum davyi
ZANTDAVY
Ziziphus mucronata
ZIZIMUCR
5 of 5
Appendix 17. Mean and standard error for woody plant species alpha diversity. Values with the same superscript letter within rows are not
significantly different using Ryan?s Q m ultiple comparison test (P < 0.05).
High Altitude
Low Altitude
High Invasion
Low Invasion
High Invasion
Low Invasion
Treatment
Variable
Cleared
Unclea red
Cleared
Unclea red
Cleared
Unclea red
Cleared
Unclea red
1 m2 0 . 1 2 ? 0.06 a 0 . 2 8 ? 0.06 a 0 . 2 4 ? 0.07 a 0 . 3 6 ? 0.12 a 0 . 3 6 ? 0.08 b 0 . 4 4 ? 0.13 b 0 . 6 2 ? 0.15 b 0 . 4 6 ? 0.14 b
10 m2 0 . 8 0 ? 0.46 a 1 . 2 ? 0.12 a 0 . 8 0 ? 0.34 a 1 . 2 0 ? 0.64 a 1 . 3 0 ? 0.20 b 1 . 6 0 ? 0.33 b 2 . 0 0 ? 0.35 b 2 . 3 0 ? 0.64 b
10 0 m 2 0 . 6 0 ? 0.25 ac 2 . 6 ? 0.68 ac 2 . 4 0 ? 0.81 ad 2 . 2 0 ? 0.80 ad 2 . 4 0 ? 0.51 bc 2 . 6 0 ? 0.25 bc 5 . 0 0 ? 0.84 bd 4 . 2 0 ? 0.73 bd
1000 m2 1 . 0 0 ? 0.55 ac 3 . 2 ? 0.20 ac 3 . 2 0 ? 0.80 ad 2 . 8 0 ? 0.58 ad 2 . 4 0 ? 0.81 bc 3 . 4 ? 0.51 bc 5 . 2 0 ? 0.66 bd 6 . 2 0 ? 1.02 bd
1 of 1