A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO MANAGING 
R&D IN THE ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 
SECTOR IN SOUTH AFRICA 
 
APPENDICES 
 
 
 
Frederik Christoffel Rust 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A thesis submitted to the faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, 
in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy 
 
Johannesburg, 2007 
 453 
LIST OF CONTENTS 
 
APPENDIX A: DEFINITIONS ......................................................................... 454 
APPENDIX B: LIST OF INTERVIEWEES, PRESENTATIONS AND 
WORKSHOPS........................................................................ 456 
APPENDIX C: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE................................................... 459 
APPENDIX D: SURVEY DATA....................................................................... 416 
APPENDIX E: RESEARCH EFFECTIVENESS QUESTIONNAIRE................ 416 
APPENDIX F:  LIST OF PROJECT IDEAS IDENTIFIED BY THE BMLC...... 431 
APPENDIX G: SABITA TECHNOLOGY TREES ............................................ 434 
APPENDIX H: SABITA E&T COMMITTEE RANKING OF KEY SOLUTIONS454 
APPENDIX I: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF KEY SOLUTIONS, PLATFORMS, 
APPLIED TECHNOLOGIES AND BASE TECHNOLOGIES FOR 
THE SABITA PROGRAMME.................................................. 456 
APPENDIX J:  BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SABITA PROJECTS DEFINED... 472 
APPENDIX K: SUMMARY OF RMC TECHNOLOGY FOCUS AREAS AND 
PROJECT IDEAS ................................................................... 508 
APPENDIX L: DOMINANT ISSUES, FUTURE CHALLENGES AND 
KNOWLEDGE GAPS IDENTIFIED BY THE TRANSPORTEK 
ADVISORY COMMITTEES..................................................... 511 
APPENDIX M: DESCRIPTION OF ELEMENTS IN THE CSIR TRANSPORTEK 
TECHNOLOGY TREES.......................................................... 532 
APPENDIX N: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED PARLIAMENTARY 
GRANT PROJECTS ............................................................... 562 
APPENDIX O: LIST OF PROJECT IDEAS AS REVIEWED FOR THE HMA 
PROJECT............................................................................... 571 
APPENDIX P: BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF DEFINED HMA PROJECTS ...... 577 
REFERENCES ???????????????????????????.586 
 454 
APPENDIX A: DEFINITIONS 
Science is defined as: ?any system of knowledge that is concerned with the 
physical world and its phenomena and that entails unbiased observations and 
systematic experimentation. In general, a science involves a pursuit of 
knowledge covering general truths or the operations of fundamental laws? 
(Encyclopaedia Britannica online1). 
 
Engineering is defined as: ?the application of science to the optimum conversion 
of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind. The field has been defined 
by the Engineers Council for Professional Development, in the United States, as 
the creative application of ?scientific principles to design or develop structures, 
machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes?? (Encyclopaedia Britannica 
online 1). 
 
Technology is defined as: ?the practical application of knowledge especially in a 
particular area? and ?a capability given by the practical application of knowledge? 
(Merriam-Webster online2).  
 
The various categories of research and development are defined as follows 
(Frascati Manual3): 
 
?Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative work 
undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, 
including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of 
knowledge to devise new applications. 
 
?R&D is a term covering three activities: basic research, applied research and 
experimental development. 
 
?Basic research is experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to 
acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and 
observable facts, without any particular application or use in view. Basic research 
analyses properties, structures and relationships with a view to formulating and 
testing hypotheses, theories or laws. The results of basic research are not 
generally sold but are usually published in scientific journals or circulated to 
 455 
interested colleagues. Occasionally, basic research may be ?classified? for 
security reasons. 
 
?Applied research is also original investigation undertaken in order to acquire 
new knowledge. It is, however, directed primarily towards a specific practical aim 
or objective. The results of applied research are intended primarily to be valid for 
a single or limited number of products, operations, methods, or systems. Applied 
research develops ideas into operational form. The knowledge or information 
derived from it is often patented but may also be kept secret. 
 
?Experimental development is systematic work, drawing on existing knowledge 
gained from research and practical experience that is directed to producing new 
materials, products and devices; to installing new processes, systems and 
services; or to improving substantially those already produced or installed.? 
 
Innovation is defined by Roberts4 as: 
?Innovation is composed of two parts: (1) the generation of an idea or invention, 
and (2) the conversion of that invention into a business or other useful 
application.  Or in simple terms: 
Innovation = Invention + Exploitation? 
 456 
APPENDIX B: LIST OF INTERVIEWEES, PRESENTATIONS AND 
WORKSHOPS 
The models developed were presented to and discussed with a number of 
parties throughout the development process.  Based on their inputs, the models 
and techniques were enhanced and modified as well as added to.   
 
Interviews 
The following individuals and organisations were interviewed to obtain feedback 
and input into the development of the model and tools: 
? Dr George Dehlen, ex-director of the National Institute for Transport and 
Road Research (NITRR), senior member of the Transportek 
management team 
? Mr Keith Wolhuter, member of the Navplan secretariat 
? Mr Eduard Kleyn, ex-Head of Materials Laboratory, Gauteng Department 
of Roads, Transport and Public Works 
? Mr Rob Vos, Technical Director, Sabita 
? Mr Piet Myburgh, CEO Sabita 
? Mr Marty Pietz, Director of Research at Washington State DoT 
? Prof. Joe Mahoney, Department of Civil Engineering, University of 
Washington, Seattle 
? Prof. Carl Monismith, Department of Civil Engineering, University of 
California, Berkeley 
? Prof. Emile Horak, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pretoria 
? Prof. Thinus Pretorius, Department of Civil Engineering, University of 
Pretoria 
? The Federal Highway Association, USA 
? The Transportation Research Board, Washington DC 
? The Transport Research Laboratory, UK. 
 
Presentations 
The following presentations were made and feedback and comments used to 
enhance the development of the new model and tools: 
 457 
? several presentations to the Bituminous Materials Liaison Committee 
(later called the Road Infrastructure Forum) on the approach, new 
conceptual model and tools; 
? paper and presentation at the South African Annual Transportation 
Convention, Pretoria; 
? presentation to the Sabita Technical and Education Committee on 
general principles for holistic R&D management as well as the use of 
technology trees to assess project ideas and investments in research 
programmes (including the prioritisation of project ideas); 
? presentation to the CSIR Corporate Research Management Group (CSIR 
Corporate accepts principles and initiates implementation); 
? presentation to the Highway Materials Committee meeting in Pretoria; 
? presentation to the Alaskan Transportation Week conference in 
Anchorage, Alaska; 
? presentation to CSIR board members; 
? presentation to CSIR Executive Management Board; 
? presentation to and discussion with the Division for Building Technology, 
CSIR; 
? presentation to and discussion with the Division for Mining Technology, 
CSIR; 
? presentation to study group from the Federal Highway Association 
(FHWA in the USA); 
? presentation to the Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology 
(DACST); 
? presentations to Transportek Advisory Committees, CSIR; 
? presentation to Built Environment Unit Research Advisory Panel, CSIR 
(RAP endorses the use of the approach and provides input into the 
research effectiveness measurement criteria and weights); 
? presentation to the Built Environment Unit Science, Engineering and 
Technology committee, CSIR; 
? presentation to the CSIR Strategic Research Manager?s Forum; and 
? presentation of Research Effectiveness Measurement process and 
indicators to CSIR Outcomes Management Forum. 
 
 458 
Interactive workshops 
In the above work several committees and workgroups were used in interactive 
workshops to develop and implement the new model and tools.  These included 
the following: 
? the Educational and Technical Committee of the Southern African 
Bitumen Association (Sabita) of eight members to discuss the early 
model and to implement the needs determination process and technology 
platform concepts; 
? the Bituminous Materials Liaison Committee (BMLC) of 140 members to 
provide feedback on models and techniques and to endorse their use in 
the road building industry; 
? the Asphalt Research Programme Board (ten members) to provide input 
into the implementation of the model, to prioritise research needs, to 
approve projects and to monitor project progress; 
? the Road Materials Committee to discuss models, implement the needs 
determination process, to define projects and to monitor progress; 
? the Sabita Technology Development Work Group to assess and approve 
the model; 
? the CSIR Transportek advisory committees; 
? the Built Environment Unit Research Advisory Panel; and 
? the Built Environment Unit Science, Engineering and Technology 
committee. 
 459 
APPENDIX C: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE 
 
 
 
R&D MANAGEMENT QUESTIONNAIRE 
 
The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) of South Africa is a 
parastatal government research organisation. The Built Environment Unit of the 
CSIR is conducting research in all aspects of infrastructure planning, design, 
materials, construction and maintenance as well as in the operation of 
infrastructure and traffic management.  We are in the process of renewing our 
thinking about the management of R&D and associated projects and would 
therefore appreciate your time (about 15 minutes) to answer the 10 questions 
below. Please answer the questions or provide ratings as they pertain to your 
situation at the current point in time (eg current budget, current number of 
researchers). If you select a low rating for the extent to which you use an aspect 
of R&D management, then evaluate the Importance score based on your best 
knowledge of the topic. 
 
The results will be treated anonymously, and your name and organisation will not 
be reported or stored with the data. Any identifying information will be removed 
before reporting any results. The results of the analysis will be shared with you 
for your own management planning. 
 
 
1 CONTEXT 
 
1.1 Name: 
  
 
1.2 Name of organisation: 
 
 
1.3 Position (please place an ?x? in the appropriate box): 
General management  R&D management  Researcher  
 
Other   
 
 
1.4 Type of organisation (please place an ?x? in the appropriate box): 
Government  State owned 
enterprise 
 Educational Institution  
 
Private sector Civil 
Engineering 
 Private sector other  Other  
 460 
 
 
1.5 Research field (please place an ?x? in the appropriate box): 
Transport  Materials  Construction and 
building 
 
 
Infrastructure 
engineering 
 Other Engineering  Other  
 
 
1.6 Average Approximate size of annual R&D budget in your own currency 
(please indicate currency): 
 
Amount:??????????? 
 
Currency:??????????.. 
 
 
1.7 Approximate size of R&D team (number of researchers):???????.. 
 
1.8 Average number of R&D projects in progress each 
year:???????? 
 
 
 
2 ASPECTS OF R&D MANAGEMENT 
 
Indicate the extent to which you use any of the following aspects in your R&D 
management process and rate their level of importance by answering the 
following 10 questions. Type an ?x? in the appropriate open space. 
 
 
2.1 To what extent do you link the R&D programme and projects to an overall 
strategic plan? 
  
Extent Not at all  Some-
 times 
 Regular-
 ly 
 Most of 
the time 
 All the 
time 
 
 
Impor-
 tance 
None  Some  Average  High  Very 
high 
 
 
  
 
 461 
2.2 Do you distinguish between the management processes for longer-term- 
basic R&D projects and shorter-term technology development 
projects? 
 
Extent Not at all  Some-
 times 
 Regular-
 ly 
 Most of 
the time 
 All the 
time 
 
 
Impor-
 tance 
None  Some  Average  High  Very 
high 
 
  
 
 
2.3 Do you use portfolio management tools to balance the research project 
portfolio (e.g. a 2 x 2 box to plot the project portfolio in terms of technical 
feasibility vs market attractiveness)? 
 
Extent Not at all  Some-
 times 
 Regular-
 ly 
 Most of 
the time 
 All the 
time 
 
 
Impor-
 tance 
None  Some  Average  High  Very 
high 
 
2.4 Do you have formal technology transfer projects after completion of the 
research to ensure that research results are implemented effectively? 
 
Extent Not at all  Some-
 times 
 Regular-
 ly 
 Most of 
the time 
 All the 
time 
 
 
Impor-
 tance 
None  Some  Average  High  Very 
high 
 
 
 
 
2.5 Do you do formal assessment of the impact of R&D investment (e.g. 
benefit cost analysis, evaluation of social impact, evaluation of public 
good impact)? 
 
Extent Not at all  Some-
 times 
 Regular-
 ly 
 Most of 
the time 
 All the 
time 
 
 
Impor- None  Some  Average  High  Very  
 462 
tance high 
 
 
 
2.6 Do you use systems-based approaches in R&D management allowing 
for the evaluation of the interaction between different elements of the 
R&D process and providing for feedback loops to ensure team learning 
and value addition to the R&D process. 
 
Extent Not at all  Some-
 times 
 Regular-
 ly 
 Most of 
the time 
 All the 
time 
 
 
Impor-
 tance 
None  Some  Average  High  Very 
high 
 
 
 
2.7 Do you use a formal investment decision process to allocate funding 
(e.g. allocating funding based on the analysis of proposed projects 
according to strategic selection criteria such as potential return on 
investment, potential for impact etc.)? 
 
Extent Not at all  Some-
 times 
 Regular-
 ly 
 Most of 
the time 
 All the 
time 
 
 
Impor-
 tance 
None  Some  Average  High  Very 
high 
 
 
 
 
2.8 Do you use formal planning of human resource development (e.g. 
career planning schedules, performance management processes, 
succession planning)? 
 
Extent Not at all  Some-
 times 
 Regular-
 ly 
 Most of 
the time 
 All the 
time 
 
 
Impor-
 tance 
None  Some  Average  High  Very 
high 
 
 
 
 
 463 
2.9 Do you use formal project management processes such as PERT 
diagrammes or the Critical Path Method? 
 
Extent Not at all  Some-
 times 
 Regular-
 ly 
 Most of 
the time 
 All the 
time 
 
 
Impor-
 tance 
None  Some  Average  High  Very 
high 
 
 
 
 
2.10 Indicate the extent to which you use the following R&D management 
tools: 
 
 
a) Scenario planning 
 
Extent Not at all  Some-
 times 
 Regular-
 ly 
 Most of 
the time 
 All the 
time 
 
 
 
b) Technology foresight studies 
 
Extent Not at all  Some-
 times 
 Regular-
 ly 
 Most of 
the time 
 All the 
time 
 
 
 
c) Stakeholder needs analysis 
 
Extent Not at all  Some-
 times 
 Regular-
 ly 
 Most of 
the time 
 All the 
time 
 
 
 
d) Technology road mapping 
 
Extent Not at all  Some-
 times 
 Regular-
 ly 
 Most of 
the time 
 All the 
time 
 
 
e) Technology trees 
 
Extent Not at all  Some-
 times 
 Regular-
 ly 
 Most of 
the time 
 All the 
time 
 
 
 
 464 
f) Causal maps 
 
Extent Not at all  Some-
 times 
 Regular-
 ly 
 Most of 
the time 
 All the 
time 
 
 
 
g) Others 
  
Extent Not at all  Some-
 times 
 Regular-
 ly 
 Most of 
the time 
 All the 
time 
 
 
 
If any, please name them: 
 
???????????????.. 
 
???????????????.. 
 
???????????????.. 
 
???????????????.. 
 
???????????????.. 
 
Reply to: 
 
Chris Rust 
e-mail:  crust@csir.co.za 
fax:   +27 12 842 7100 
 
Thank you, your contribution is much appreciated. 
 
 416 
APPENDIX D: SURVEY DATA 
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1 1 1 6 3 794,512     3 3 3 2 4 3 4 3 1 1 3 2 5 3 2 2 1 1 2 3 4 3 2 2 1 
2 2 3 3 1 203,252 5 10 4 4 4 2 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 3 5 3 4 3 2 2 4 1 1 2 1 
3 2 2 6 4 1,016,260   10 4 3 5 3 4 4 3 3 2 3 1 4 3 3 5 4 5 4 3 5 3 1 1 3 1 
4 2 3 3 6 1,524 5 7 4 3 4 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 5 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 
5 2 2 2 6 6,097,561 200 200 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 4 1 2 4 3 5 4 5 4 4 4 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 
6 3 2 1 1 7,050,000 45 100 4 4 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 2 2 1 1 5 2 1 1 2 
7 1 2 3 3 356,199 10 10 3 3 5 4 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 1 
8 2 1 2 6 4,573,171 60 30 5 3 4 3 4 2 3 4 3 3 1 2 3 3 4 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 
9 3 2 6 1 40,000,000 13 50 5 4 3 3 1 2 5 3 2 3 5 4 4 3 1 2 5 4 3 3 5 4 2 2 5 
10 2 2 3 4 81,301 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 4 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 
11 2 3 3 2 71,138 7 5 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 5 4 4 3 2 3 1 3 1 
12 1 1 1 4 9,425,684 25 100 5 3 5 3 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 5 3 3 4 3 1 1 1 3 
13 3 2 1 1 8,000,000 2 200 5 4 4 3 2 4 3 4 5 4 3 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 1 2 3 5 2 1 1 
14 3 3 3 4 250,000 5 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 
15 3 3 1 4 7,000,000 10 15 4 3 2 2 3 2 4 2 2 3 4 3 4 3 1 2 4 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 
16 2 2 2 6 18,100,610 170 45 5 4 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 2 3 2 4 3 4 3 4 2 3 3 4 3 3 2 3 
17 4 3 2 6 3,299,546 35 15 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 4 3 4 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 
18 2 2 2 6 813,008 13 8 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 2 4 3 2 2 1 2 4 2 2 1 1 
19 2 3 3 3 1,016,260 15 15 2 3 4 4 1 2 2 3 1 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 5 4 3 2 4 2 1 2 1 
20 4 2 2 4 263,964 10 10 3 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 4 4 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 1 1 
21 2 2 2 5 16,260,163 200 185 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 
 417 
22 2 2 2 5 16,260,163 200 185 4 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 1 3 1 2 4 3 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 
23 2 3 3 6 203,252 6 6 5 4 3 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 4 1 1 1 2 
24 2 2 2 2 16,260,163 200 40 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 
25 2 2 3 6 101,626 15 15 4 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 5 4 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 
26 2 2 2 6 12,703,252 180 80 5 3 4 2 3 3 4 3 2 2 5 3 4 3 5 4 3 3 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 
27 1 2 3 2 2,927,835 10 20 4 3 4 3 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 4 3 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
28 3 2 3 4 1,200,000 3 6 4 4 4 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 5 4 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 
29 2 2 1 4 609,756 5 3 5 3 4 3 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 5 4 3 1 5 1 4 1 1 
30 2 1 3 5 101,626 5 3 4 3 4 5 2 5 2 2 2 5 2 4 2 5 3 3 3 5 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 
31 2 2 1 1 508,130 6 8 5 4 2 4 1 3 2 4 2 4 1 4 5 4 3 3 2 5 3 1 3 2 1 1 1 
32 3 2 3 4 5,000,000 10 9 5 4 4 3 1 1 2 3 2 4 3 4 1 1 4 4 4 4 1 3 4 4 1 1 1 
33 4 2 2 6 5,279,274 20 7 5 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 5 4 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 1 
34 1 3 3 4 384,833 8 10 2 5 3 5 1 2 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 
35 3 2 1 1 4,000,000 15 25 3 4 2 2 1 1 2 4 2 4 3 3 3 4 3 4 2 4 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 
51 2 2 2 3 1,016,260 15 10 5 3 4 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 4 4 3 5 3 2 2 1 3 4 1 4 2 1 
52 2 2 2 6 1,829,268 25 20 3 4 4 3 2 2 3 4 2 3 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 1 
53 2 2 2 6 2,337,398 25 10 5 4 3 4 1 4 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 4 1 4 4 5 1 4 1 1 
54 2 2 2 4 1,422,764 17 12 5 4 4 4 3 4 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 5 1 5 2 3 
55 2 2 2 4 4,065,041 23 15 5 4 3 3 3 5 4 4 3 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 3 5 4 5 1 5 1 1 
56 2 3 2 4 2,032,520 14 10 3 3 4 3 3 5 3 3 2 5 3 3 5 4 3 3 3 5 3 4 3 1 4 1 1 
57 2 3 2 2 2,032,520 14 10 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 2 3 4 3 5 3 5 4 4 3 3 4 5 1 4 1 2 
58 2 3 2 4 2,032,520 14 10 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 2 5 2 4 3 1 5 2 1 
59 2 2 2 6 1,138,211 11 5 5 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 5 4 4 4 2 3 4 3 5 2 4 1 1 
60 2 1 2 1 14,634,146 110 105 4 3 4 5 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 5 3 3 4 4 2 5 3 3 3 2 5 4 1 
 416 
APPENDIX E: RESEARCH EFFECTIVENESS QUESTIONNAIRE 
QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE MEASUREMENT OF RESEARCH 
EFFECTIVENESS  
 
BACKGROUND 
 
The measurement of research effectiveness, and particularly its tracking over 
time through trend analysis, is a very important element of the strategic 
management process in the BE Unit and is one of the factors influencing the 
funding and resource allocation decision.  Enhancement of this measurement 
process will lead to a more effective research programme and ultimately to 
improved benefit to the Built Environment sector and stakeholders in South 
Africa. 
 
The purpose of this questionnaire is to assist the CSIR Built Environment Unit to 
enhance its system to measure research effectiveness and to calibrate the 
inherent scoring system.   
 
 
WHAT IS RESEARCH EFFECTIVENESS AND WHY MEASURE IT? 
 
Research Effectiveness includes the research process, research inputs, research 
outputs, research outcomes and impact.  These elements are defined as 
follows:1 
 
Process ? a course of action taken to achieve a goal - this includes research 
planning and outputs measurement processes. 
Input ? tangible quantities put into a process to achieve a goal ? this includes 
project costs, investment into research infrastructure etc. 
                                               
1
  The National Research Council of the National Academies, USA.  Thinking Strategically: The Appropriate 
Use of Metrics for the Climate Change Science Program.  Committee on Metrics for Global Change Research, 
Climate Research Committee, National Research Council ISBN: 0-309-55042-4, 2995 
 417 
Output ? products and services delivered ? this includes publications, patents, 
technology demonstrators, reports, new prediction models etc. Example: a new 
design guideline for medium density housing) 
Outcome ? results that stem from use of the outputs - unlike output measures, 
outcomes refer to an event or condition that is external to the program and is of 
direct importance to the intended beneficiaries (e.g., scientists, agency 
managers, policy makers, other stakeholders).  Example: the use of the guideline 
to design new settlements. 
Impact ? the effect that an outcome has on something else ? this includes long-
 term societal, economic, or environmental consequences.  Example: an increase 
in the standard of living and quality of life of people due to new medium density 
housing settlements. 
 
The Built Environment Research Effectiveness measurement system focuses on 
the output and outcomes categories with some elements of impact.  Inputs are 
used in the final indicator analysis to normalise the results by, for example, 
dividing by the project cost. Research Effectiveness indicators therefore 
ultimately link the BE research programme to the impact of the research. 
 
THE APPROACH 
 
The research-effectiveness measurement system of the BE Unit is based on the 
following principles: 
? The development of a score card in which the concept of equivalent 
scores is used to make it possible to compare scores and indicators in 
and across a number of categories (e.g.  to be able to say that x number 
of papers are equivalent to y number of patents or to z percentage of 
R&D contract income) 
? The calibration of the scores based on the perceived value (to 
researchers, stakeholders and users) of categories of research outputs, 
outcomes and impacts, and 
? The monitoring of the trend in the change in these scores and 
indicators. 
 
 418 
The equivalent scores are defined as the ?equivalent Rand value? of the 
achievement as perceived by stakeholders e.g. researchers, practitioners and 
academics. 
 
Please Note: that the absolute accuracy of the equivalent scores is less 
important than the analysis of the trend in the change of the values.  
Therefore, although the scores will be calculated as accurately as possible, the 
emphasis for strategic management will be on trend analysis. 
 
The CSIR benchmark scores shown in this questionnaire were derived from a 
literature review and some analysis, as well as from an in-depth discussion in the 
CSIR Built Environment?s Science, Engineering and Technology (SET) 
Committee that consists of 15 senior researchers from the BE Unit. In this 
process the number of indicators was reduced from an initial 42 to 26 and the 
SET committee rated the indicators individually.  
 
This questionnaire is aimed at obtaining your input to verify the work done to 
date.  At the end of the questionnaire, there is space for you to indicate 
additional indicators that you think should be included. 
 
THE PROPOSED SCORE CARD 
 
The score card reflects the measurement of a number of indicators in the 
following categories: 
 
? Financial factors (e.g. contract income as an indicator) 
? Strategic human capital development (e.g. number of new PhDs as an 
indicator) 
? Quality of the Science and Technology base (e.g. value of equipment as 
an indicator) 
? Science and Technology outputs (e.g. number of papers as an indicator) 
? Socio-economic impact (e.g. number of socio-economic projects as an 
indicator) 
? Environmental impact (e.g. number of environmental projects as an 
indicator) 
 419 
 
Socio-economic impacts and Environmental impacts are very complex and 
difficult to measure.  However, under these categories the system will initially 
look at a few very simple measures (such as the number and size of the projects 
where a new technology or knowledge package is deployed) in an attempt to 
assess these impacts.  It is envisaged that these indicators may be improved in 
the future. 
 
In the case of the Financial category, the equivalent Rand value is derived by 
multiplying the year-end result in the BE Unit with a factor of one or less than 
one. The benchmark factors used for contract R&D and royalties are based on 
the research done to date2  In the case of contract R&D income the factor of 
15% is based on an analysis of the profitability of private sector contract R&D 
organisations. Therefore, if the BE Unit achieved contract R&D income of R80 
million in a particular year, this results in R12 million of equivalent Rands.  In the 
case of royalty income, the factor is 100 percent, based on the fact that royalty 
income is treated as profit with no post-licensing cost associated with it.  Royalty 
income is also strategically very important to the CSIR as an indicator of the 
usage of new technologies in the market. 
 
As explained above, in order to be able to compare such a diverse range of 
indicators, an equivalent Rand score is allocated based on the perceived value 
indicators.  For example, the percentage of contract R&D income (R12 million in 
the example above), can then be compared with the value of 8 new PhD degrees 
(at equivalent Rands of 1,5 million each).   
 
In order to verify the work that we have already done, it is important to get your 
view on two aspects: 
? The importance rating for each of the categories, and 
? The relative value of each indicator compared with the others in the same 
category. 
 
                                               
2
  Walwyn, D.  ?Evaluation of Core Parliamentary Grant (PG) Expenditure?.  Discussion document.  CSIR 
February 2007. 
 
 420 
The importance ratings will be used to calculate a pseudo return on investment 
indicator, based on the total equivalent Rands divided by the research cost. 
 
Once again, we would like to stress that these values are intended to be used in 
trend analysis over a period of time.  These trends, at the research portfolio 
level, will be one of a number of factors used to make strategic research-
 investment decisions. 
 
The Built Environment Unit wants to thank you in advance for your effort to 
assist us in improving the value derived from our research and 
development activities. 
 421 
SECTION A: RELATIVE RATING OF THE INDICATORS WITHIN EACH CATEGORY 
 
The indicators will be monitored at a Unit or research portfolio level, and the measurements will be cumulative over a period of time.  In 
order to assist you with the rating process and to allow for compatibility with existing systems in the CSIR, we have entered some 
benchmark figures in the tables below (marked in grey in Column 2).  Assume the benchmark values as fixed.  We have furthermore also 
provided you with typical year-end results in the BE Unit so that you can see how your ratings of the equivalent values affect the 
equivalent scores (which are the values times the results).  
 
 
CATEGORY 1: FINANCIAL INDICATORS 
 
Action required by you: Please complete the last two cells in Column 2 (marked in yellow) by giving a rating of the equivalent 
value for the indicators, as you perceive them (i.e. what percentage of the result should count as equivalent?), compared with 
the benchmark values in Column 2. 
 
 422 
Table 1: Equivalent value of financial indicators 
1  Indicator 2  Equivalent value3 3  Typical Result 
for BE 
4  Proposed 
equivalent 
Score 
Contract research income to CSIR 15% 80 000 000 12 000 000 
Royalty income to CSIR 100% 1 000 000 1 000 000 
Estimated cost savings to government and industry 
(in the case of government this implies more delivery 
for the same budget) 
- 50 000 000 -= 
Estimated business increase to industry (creating 
new and enhancing existing) 
- 10 000 000 = 
 
                                               
3
  Figures in bold in the grey cells are CSIR benchmarks 
 423 
CATEGORY 2:  STRATEGIC HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT 
 
Notes: In this category the relative values of training courses, a Masters degree and a professional registration (professional engineer, 
architect or scientist) are compared with the value of a PhD degree at a benchmark level of R1,5 million equivalent Rands. 
 
Action required by you: Please complete the last three cells in Column 2 (marked in yellow) by giving a rating of the equivalent 
value for the indicators, as you perceive them (i.e. what equivalent score should be allocated per unit?), compared with the 
benchmark values for a PhD in Column 2. 
 
Table 2:  Equivalent value of Strategic Human capital Development indicators 
1  Indicator 2  Equivalent 
value4 
3  Typical 
Result for BE 
4  Proposed 
equivalent Score 
Number of PhDs conferred 1 500 000 2 3 000 000 
Number of non-CSIR people trained in the year 
through CSIR presented courses 
300  
Number of masters degrees conferred  3  
Number of new professional registrations  3  
                                               
4
  Figures in bold in the grey cells are CSIR benchmarks 
 424 
CATEGORY 3: QUALITY OF THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BASE 
 
Notes: In this category the quality of the Science and Technology (S&T) base will be estimated by assessing the value of the research 
infrastructure (proposed benchmark is that 15% should  count as an equivalent) the number of significant collaborations with universities 
(more than R1 million Rand worth of research activity per annum) as well as the total number of citations of publications by authors from 
the BE Unit and finally, the number of memberships of R&D committees and key note addresses at conferences. 
Action required by you: Please complete the last three cells in Column 2 (marked in yellow) by giving a rating of the equivalent 
value for the indicators, as you perceive them (i.e. what equivalent score should be allocated?), compared with the benchmark 
values for research infrastructure in Column 2. 
 
Table 3: Equivalent value of Science and Technology (S&T) base quality indicators 
1  Indicator 2  Equivalent value5 3  Typical 
Result for BE 
4  Proposed 
equivalent Score 
Total value of research infrastructure and equipment 15% 60 000 000 9 000 000 
Total unit citations of publications  1 000  
Total number of co-authored publications with parties 
external to the CSIR (including research reports) 
30  
Number of committee memberships and key note 
addresses 
6  
                                               
5
  Figures in bold in the grey cells are CSIR benchmarks 
 425 
CATEGORY 4: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OUTPUTS 
 
Action required by you: Please complete the last four cells in Column 2 (marked in yellow) by giving a rating of the equivalent 
value for the indicators, as you perceive them (i.e. what equivalent score should be allocated?), compared with the benchmark 
values in Column 2, and based on the definitions given below Table 4. 
Table 4: Relative value of S&T output indicators 
1  Indicator 2  Equivalent 
value6 
3  Typical 
Result for BE 
4  Proposed 
equivalent 
Score 
Peer reviewed conference paper 250 000 50 12 500 000 
Paper in refereed journal 500 000 15 7 500 000 
Book Chapter 500 000 5 2 500 000 
PCT International patent 12 000 000 1 12 000 000 
Technology Demonstrator International application 10 000 000 2 20 000 000 
CSIR published technical report  100  
National design guideline  1  
South African provisional patent  1  
Technology Demonstrator local application  2  
                                               
6
  Figures in bold in the grey cells are CSIR benchmarks 
 426 
Definitions: 
Peer reviewed conference paper is as per the Department of Education policy 
Paper in refereed journal is as per the Department of Education policy 
Book chapter is as per the Department of Education policy 
Patent Co-ordination Treaty (PCT) patent filing is a coordinated process to obtain a patent subjected to examination 
CSIR published technical reports are important reports published by the CSIR on approval of a Unit Director 
National design guideline is a design guideline prepared by the CSIR under the auspices of a peer review committee and published by a 
government department or industry organisation for national use. 
South African Provisional patent is a local patent filing (non peer reviewed) 
A technology demonstrator is a hardware or software solution based on a significant multi-year research project (value of investment 
more than R2 million) and the application of which has been demonstrated in government or industry 
 427 
CATEGORY 5: SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS 
 
Notes: Socio-economic factors are very difficult to measure, nevertheless, a few indicators have been selected in an attempt to have 
some measure of research effectiveness in this category.    
Action required by you: Please rate the relative equivalent score of the social indicators in Column 2 (for value of social 
projects where the technology is deployed, indicate the percentage of the project value that should count in order to provide 
the right equivalent ratio to the other indicators).  No benchmarks are given in this table please use the benchmarks in the 
previous tables as an indicator of relative value.  
 
Table 5: Relative value of Socio-economic impact indicators 
1  Indicator 2  Equivalent 
value7 
3  Typical Result 
for BE 
4  Proposed 
equivalent Score 
Estimated number of external jobs created (direct)  1 000  
Number of significant8 socio-economic  projects 
where technology is deployed  
2  
Rand value of socio-economic projects where 
technology is deployed 
50 000 000  
                                               
7
  Figures in bold in the grey cells are CSIR benchmarks 
8
  Total project value more than R10million. 
 
 428 
CATEGORY 6: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 
 
Environmental impact is very difficult to estimate, nevertheless, a few indicators have been selected in an attempt to have some measure 
of research effectiveness in this category. 
Action required by you: Please rate the relative equivalent score of the environmental impact indicators in Column 2 (for value 
of environmental impact projects where the technology is deployed, indicate the percentage of the project value that should 
count in order to provide the right equivalent ratio to the other indicators).  No benchmarks are given in this table, please use 
the benchmarks in the previous tables as an indicator of relative value.  
 
 
 
Table 6: Relative value of environmental impact indicators 
1  Indicator 2  Equivalent 
value9 
3  Typical Result 
for BE 
4  Proposed 
equivalent Score 
Number of significant10 environmental projects where 
technology is deployed  
1  
Rand value of  environmental projects where 
technology is deployed 
50 000 000  
                                               
9
  Figures in bold in the grey cells are CSIR benchmarks 
10
  Total project value more than R10million 
 429 
SECTION B: THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE CATEGORIES 
 
 
Please provide your view of the importance of each of the six categories through a score out of ten (score between 1 and 10, where 10 is 
very important). 
 
Table 7: Relative importance of the main categories 
 
 Your Importance score 
(out of 10) 
Financial indicators  
Strategic Human Capital development indicators   
Quality of the S&T base  
Socio-economic  impact indicators  
Environmental impact indicators  
S&T output indicators  
 
 430 
SECTION C: GENERAL COMMENTS  
 
Please give general comments and/or indicate additional indicators that should be included: 
 
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 
 
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 
 
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 
 
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 
 
 
Thank you for your time. The results of this exercise will be reported back you in due course. 
 
 
Name :????????????????.. 
 
 
e-mail address:?????????????.. 
 
 431 
APPENDIX F:  LIST OF PROJECT IDEAS IDENTIFIED BY THE BMLC 
 
PROJ PROJECT TITLE AVG AVG AVG AVG TOT TOTAL 
No  TECH RA's COM IND AVG Score 
23 Evaluation of quality standards for LIC 4.60 5.00 4.00 4.40 4.50 90 
4 User-friendly products to upgrade community roads 4.20 4.20 4.80 4.40 4.40 88 
43 Technologies for implementation by means of labour-intensive construction methods 4.20 4.20 4.80 4.20 4.35 87 
21 Identification and development of technologies for LIC (including equipment and materials) 4.20 3.80 4.80 4.00 4.20 84 
47 Product Performance Guarantee Systems (PPGS) Phase II 4.00 4.60 2.80 5.00 4.10 82 
28 Development of fatigue curves for LAMBS (second phase) 5.00 4.60 1.40 4.80 3.95 79 
46 Assessment of the quality of workmanship in the bituminous road construction industry 4.20 4.00 2.80 4.80 3.95 79 
1 Roads as a catalyst for sustainable social and economic development - activity streets 1.40 4.60 5.00 4.80 3.95 79 
29 Design & quality control method for asphalt mixes to prevent overfilling of voids - Phase I 4.80 4.60 1.40 5.00 3.95 79 
33 Uniform process for manufacturing samples for asphalt mix design and quality control 4.80 4.60 1.20 5.00 3.90 78 
30 Physical tests for composition of bitumen and recycled bitumen 5.00 4.80 1.40 4.00 3.80 76 
31 Methodology for quantification of the absorption of aggregate fines by bitumen 4.60 4.40 1.20 4.80 3.75 75 
53 BMLC 5.00 5.00 3.50 5.00 4.62 74 
16 Evaluation of the effect of increased axle loads and tyre pressures on the life cycle of roads 4.40 4.40 2.00 3.80 3.65 73 
22 Evaluation of cost implication of LIC 2.20 4.80 4.20 3.40 3.65 73 
15 Reseal selection matrix 4.40 4.60 1.80 3.60 3.60 72 
24 Evaluation of the performance of roads built with LIC 4.75 4.75 4.75 3.50 4.44 71 
32 Effect of diluents on the curing and performance of bitumen-rubber & polymer-modified binders 4.60 3.60 1.20 4.80 3.55 71 
50 User-friendly product specification aimed at small entrepreneurs 4.00 4.00 5.00 4.75 4.44 71 
 432 
14 Database of results obtained with the Hugo hammer compaction method 4.60 4.20 1.00 4.00 3.45 69 
34 Design procedures for bitumen rubber mixes 4.40 3.40 1.00 4.40 3.30 66 
48 Monitoring of long term performance of GEMs and LAMBs 4.75 4.75 1.75 5.00 4.06 65 
51 Simplified tendering procedures (general) 2.00 4.75 4.75 4.50 4.00 64 
2 Maintenance of Phuthaditjhaba community roads 3.50 3.25 5.00 3.75 3.88 62 
49 Product Performance Guarantee Systems (PPGS) Phase I 3.50 4.50 2.25 5.00 3.81 61 
35 Affordable testing devices for dynamic properties of unbound structural materials 3.00 3.80 1.00 3.20 2.75 55 
5 Evaluation of and training in the use of the 'red book' vs other codes 3.00 3.60 1.60 2.40 2.65 53 
54 Establishment of task group for co-ordinating dissemination of SA roads technology 3.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.50 36 
37 Development of thin layers asphalt (thinner than 20mm) 5.00 5.00 3.00 5.00 4.50 36 
8 Transfer of training modules for formal education sector 4.50 3.50 5.00 4.00 4.25 34 
36 Guidelines for the use of local bituminous products 5.00 5.00 2.00 5.00 4.25 34 
3 Development and implementation of community training modules for road maintenance 4.00 3.50 5.00 4.00 4.12 33 
6 Guidelines for using local materials 5.00 3.50 4.00 3.50 4.00 32 
42 Benefits of stage construction to LIC / or rapid development of community infrastructure 3.50 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.88 31 
7 Synthesis of Labour-intensive techniques 5.00 4.00 3.00 3.00 3.75 30 
17 Overload control - law enforcement 1.50 5.00 3.50 4.00 3.50 28 
12 Foam treated gravels for community roads 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 20 
11 Appropriate pavement design standards for community roads 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 20 
55 Implementation of Road Maintenance Initiatives project in SA 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 20 
9 Labour intensive technology transfer to current practitioner 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 20 
10 Ultra thin asphalt thin surfacings for community roads 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 20 
27 Evaluation of the performance of pathways and walkways built with LIC methods 5.00 4.00 5.00 4.00 4.50 18 
52 Assessment of suitable project sizes for  developing entrepreneurs 3.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 4.25 17 
 433 
40 Identification and procurement of suitable rural road materials 3.00 5.00 4.00 5.00 4.25 17 
39 Frequency of testing for dynamic tests 5.00 5.00 1.00 5.00 4.00 16 
41 Review and update of LAMBs guidelines 5.00 5.00 1.00 5.00 4.00 16 
19 Gyratory compaction of SA asphalts 5.00 5.00 1.00 5.00 4.00 16 
56 Co-ordinated Industry approach to politicians on results being achieved 2.00 5.00 4.00 5.00 4.00 16 
13 Assessment criteria for user-friendly products 5.00 5.00 2.00 3.00 3.75 15 
20 Impact of freight roads on SA economy 3.00 5.00 2.00 5.00 3.75 15 
44 Shelf-life of bitumen products 4.00 3.00 4.00 3.00 3.50 14 
38 Evaluate US superpave methods and specification for SA use 5.00 4.00 1.00 4.00 3.50 14 
18 Comparative assessment of currently applied light rehab special maintenance procedures 4.00 4.00 1.00 4.00 3.25 13 
26 Collect locally developed information on LIC 4.00 4.00 1.00 4.00 3.25 13 
45 Use of RAP in low cost roads layers 3.00 5.00 4.00 1.00 3.25 13 
25 International experience on  LIC  3.00 4.00 1.00 3.00 2.75 11 
 
 
 434 
APPENDIX G: SABITA TECHNOLOGY TREES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.1: Sabita technology platforms and links with dominant issues 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.2: The Sabita High Performance Asphalt technology platform, its 
Key Solutions and their links to the Sabita dominant issues 
HIGH PERFOR-
 MANCE
 ASPHALT TECH.
 SURFACE
 TREATMENT
 TECH.
 QUALITY
 SYSTEMS
 BITUMEN
 STABILISATION
 TECH.
 CONSTRUCTION
 TECH.
 NETWORK
 PRESERVATION
 INVESTMENT 
OPTIMISATION
 INDUSTRY 
EFFECTIVENESS
 INDUSTRY 
EFFECTIVENESS
 JOB 
CREATION
 HIGH STABILITY 
WEARING 
COURSES
 DURABLE
 SURFACINGS
 HEAVY 
DUTY 
ASPHALT 
BASES
 FLEXIBLE 
ASPHALT 
SURFACINGS
 THIN 
LAYER 
ASPHALT
 ROAD USER 
FRIENDLY 
PRODUCTS
 NETWORK
 PRESERVATION
 INVESTMENT 
OPTIMISATION
 INDUSTRY 
EFFECTIVENESS
 INDUSTRY 
EFFECTIVENESS
 JOB 
CREATION
 HIGH PERFOR-
 MANCE
 ASPHALT TECH.
 435 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.3: The Sabita Surface Treatment technology platform, its Key 
Solutions and their links to the Sabita Dominant issues 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G4: The Sabita Quality Systems technology platform, its Key 
Solutions and their links to the Sabita Dominant issues 
MAINTENANCE/
 HOLDING 
ACTIONS
 SKID 
RESISTANT 
SURFACINGS
 DURABLE 
SEALS
 FLEXIBLE 
SEALS
 DUST 
PALLIATION
 SURFACE
 TREATMENT
 TECHNOLOGY
 NETWORK
 PRESERVATION
 INVESTMENT 
OPTIMISATION
 INDUSTRY 
EFFECTIVENESS
 INDUSTRY 
EFFECTIVENESS
 JOB 
CREATION
 INNOVATIVE 
PRODUCT 
CERTIFICATION
 GUARANTEE 
SYSEMS
 HSE 
STRATEGY
 IMPROVED 
SPECS PPGS
 LIC   
QUALITY 
CONTROL
 QUALITY
 SYSTEMS
 NETWORK
 PRESERVATION
 INVESTMENT 
OPTIMISATION
 INDUSTRY 
EFFECTIVENESS
 INDUSTRY 
EFFECTIVENESS
 JOB 
CREATION
 436 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G5: The Sabita Bitumen Stabilisation technology platform, its Key 
Solutions and their links to the Sabita Dominant issues 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G6: The Sabita Construction technology platform, its Key 
Solutions and their links to the Sabita Dominant issues 
GRANULAR 
EMULSION 
MIXES
 FOAMED 
ASPHALT
 FLEXIBLE 
SURFACINGS
 LOW COST 
ROADS
 BITUMEN
 STABILISATION
 TECHNOLOGY
 PENETRATION 
MACADAMS
 NETWORK
 PRESERVATION
 INVESTMENT 
OPTIMISATION
 INDUSTRY 
EFFECTIVENESS
 INDUSTRY 
EFFECTIVENESS
 JOB 
CREATION
 GUIDELINES 
FOR                
LIC
 TRAINING 
MODULES 
FOR LIC
 CONTSRUCTION 
MANUALS
 CONSTRUCTION
 TECHNOLOGY
 NETWORK
 PRESERVATION
 INVESTMENT 
OPTIMISATION
 INDUSTRY 
EFFECTIVENESS
 INDUSTRY 
EFFECTIVENESS
 JOB 
CREATION
 437 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G7: The Sabita High Performance Asphalt technology tree with the 
positions of projects shown 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G8: The Sabita Surface Treatment technology tree with the 
positions of projects shown 
HIGH STABILITY 
WEATING 
COURSES
 DURABLE
 SURFACINGS
 HEAVY 
DUTY 
ASPHALT 
BASES
 FLEXIBLE 
ASPHALT 
SURFACINGS
 THIN 
LAYER 
ASPHALT
 ROAD USER 
FRIENDLY 
PRODUCTS
 HIGH PERFORMANCE
 ASPHALT TECHNOLOGY
 Analytical 
Asphalt mix 
design
 Interaction 
with 
Structural 
design
 Functional 
Design
 Testing 
Methodolo
 -gies
 Construct-
 ability
 Perform-
 ance
 Binder & 
aggregate     
characteristics
 Sample 
preparation
 Volumetric design
 Dynamic materials 
testing
 Design criteria
 Transfer 
functions
 Balancing 
material 
properties with 
structural 
requirements
 Vehicle 
interactivity 
(Safety  & VOC)
 Environmental 
impact (noise)
 Social impact 
(roughness / 
dust)
 Statistical 
approaches
 Field testing 
devices
 Workability
 Feasibility
 (In relation to 
specs)
 Acceptance 
criteria
 Non-Destructive 
testing
 LTPP
 In-situ 
evaluation
 Performance 
criteria
 Ap
 pl
 ie
 d 
te
 ch
 ?
 s
 B
 as
 e
  
te
 ch
 ?s
 VOL
 DES
 BIT 
SPECS
 HMA
 MAINTENANCE/
 HOLDING 
ACTIONS
 SKID 
RESISTANT 
SURFACINGS
 DURABLE 
SEALS
 FLEXIBLE 
SEALS
 DUST 
PALLIATION
 SURFACE
 TREATMENT
 TECHNOLOGY
 Rational 
seal design 
method
 Appropriate 
standards
 Performance 
modeling
 Socio-
 Economic 
Analysis
 Proprietary 
Products 
(mod bins 
etc.,)
 Design criteria
 Reflection 
cracking 
simulation
 Skid resistance 
criteria
 Aggregate 
testing
 Binder testing
 Test methods
 Design criteria
 Specifications
 Community 
requirements
 Pavement 
surveillance
 Performance 
criteria
 Performance 
measurement
 Data base 
management
 Management 
Systems
 Community 
requirements
 Social impact 
of roads
 Financial 
impact of 
roads
 Modified 
binder 
technology
 Rapid setting 
emulsions
 Dust palliatives
 Seal 
rejuvenators
 Ap
 pl
 ie
 d 
te
 ch
 ?
 s
 B
 as
 e 
te
 c
 h?
 s
 FLEXSURFSAFE
 438 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G9: The Sabita Quality Systems technology tree with the positions 
of projects shown 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G10: The Sabita Bitumen Stabilisation technology tree with the 
positions of projects shown 
INNOVATIVE 
PRODUCT 
CERTIFICATION
 GUARANTEE 
SYSEMS
 HSE 
STRATEGY
 IMPROVED 
SPECS PPGS
 LIC   
QUALITY 
CONTROL
 QUALITY
 SYSTEMS
 ISO 9002 Quality  Systems Environment
 LIC quality 
control 
techniques
 Product 
guarantee 
systems
 Product 
certification 
systems
 Health, Safety 
and 
environment 
issues
 QUAL
 HSE
 GRANULAR 
EMULSION 
MIXES
 FOAMED 
ASPHALT
 FLEXIBLE 
SURFACINGS
 LOW COST 
ROADS
 BITUMEN
 STABILISATION
 TECHNOLOGY
 Performance
 Transfer 
functions
 Performance 
criteria
 In-situ 
assessment
 Prediction 
models
 Mix 
Design
 Binder  & 
Aggregate
 Characteristics 
Sample 
preparation &
 conditioning
 Design criteria
 Testing 
methodologies
 Construct-
 ibility
 LIC techniques
 Workability
 User 
friendliness
 Appropriate 
standards
 Chemical / 
Physical 
interactions
 Interaction  i.r.o
 a)  binder
 b)  aggregate
 c)  lime/cement
 Proprietary 
products
 Emulsion 
technology
 Foamed 
asphalt 
technology
 Ap
 pl
 ie
 d 
te
 ch
 ?
 s
 B
 as
 e 
te
 ch
 ?
 s
 PENETRATION 
MACADAMS
 ETBs FOAM
 439 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G11: The Sabita Construction technology tree with the positions of 
projects shown 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fure G12: The CSIR pavement structural design methods technology tree 
showing parliamentary grant projects (red) and contract R&D projects 
(blue) 
GUIDELINES 
FOR                
LIC
 TRAINING 
MODULES 
FOR LIC
 CONTSRUCTION 
MANUALS
 CONSTRUCTION
 TECHNOLOGY
 LIC Conventionalconstruction
 Standards 
& 
Acceptance
 procedures 
Operational
 issues
 HSE
 Workability
 Equipment for 
LIC
 LIC Training
 Quality Control
 Production 
rates
 Specifications
 Contract 
documents for 
LIC
 Quality systems
 Quality assurance 
plans
 Process efficiency
 Process 
effectiveness
 Specifications
 Quality control
 Contract 
documents
 Specifications
 Acceptance criteria
 Quality control
 Field test methods
 Compaction 
methods
 Material hauling
 Mixing procedures
 etc.
 Ap
 pl
 ie
 d 
te
 ch
 ?s
 B
 as
 e 
te
 ch
 ?s
 HSE
 Traffic 
Loading 
Analysis
 Environ-
 mental 
Analysis
 In-situ 
Testing
 Analysis 
methods
 Link to 
Materials 
Design
 Selection 
and 
Decision 
Support
 Perfor-
 mance
 Prediction
 Tyre contact stress
 Axle loading
 Overloading
 Traffic 
characterisation.
 Vehicle dynamics
 Temperature 
requirements
 Moisture
 Geology & 
subgrades
 Environmental
 impact
 See LTPP Backcalculation
 Forward 
calculation
 Finite Element   
analysis
 Modeling
 techniques
 Dynamic
 analysis
 Probabilistics
 Reliability
 Transfer
 functions
 Materials   
characterisation
 & properties
 Life cycle 
costing & 
economic
 analysis
 Selection 
criteria
 Optimization 
procedures
 Database 
analysis
 Statistics
 Modelling
 Transfer 
functions
 3-D Stress Sensor
 SIM System
 Software packages / 
Programmes
 Various field equipment
 Databases
 RMC1
 PROJECT LEGEND :
 RE2 :  Advanced structural design methods (97/98)
 RE13 : Pavement system deformation models (98/99) 
RE14 : SIM system (98/99)
 PROJECT LEGEND :
 EXT1 :  SIM system at Montsole
 EXT2 :  Gautrans tyre pressures
 EXT3 :  New rehab manual
 EXT4 :  New TRH 4
 RMC1 : Tyre pressure and design
 RMC9 : Drainage practice synthesis
 PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL DESIGN METHODS
 Te
 ch
 .
  
Pl
 at
 fo
 rm
 Ap
 pl
 ie
 d 
Te
 ch
 n
 o
 lo
 gy
  
Ba
 se
  
Te
 ch
 n
 o
 lo
 gy
 In
 fra
 -
 st
 ru
 ct
 u
 re
 Te
 ch
 .
  
Pl
 at
 fo
 rm
 Ap
 pl
 ie
 d 
Te
 ch
 n
 o
 lo
 gy
  
Ba
 se
  
Te
 ch
 n
 o
 lo
 gy
 In
 fra
 -
 st
 ru
 ct
 u
 re
 Te
 ch
 .
  
Pl
 at
 fo
 rm
 Ap
 pl
 ie
 d 
Te
 ch
 n
 o
 lo
 gy
  
Ba
 se
  
Te
 ch
 n
 o
 lo
 gy
 In
 fra
 -
 st
 ru
 ct
 u
 re RE14
 RE13RE2
 RMC9EXT1 EXT2
 EXT3 EXT4
 440 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G13: The CSIR long-term pavement performance technology tree 
showing parliamentary grant projects (red) and contract R&D projects 
(blue) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G14: The CSIR accelerated pavement testing technology tree 
showing parliamentary grant projects (red) and contract R&D projects 
(blue) 
Destructive 
Testing
 Non 
Destructive 
Testing
 Performance 
Evaluation
 Performance 
Modeling
 Field Instrumentation
 e.g MDD, DCP
 Materials testing and 
analysis
 Deflection
 measurement
 Rut profile
 measurement
 Laser technology
 Visual assessment
 Crack surveys
 Riding Quality
 Functional Performance :
 Skid resistance
 Roughness
 Structural Performance :
 Shear Resistance
 Layer Stiffness
 Behavioural analysis
 Database systems
 Deterioration modeling
 Surveillance Equipment
 Laboratories
 MDD, DCP, etc.,
 RMC7
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 LONG TERM PAVEMENT PERFOMANCE
 TECHNOLOGY
 PROJECT LEGEND :
 RMC7 :  LTPP at project level
 HVS 
Operations
 Data Analysis 
and 
Interpretation
 Dynamic 
Loading 
Simulation
 Transfer 
Function 
Develop-
 ment
 Mechanical 
maintenance
 Programme
 scheduling
 MDD Installation
 Equipment design 
Equipment
 development
 Environmental
 control
 Data collection
 Data processing
 Database system
 Analysis 
procedures
 Graphic 
presentation
 Pavement 
behaviour
 analysis
 Materials engineering
 properties
 Probabilistics and 
reliability
 Pavement
 performance 
modeling
 Laser Profilometer
 Workshops
 TIC
 HVS
 MDD
 Deterioration 
Modeling
 Materials 
Evaluation
 Vehicle
 dynamics
 Servo hydraulic
 control
 See materials 
design 
platform
 RSD
 Publications
 Computer
 Equipment
 Laboratories
 DAS Software
 DAS Hardware
 DADISP 
Software
 HVS database
 ACCELERATED PAVEMENT TESTING
 TECHNOLOGYTe
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 EXT7 EXT8 EXT9 EXT10
 PROJECT LEGEND :
 RE1 : APT Technology (STEP)
 RE15 : HVS Mk IV
 EXT7 :  Guatrans HVS project
 EXT8 :  CalAPT1
 EXT9 : CalAPT2
 EXT10 : Fin`land HVS
 EXT11 : CRREL HVS
 EXT12 : WES HVS 
EXT11 EXT12
 RE1
 RE15
 441 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G15: The CSIR material component testing technology tree 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G16: The CSIR modification and stabilization technology tree 
showing parliamentary grant projects (red) and contract R&D projects 
(blue) 
Aggregate
 testing
 Binder 
testing
 Standard test methods
 Special test methods
 Geology
 Chemistry
 Standard test methods
 Chemistry
 HPLC/GC
 Rheometry
 Infra-red spectometry
 LTP of binders
 Modified binders 
Technology
 Standard test methods
 DAI
 Bonding test
 XRD
 Dusts palliatives
 Material location
 Scanning electron
 microscope 
HPLC
 Shear Rheometer
 GC
 Standard Equipment
 Soil 
testing
 Stabilization 
and 
modification
 Standard test methods
 Toxicity testing (see 
construction platform)
 MATERIAL COMPONENT TESTING
 TECHNOLOGYTe
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 Modified 
Binders, 
Evaluation 
and Design
 Emulsion 
modifi-
 cation
 Compatibility & 
Interaction
 Selection methods
 Standard Binder 
Technology
 Performance 
Testing
 Specification 
Development
 Interaction with 
Aggregate & Soils
 Emulsion 
stabilisation
 & modification
 Break time design
 Strength gain 
Evaluation
 Interaction
 LTP and
 carbonation
 Base material
 properties
 Standard Equipment
 Chemical 
Modifica-
 tion
 Dust Palliation
 Reinforcement
 Grading 
Optimization
 Clay modification
 Cementi-
 tious
 Materials
 Mechanical 
Modification
 Compaction
 aid
 technology
 Dust prediction
 models
 LTPP
 Interaction with Soil
 and aggregate
 Dust monitoring
 MODIFICATION AND STABILISATION
 TECHNOLOGYTe
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 RMC4
 PROJECT LEGEND :
 RMC4 : Design of bitumen treated materials  
 442 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G17: The CSIR unbound materials design technology tree showing 
one parliamentary grant project (red) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G18: The CSIR product quality technology tree showing 
parliamentary grant projects (red) and contract R&D projects (blue) 
Volumetrics Compaction
 Grading optimisation
 Prediction of 
engineering
 properties
 Laboratory Compaction
 methods
 Field compaction
 prediction
 Field compaction
 methods
 (see Construction thrust)
 Transfer 
Functions
 Load sensitivity analysis
 Moisture sensitivity
 analysis
 Density measurements 
and prediction
 Stiffness calculation
 and prediction
 Shear measurement
 and prediction
 Engineering 
Properties
 Transfer function
 development
 Link to structural
 design
 LTPP
 APT
 K-Mould
 Compaction prediction models and
 software
 Standard equipment
 UNBOUND MATERIALS DESIGN
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 PROJECT LEGEND :
 RE12 :  Advanced granular materials modelling
 RE12
 Quality
 Systems certification
 Quality assurance systems
 Product Accreditation 
Systems
 Laboratory accreditation procedures
 Field performance evaluation system
 Product certification process
 Product Performance Guarantee
 Systems
 RMC5
 RMC6
 Computer Software
 PRODUCT QUALITY
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 PROJECT LEGEND :
 RE5 : Quality improvement in materials design (97/98)
 RMC5:  Laboratory management and quality control
 RMC6:  PPGS performance acceptance criteria  
RE5
 443 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.19: The CSIR maintenance materials technology tree 
showing one contract R&D project (blue) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.20: The CSIR seal design technology tree showing one 
parliamentary grant project (red) 
Environmental 
analysis
 Design 
Factors
 Traffic analysis
 Topography
 Climatic regimes
 Social issues
 Embedment 
measurement
 Binder
 characteristics
 Aggregate 
characteristics
 Skid resistance
 Spray temperatures
 Quality
 management
 Ambient
 temperature
 measurement
 Design 
Methods
 Performance 
Evaluation
 Construction
 S.A seal design 
method
 Others
 Performance
 evaluation
 Performance 
measurement
 Modeling
 Performance prediction
 All specialized test equipment
 All standard test equipment
 SEAL DESIGN
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 RE9 : Critical evaluation of asphalt and seal performance 
RE9
 Environmental 
analysis
 Pothole & 
trench 
repair
 Traffic analysis
 Topography
 Climatic regimes
 Cold mixed asphalt
 Hot mixed asphalt
 ?Band aid? strips
 Non-bituminous
 products
 Surface 
Rejuvenation
 Crack movement
 measurement
 Special considerations
 for seal and overlay
 design
 Crack 
sealing
 Diluted emulsions
 Cut-backs
 Tack coats
 Crack 
Reflection 
Retardation
 Sealants
 Preparation
 All specialized test equipment
 All standard test equipment
 MAINTENANCE MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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 RMC3
 PROJECT LEGEND :
 RMC3:  Patching for flexible pavements 
 444 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.21: The CSIR high performance asphalt technology tree showing 
parliamentary grant projects (red) and contract R&D projects (blue) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.22: The CSIR asphalt mix design link to structural design 
technology tree showing parliamentary grant projects (red) and contract 
R&D projects (blue) 
Component 
Characteristics
 Spatial 
Composition
 Mechanical
 Properties
 Aggregates
 Standard test methods
 Filler Properties
 Geology,   Chemistry
 Special test methods
 Crushing methods
 Selection matrix
 Acceptance criteria
 Binder
 Standard test methods
 Performance-related tests
 Chemistry & rheology
 LTP of binders
 Temp-frequency relationships
 Selection matrix
 Aggregate-binder Interaction
 Mix Optimization
 Selection matrix
 Constructibility
 B/C optimization
 Volumetric performance
 Acceptance criteria
 Field Simulation
 Compaction
 Particle orientation
 Short-term ageing
 Workability
 Acceptance control
 Modeling Inputs
 Workability models
 Fatigue models
 Rutting models
 Mechanical Testing
 Inputs from structural design
 Stiffness testing
 Material strength
 Plastic deformation
 Cracking
 Moisture damage, ageing
 Functional properties
 Acceptance Criteria
 Decision support system
 Trial sections
 Design tolerances
 Criteria & specifications
 Modeling Inputs
 Performance models
 LTPP/APT validation
 Reliability
 HPLC
 GC
 COX Dynamic test frames
 Standard test methods
 Trilom cell
 HIGH PERFORMANCE ASPHALT TECHNOLOGY
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 RE3
 PROJECT LEGEND :
 RE3 : Dynamic testing of asphalt materials (97/98 cont)
 RE4 : Modelling of asphalt materials (97/98)
 RE6 :  Improvements in mix design (98/99)
 RE7 : Performance related tests
 RE10 :  Binder changes during placement   
RE4
 RE6
 RE7
 RE10
 PROJECT LEGEND :
 RE11 : New HMA method 
RMC2 :  New HMA design method   
RE11
 RE11
 TFA1/A/2 TFA1/B/3
 TFA2/A/1
 TFA2/A/3
 TFA2/B/4
 TFA3/A/2 TFA3/A/3
 RMC2
 RE6
 Structural Design Performance 
Prediction
 Performance
 Functional performance
 Structural performance
 Measurement
 LTPP/APT
 Database analysis
 Statistics & reliability
 Modeling
 Behavioural analysis
 Database systems
 Deterioration performance modeling
 Transfer functions
 Modeling Software
 ASPHALT MIX DESIGN LINK TO STRUCTURAL
 DESIGN AND PERFORMANCETe
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 Environmental Analysis
 Traffic loading
 Tyre contact stress
 Climate, Topography
 Subgrade support
 Mix inputs
 Analysis Method
 Layered elastic
 Visco-elastic
 Non-linear
 Back calculation
 Forward calculation
 Finite elements
 Dynamic analysis
 Decision Support
 Life-cycle costing
 Economic analysis
 Selection criteria
 Optimization procedures
 RE8
 PROJECT LEGEND :
 RE8 : Asphalt response under moving loads (98/99)
 RE9 : Critical evaluation of asphalt and seal performance (98/99)
 TFA5/A/1TFA5/A/2 TFA5/A/3
 RE9
 445 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.23: The CSIR labour intensive construction and small contractor 
development technology tree showing one contract R&D project (blue) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.24: The CSIR construction quality management technology tree 
showing one contract R&D project (blue) 
Gravel road Maintenance
 Procedures
 Crack Sealing Procedures
 Pothole Repair
 Procedures
 Surface Treatment
 Technology
 Drainage Technology
 Special Materials Design and Construction 
Special Construction Processes
 ETB Technology
 Macadam Technology (Pen & Waterbound)
 Foamed Bitumen Technology
 Gravel and Waste Materials
 Roller Compacted Concrete
 Road Surfacing Technologies
 Dust Palliative Technologies
 Block Paving Technology
 Special Surveying Techniques
 Special Subbase Preparation Techniques
 LIC TECHNIQUES AND SMALL 
CONTRACTOR DEVELOPMENT
 LIC Road 
Maintenance 
Methods
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 LIC Upgrading and 
construction  of Roads
 Performance databases
 Training material
 Information data bases
 Production rates
 Small contractor 
development/empowerment
 Tender Procedures
 Specifications
 Technical training modules
 Business training modules
 PROJECT LEGEND :
 RMC8 : Upgrading of community roads
 RMC8
 QC methods
 QC criteria
 See Materials 
Thrust
 PPGS
 CONSTRUCTION QUALITY MANAGEMENT
 LIC
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 Traditional 
Quality 
Control
 Quality 
Systems
 Environment
 Standard methods
 ISO 9000
 Environmental 
effects on 
construction 
quality
 RMC5
 PROJECT LEGEND :
 RMC5 : Laboratory management and quality control
 446 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.25: The CSIR infrastructure management systems technology tree 
showing parliamentary grant projects (red) and contract R&D projects 
(blue) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.26: The CSIR pavement structural design methods technology 
platform showing Key Solutions  
Systems
 circle6 HDM4
 circle6 PMS
 circle6 MMS
 Inventories
 Inspection methodologies
 Deterioration models
 Economic analysis
 Optimisation procedures
 Spatial representation
 Systems
 circle6 BMS
 Bride inspection methods
 Deterioration models
 Economic analysis
 Optimisation procedures
 Spatial representation
 Abnormal loads
 Cross-border flows
 Overloading control
 Weighing systems
 INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT 
SYSTEMS
 Road 
management 
systems
 Bridge 
management 
systems
 Vehicle 
management 
systems
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 Information systems
 Management systems software
 Databases
 Inventories
 EXT 13 EXT 14
 PROJECT LEGEND :
 EXT13 : Taiwan BMS
 EXT14 :  KwaZulu-Natal BMSl
 MAN1 :   Spatial representation of bridges in management systems
 MAN2 :   Integrated asset management systems
 MAN3 :  Vehicle overloading management system
 MAN1
 MAN2
 MAN3
 Traffic 
Loading 
Analysis
 Environ-
 mental 
Analysis
 In-situ 
Testing
 Analysis 
methods
 Link to 
Materials 
Design
 Selection 
and 
Decision 
Support
 Perfor-
 mance
 Prediction
 PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL DESIGN METHODS
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Ke
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So
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 tio
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 s
 Mechanistic 
design 
methods
 Structural 
design manual 
(TRH 4)
 Catalogue of 
typical 
pavement 
structures
 Pavement 
designs for 
community 
roads
 Pavement 
performance 
prediction 
models
 447 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.27: The CSIR long term pavement performance technology 
platform showing Key Solutions 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.28: The CSIR accelerated pavement testing technology platform 
showing Key Solutions 
Destructive 
Testing
 Non 
Destructive 
Testing
 Performance 
Evaluation
 Performance 
Modeling
 LONG TERM PAVEMENT PERFOMANCE
 TECHNOLOGY
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So
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 Pavement 
performance 
prediction 
tools
 Pavement 
deterioration 
models
 HVS 
Operations
 Data Analysis 
and 
Interpretation
 Dynamic 
Loading 
Simulation
 Transfer 
Function 
Develop-
 ment
 Deterioration 
Modeling
 Materials 
Evaluation
 ACCELERATED PAVEMENT TESTING
 TECHNOLOGY
 Te
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 s APT testing of 
in-service 
roads
 Development 
and validation 
of design 
transfer 
functions
 Development 
and validation 
of materials 
design models
 Development 
and validation 
of structural 
design models
 Evaluation of 
rehabilitation 
options
 448 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.29:  The CSIR material component testing technology platform 
showing Key Solutions 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.30: The CSIR modification and stabilization technology platform 
showing Key Solutions 
Aggregate
 testing
 Binder 
testing
 Soil 
testing
 Stabilization 
and 
modification
 MATERIAL COMPONENT TESTING
 TECHNOLOGY
 Te
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 h.
  
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Ke
 y 
So
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 tio
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 s Materials 
testing 
manuals (TMH 
series)
 Materials 
specifications
 Materials 
characteristics 
input to 
materials 
design
 Modified 
Binders, 
Evaluation 
and Design
 Emulsion 
modifi-
 cation
 Chemical 
Modifica-
 tion
 Dust PalliationCementi-
 tious
 Materials
 Mechanical 
Modification
 MODIFICATION AND STABILISATION
 TECHNOLOGY
 Te
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design and 
use of GEMs
 Manual for 
Foamed 
Asphalt mix 
design
 Manual for 
design and 
use of cement 
treated 
materials
 Materials 
characteristics 
as input into 
structural 
design
 449 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.31: The CSIR unbound materials design technology platform 
showing Key Solutions 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.32: The CSIR product quality technology platform showing Key 
Solutions 
Volumetrics Compaction Transfer 
Functions
 Engineering 
Properties
 UNBOUND MATERIALS DESIGN
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design of 
granular 
materials
 Specification 
for granular 
materials
 Design and 
construction 
of high quality 
granular bases 
(G1 
technology)
 Materials 
characteristics 
as input into 
structural 
design
 Quality Product Accreditation 
Systems
 PRODUCT QUALITY
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Performance 
Guarantee 
Systems 
(PPGS)
 Quality 
assurance 
systems
 Quality 
manuals
 450 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.33: The CSIR maintenance materials technology platform showing 
Key Solutions 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.34: The CSIR seal design technology platform showing Key 
Solutions 
Environmental 
analysis
 Pothole & 
trench 
repair
 Surface 
Rejuvenation
 Crack 
sealing
 Crack 
Reflection 
Retardation
 MAINTENANCE MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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pavement 
maintenance
 Specifications 
for pavement 
maintenance
 Manuals on 
retarding 
crack 
reflection
 Environmental 
analysis
 Design 
Factors
 Design 
Methods
 Performance 
Evaluation
 Construction
 SEAL DESIGN
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manual (TRH 3)
 Specifications 
for seals
 Performance 
models for seals
 451 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.35: The CSIR high performance asphalt technology platform 
showing Key Solutions 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.36: The CSIR asphalt mix design link to structural design 
technology platform showing Key Solutions 
Component 
Characteristics
 Spatial 
Composition
 Mechanical
 Properties
 HIGH PERFORMANCE ASPHALT TECHNOLOGY
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 Asphalt 
performance 
prediction mdels
 Structural Design Performance 
Prediction
 ASPHALT MIX DESIGN LINK TO STRUCTURAL
 DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE
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Figure G.37: The CSIR LIC techniques and small contractor development 
technology platform showing Key Solutions 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure G.38: The CSIR construction quality management technology 
platform showing Key Solutions 
LIC TECHNIQUES AND SMALL
 CONTRACTOR DEVELOPMENT
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construction of  
pavements
 LIC Road 
Maintenance 
Methods
 LIC Upgrading and 
construction  of Roads
 Small contractor 
development/empowerment
 Quality Control 
procedures and 
criteria for LIC 
pavements
 Training modules 
and courses for 
small contractors
 CONSTRUCTION QUALITY MANAGEMENT
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 LIC Traditional 
Quality 
Control
 Quality 
Systems
 Environment
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Figure G.39: The CSIR infrastructure management systems technology 
platform showing Key Solutions 
INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
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 Road 
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 Bridge 
management 
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systems
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APPENDIX H: SABITA E&T COMMITTEE RANKING OF KEY 
SOLUTIONS 
PLATFORM, KEY SOLUTION TOTAL RANKING 
HIGH PERFORMANCE ASPHALT TECHNOLOGY 136 1 
High stability wearing courses 27 3 
Durable surfacings 45 1 
Heavy duty asphalt bases 8 4 
Flexible asphalt surfacings 36 2 
Thin layer asphalt 9 5 
Road user friendly products 9 5 
SURFACE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY 69 3 
Maintenance and holding actions 8 4 
Skid resistant surfacings 16 2 
Durable seals 25 1 
Flexible seals 15 3 
Dust palliation 5 5 
QUALITY SYSTEMS 37 4 
Innovative certification of products 4 5 
Product guarantee?s 8 4 
HSE strategy 0  
Improved specifications 20 2 
PPGS 0  
LIC quality control 5 5 
BITUMEN STABILISATION TECHNOLOGY 91 2 
GEMS 36 2 
Foamed bitumen 5 5 
Flexible surfacings 15 3 
 455 
Penetration Macadams 10 4 
Low cost roads 25 1 
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 0 5 
Guidelines for LIC 0  
Training modules for LIC 0  
Construction manuals 0  
 456 
APPENDIX I: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF KEY SOLUTIONS, 
PLATFORMS, APPLIED TECHNOLOGIES AND BASE TECHNOLOGIES FOR 
THE SABITA PROGRAMME 
 
I.1 KEY SOLUTIONS FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE ASPHALT TECHNOLOGY 
PLATFORM 
 
High stability asphalt wearing courses 
Asphalt wearing courses that are resistant to deformation and shear failure - intended 
for use on all roads, but specifically at intersections. 
 
Durable thin surfacings 
Surfacings including conventional and modified binders that are resistant to 
environmental effects and traffic loading. 
 
Heavy duty asphalt bases 
Asphalt bases that can carry heavy traffic is in excess of 75 million standard axles over 
a twenty year life - intended to be competitive with concrete bases. 
 
Flexible asphalt surfacings 
Flexible surfacings that can accommodate some movement (e.g. sagging, deformation) 
such as can be expected on low volume roads or low cost roads - intended to seal low 
cost roads effectively against the ingress of water. 
 
Thin layer asphalt technology 
Technology for the design, construction and quality control of thin asphalt layers (less 
than 25 mm thick) - intended as an alternative solution to seals for wearing courses of 
low cost roads. 
 
Road user friendly products 
Asphalt products that are road user friendly with specific emphasis on usage in 
developing communities where roads are used for more than just carrying traffic. 
 
 457 
 
I.2 KEY SOLUTIONS FOR THE SURFACE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY 
PLATFORM 
 
Technology for maintenance and holding actions 
Technology (new products, design methods, construction methods etc.) for use of 
products that can be used to maintain roads and as ?holding actions? for roads in need 
of major rehabilitation - intended for the situation in the road building industry where 
funding is decreasing and resources are not always immediately available to conduct 
necessary rehabilitation of roads. 
 
Skid resistant surfacings 
New products for improving the skid resistance of roads (road safety aspect), including 
the assessment of skid resistance and its impact on road user safety. 
 
Durable seals 
Seals which are resistant to environmental effects and traffic loading. 
 
Flexible seals 
Flexible seals that can accommodate some movement (e.g. sagging, deformation) such 
as can be expected on low volume roads or low cost roads - intended to seal low cost 
roads effectively against the ingress of water. 
 
Technology for dust palliation 
Technology (new products, design methods, construction methods etc.) for the 
controlling of dust problems on gravel roads, with specific emphasis on use in 
developing communities as an interim measure before sealing or surfacing. 
 
 
I.3 KEY SOLUTIONS FOR THE QUALITY SYSTEMS PLATFORM 
 
Innovative product certification systems 
Systems for certification of road building products which will simplify and facilitate the 
tendering process. 
 458 
 
Product guarantee systems 
Systems for facilitating guarantees for road building products 
 
Health, Safety and Environment strategy 
A strategy for dealing with issues related to the toxicity of bituminous products. 
 
Improved materials specification systems 
Improved systems for materials specification, including quality control and acceptance 
testing. 
 
Product Performance Guarantee Systems 
Systems for allowing the guarantee of bituminous products based on performance-
 related parameters. 
 
Quality control for labour-intensive construction 
Revised quality control methods and criteria for the labour-intensive construction of 
roads. 
 
 
I.4 KEY SOLUTIONS FOR THE BITUMINOUS STABILISATION TECHNOLOGY 
PLATFORM 
 
Granular Emulsion Mixes (GEMS) 
Technology for the design and use of emulsion treated bases containing low 
percentages of emulsion.  Intended as a cost-effective solution where high quality road 
building materials are not readily available. 
 
Foamed Bitumen 
Technology for the design and use of foamed bitumen to stabilise bases.   Intended as a 
cost-effective solution where high quality road building materials are not readily 
available. 
 
Flexible surfacings 
 459 
The use of bitumen emulsions and modified bitumen emulsions as binder in seals for 
flexible surfacings that can accommodate some movement (e.g. sagging, deformation) 
such as can be expected on low volume roads or low cost roads, intended to seal low 
cost roads effectively against the ingress of water. 
 
Low cost roads 
Designs (material and structural) for low cost roads. 
 
Penetration Macadams 
The design and use of Penetration Macadam bases and Composite Macadam bases, 
specifically for use in labour intensively constructed roads in developing communities. 
 
 
I.5 KEY SOLUTIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM 
 
Guidelines for labour-intensive construction 
Guidelines on the design, specifications and quality control for labour-intensively built 
roads. 
 
Training modules for labour intensive construction 
Training material (including videos, courses etc.) for training new players in labour-
 intensive construction techniques. 
 
Manuals for construction practices 
Manuals on best practices in asphalt construction. 
 
 
I.6 DESCRIPTION OF THE HIGH PERFORMANCE ASPHALT TECHNOLOGY 
PLATFORM 
 
Analytical asphalt mix design 
Test methods, material design methods, specifications and criteria for the design of 
asphalt mixes based on analytical procedures as opposed to empirical methods.  
 460 
Emphasis is on performance-based engineering properties and dynamic testing of 
materials. 
 
Binder and aggregate characteristics 
Test methods and criteria for determining binder and aggregate characteristics 
that are relevant to performance-based engineering properties and dynamic 
testing of materials. 
 
Sample preparation 
Procedures for asphalt sample preparation, including constituency, pre-
 conditioning, compaction and post-conditioning. 
 
Volumetric design 
Design principles based on the volumetrics and spatial composition of the 
asphalt mix. 
 
Dynamic materials testing 
Equipment, procedures and criteria for the testing of asphalt materials using 
dynamic (cyclic) loading. 
 
Design criteria 
Criteria for the design of asphalt materials based on the above procedures. 
 
Interaction with structural design 
Methodology, procedures, engineering properties and models for linking asphalt 
materials design interactively with the structural design of roads. 
 
Transfer functions 
Models and formulae for transferring materials properties into structural design 
parameters. 
 
Balancing materials properties with structural requirements 
An interactive process for achieving the optimum balance between material 
properties in order to satisfy the structural requirements. 
 461 
 
Functional design 
Procedures, methods, specifications and criteria for designing of asphalt surfacing 
materials for functional requirements such as skid resistance, noise attenuation, 
drainage capabilities (porous asphalt), impermeability etc. 
 
Vehicle interactivity (Safety & VOC) 
Skid resistance measurement and design criteria.  Models for determining rolling 
resistance and its influence on Vehicle Operating Cost. 
 
Environmental impact (noise) 
Measurement of and models for predicting the noise generated by different 
surfaces.  Design criteria and specifications. 
 
Social impact (roughness/dust) 
Measurement of roughness of surfaces and the impact of dust-free surfaces on 
residents, farm produce etc.  Design criteria and specifications. 
 
Testing methodologies 
Methods, procedures and criteria for the evaluation of materials in-situ. 
 
Statistical approaches 
Procedures for the use of statistical approaches to ensure representivity of 
sampling and relevance of results. 
 
Field testing devices 
Test methods and criteria for evaluating materials and layers in-situ and in field 
laboratories.  
 
Constructability 
The ease of construction.  Methods for avoiding problems such as segregation.  
Achievability of specifications with materials available. 
 
Workability 
 462 
Parameters for optimising ease of construction and in-situ engineering properties 
Feasibility (in relation to specs) 
Methods for predetermining the feasibility of achieving the required specification 
with the material available and under the prevailing conditions. 
 
Acceptance criteria 
Criteria for the acceptance of materials and layer works. 
 
Performance 
Methodologies, prediction models and parameters for predetermining the likely 
performance of materials and layers. 
 
Non-destructive testing 
Test methods and criteria for evaluation of the structural integrity of layers in-situ 
without disturbing the material. 
 
LTPP 
Long Term Pavement Performance measurement and data analysis. 
 
In-situ evaluation 
In-situ evaluation of material properties. 
 
Performance criteria 
Criteria for the evaluation of the performance of materials and pavement 
structures. 
 
 
 
I.7 DESCRIPTION OF THE SURFACE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM 
 
Rational seal design method 
A seal design method based on analytical rather than empirical models. 
 
Design criteria 
 463 
Design criteria for optimising the performance of seals i.r.o. functional 
requirements. 
  
Reflection cracking simulation 
Methods for the simulation of crack reflection, testing of materials for crack 
reflection, design criteria and specifications. 
 
Skid resistance criteria 
Measuring methods, design criteria and specifications for skid resistance. 
 
Aggregate testing 
Specific test methods for evaluation of the suitability of aggregates for seal 
applications. 
Binder testing 
Specific test methods for evaluation of the suitability of conventional and modified 
binders for seal applications. 
 
Test methods 
Test methods specifically related to seal design e.g. the embedment test. 
 
Appropriate standards 
Standards and specifications for seals relevant to their usage under a variety of 
conditions and applications. 
 
Design criteria 
Design criteria for seals and their application in a variety of circumstances. 
 
Specifications 
Specifications for seals and their application in a variety of circumstances. 
 
Community requirements 
Specific functional requirements for seals used in residential areas with emphasis 
on developing communities.  Texture of seals.  Resistance to special 
environmental conditions e.g. oil spillage, detergents etc. 
 464 
 
Performance modelling 
Measurement of, modelling of and prediction of the performance of seals. 
 
Pavement surveillance 
Technologies for pavement surveillance measurement, including riding quality, 
cracking, bleeding etc. 
 
Performance criteria 
Criteria for the functional performance of seals. 
 
Performance measurement 
Methods and procedures for the measurement of the performance of seals. 
 
Data base management 
Technologies for the development and maintenance of data bases on seal 
application and performance. 
Management systems 
Linkage to pavement management systems related to seals and their 
performance. 
 
Socio-economic analysis 
Analysis of factors related to the socio-economic impact of seals including cost/benefit 
analysis and social factors. 
 
Community requirements 
Specific functional requirements for surface treatments used in residential areas 
with emphasis on developing communities.   Resistance to special environmental 
conditions e.g. oil spillage, detergents etc. 
 
Social impact of roads 
Social impact of the surfacing of roads. 
Financial impact of roads 
Impact of the surfacing of roads in terms of the stimulation of economic growth. 
 465 
 
Proprietary products 
Technologies, methods and criteria for the assessment of proprietary products for use in 
surface treatments including conventional and modified binders as well as emulsion 
products. 
 
Modified binder technology 
Technology for assessing the applicability of new modified binders for use in 
surfacings. 
 
Rapid setting emulsions 
Technology for assessing the applicability of rapid setting emulsions for use in 
surfacings. 
 
Dust palliatives 
Technology for the evaluation of the performance of dust palliatives. 
 
Seal rejuvenators 
Technology for the evaluation of the performance of seal rejuvenators. 
 
 
 
I.8 DESCRIPTION OF THE QUALITY SYSTEMS PLATFORM 
 
ISO 9000 
Existing codes and specifications for quality management. 
 
Quality systems 
Specific systems for managing the quality of road building. 
 
LIC quality control techniques 
Techniques and specifications for the control of quality in labour-intensive 
construction. 
 
 466 
Product guarantee systems 
Systems and procedures for guarantee of the quality of bituminous products used 
in roads. 
 
Product certification systems 
Systems and procedures for certifying proprietary bituminous products for road 
building. 
 
Environment 
Assessment of the impact of environmental issues on product quality. 
 
Health, Safety and environmental issues 
Assessing the impact of occupational health issues, worker safety issues and 
environmental issues on the quality of bituminous products. 
 
 
I.9 DESCRIPTION OF THE BITUMEN STABILISATION TECHNOLOGY 
PLATFORM 
 
Mix design 
Procedures, test methods, criteria and specifications for the design of materials using 
bituminous products as a stabilising agent, including cut backs, emulsions and foamed 
bitumen. 
 
Binder and aggregate characteristics 
Test methods and criteria for determining binder and aggregate characteristics 
that are relevant to performance-based engineering properties of materials. 
 
Sample preparation 
Procedures for sample preparation, including constituency, pre-conditioning, 
compaction, post-conditioning and the simulation of field strengthening. 
 
Design criteria 
 467 
Performance-related design criteria for materials stabilised with bituminous 
binders. 
 
esting methodologies 
Testing methods specific to stabilised materials (e.g. Unconfined Compressive 
Strength). 
 
Constructability 
Performance factors and guidelines related specifically to the constructability of 
materials stabilised with bituminous products. 
 
LIC techniques 
Techniques and specifications for the labour-intensive construction of materials 
stabilised with bituminous products. 
 
Workability 
Criteria for assessing the workability of materials stabilised with bituminous 
products and the influence thereof on engineering properties and performance. 
 
User friendliness 
Issues and guidelines related to the ease of use of materials stabilised with 
bituminous products. 
 
Appropriate standards 
Construction standards appropriate to the nature of these materials including 
recognition of the fact that they strengthen in the period immediately after 
construction. 
 
Performance 
Methodologies, prediction models and parameters for predetermining the likely 
performance of materials and layers taking cognisance of special properties such as 
field strengthening. 
 
Transfer functions 
 468 
Specific transfer functions for predicting the structural properties of layers of 
these materials taking cognisance of their special properties (such as field 
strengthening). 
 
Performance criteria 
Specific transfer performance criteria for these materials taking cognisance of 
their special properties (such as field strengthening). 
 
In-situ assessment 
Specific test procedures (e.g. using DCP measurements over time) to determine 
the behaviour of these materials in the field. 
 
Prediction models 
Specific performance prediction models for these materials taking cognisance of 
their special properties (such as field strengthening). 
 
Chemical/Physical interactions 
Technologies for determining and knowledge of the chemical and physical reactions 
taking place between stabilisers and aggregate or between two stabilisers (e.g. 
emulsion and cement or lime). 
 
Proprietary products  
Existing technologies for the manufacture and use of proprietary products utilising 
emulsion technology and foamed asphalt technology. 
 
 
 
1.10 DESCRIPTION OF THE CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM  
 
LIC 
Issues, guidelines and technologies related to the labour-intensive construction of layers 
containing bituminous materials. 
 
HSE 
 469 
Issues and guidelines for the health and safety of workers using bituminous 
products in labour-intensive construction. 
 
 Workability 
Issues and guidelines related to the ease of use of materials containing 
bituminous materials and using labour-intensive methods. 
 
Equipment for LIC 
Equipment designed for LIC and procedures for their use. 
 
LIC Training 
Training modules for labour-intensive construction using bituminous products. 
 
Quality control 
Procedures and guidelines for quality control of labour-intensive construction. 
 
Production rates 
Planning criteria related to LIC production rates. 
 
Specifications 
Specifications suitable for LIC. 
 
Contract documents for LIC 
Contract documents suitable for LIC. 
 
 
Conventional construction 
Issues and guidelines related to conventional construction. 
 
Quality systems 
Systems for managing quality in conventional construction. 
 
Quality assurance plans 
 
 470 
Process efficiency 
Criteria and guidelines for ensuring optimisation of value for money. 
 
Process effectiveness 
Guidelines for ensuring that objectives are met. 
 
Specifications 
 
Quality control 
 
Contract documents 
 
Standards and acceptance procedures  
Standards for and acceptance procedures for materials and layers works containing 
bituminous materials. 
 
Specifications 
 
Acceptance criteria 
 
Quality control 
 
Field test methods 
 
 
Operational issues 
 
Compaction methods 
The effect of field compaction on engineering properties and acceptance 
criteria. 
 
Material hauling 
 471 
Issues and guidelines related to the hauling of bituminous materials from the 
mixing plant to construction sites including cooling of material, segregation and 
digestion of bitumen rubber. 
 
Mixing procedures 
Guidelines on the effect of plant mixing on the engineering properties of 
bituminous materials. 
 
 472 
APPENDIX J:  BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SABITA PROJECTS 
DEFINED 
 
PROJECT  
NAME: APPROPRIATE STANDARDS FOR EFFECTIVE BITUMINOUS SEALS 
(APPSTDS) 
 
AREST NO.:  1 (1989) 
  
SUB-PROJECTS: Highly Flexible Surfacings (1997) 
 
PROJECT  
STATUS:  Completed 1992 
 
GOALS: To develop a new catalogue of cost-effective surfacings for low volume 
and temporary roads. To reduce the negative effect of conservative 
adherence to ?fail safe?, high quality seal types for low volume and 
temporary roads which militates against product market expansion due to 
their negative effect on determining economic warrants. 
 
NEED:  Strict material and construction requirements make the construction 
and/or upgrading of many low volume roads uneconomic. Particularly for 
roads carrying less than 100 v.p.d. and for roads in developing urban 
areas appropriate bituminous surfaces should be provided. Cost-effective 
low maintenance bituminous surfacings which overcome the high 
maintenance costs, dust and erosion of unpaved roads would enable the 
asphalt industry to corner a significant share of the millions spent 
annually on the maintenance of unpaved roads.  
 
DELIVERY: To reduce both energy needs and costs and to improve the 
environmental friendliness of road-building materials and construction 
processes, techniques have been developed for the design and 
 473 
evaluation of granular mixes stabilised by the addition of bitumen 
emulsion. 
 
 Preliminary laboratory design methods have been utilised in the 
construction of trials sections in the Free State. These were subjected to 
testing by the HVS. The results of this study were presented at CAPSA 
?94. 
 
 In October 1993, Sabita launched a design manual for GEMs with 
recommended design procedures for both stabilised GEMs (high 
emulsion contents) and for modified GEMs (low emulsion contents; 
similar in concept to ETBs). A series of seminars was held in South Africa 
and the proposed design methods were also presented at CAPSA ?94. 
 
 Very good performance has been achieved with the use of ETBs in South 
Africa. This is also indicative of the economic viability of the use of 
bitumen emulsion in rehabilitation. A series of guideline documents on 
ETBs is currently being prepared. 
 
OUTPUT: Seven regional seminars were held to disseminate the information and 
two easy-to-use manuals were produced in 1992. Sabita?s Manual 10: 
Appropriate Standards for Bituminous Surfacings for Low Volume Roads 
(May 1992) provides guidelines to practitioners from rural road 
authorities, city and town engineers and development agencies on the 
choice and selection of bituminous surfacings for low volume roads.  The 
work of this project was included in the Department of Transport?s project 
on appropriate standards.  14 Reports were published. 
 
PROJECT CONDUCTED BY : CSIR Transportek (LR Sampson) 
 
 
 
PROJECT  
NAME: NATIONAL SPECIFICATION FOR BITUMEN (SABS307) (BITSPECS) 
 474 
 
AREST NO.:  1,2 (1989, 1990) 
 
SUB- 
PROJECTS:  None    
 
PROJECT  
STATUS:  Completed 1996 
 
GOALS:  To revise the penetration-based specification so as to produce fit-for-
 purpose standard specifications for penetration grade bitumens. 
 
NEED:  The isolation of South Africa during the late 1970s and 1980s and the 
associated oil embargo resulted in excessive secrecy around sources of 
petroleum products and in a lack of understanding of changes taking 
place in specifications for bitumen in the developed countries. A revised 
basis for specifying and testing bitumen in South Africa was required. 
 
 Following a series of investigations, revised SABS-307 specifications 
(amendment 4) were issued in April 1995. Amendment 4 was perceived 
by many as an improvement on previous specifications as properties 
which indirectly define the rheology of the binder at operating and 
application temperatures were covered. Also, certain aspects of cohesion 
and ageing were better covered than in previous specifications. However, 
at the BMLC meeting in May 1995, it was stated that some of the 
specifications limits were not totally satisfactory and that ?report only? 
properties needed to be specified. 
 
DELIVERY: Through the influence of the BMLC Bitumen Specification Task Force, 
supported by the SABS, with Sabita providing the secretariat, a revised 
basis was developed for specifying and testing of bitumen in South 
Africa. A project, jointly funded by the National Department of Transport 
and Sabita, was undertaken by CSIR Transportek and the University of 
 475 
Stellenbosch in which measurable physico-chemical properties of 
bitumen were identified. The ability of SABS 307 to specify a balance of 
these properties was evaluated in terms of fundamental principles as well 
as by comparison with international specifications. 
 
OUTPUT: The recommendations made by the project team, complemented by the 
views and opinions of the BMLC Bitumen Specification Task Force, 
formed the basis for Amendment 5 of SABS 307.  Three reports 
published. 
 
IMPACT: A revised basis for specifying and testing bitumens in South Africa has 
been established. 
 
PROJECT CONDUCTED BY : CSIR Transportek (BMJA Verhaeghe) 
 476 
PROJECT 
NAME: DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF BITUMEN EMULSION TREATED 
MATERIALS 
(ETBs) 
 
AREST NO.:  1 (1989)  
 
SUB- 
PROJECTS:  Granular emulsion modification (GEMs) (Arest 1,2) 
Implementation of GEMs (Arest 1,2,3 
Britstown GEMs implementation report (Arest 1,2,3) 
Extension of design scope for less than 1.5 % (Arest 2,3) 
 
PROJECT 
STATUS:  Completed in March 1999. 
 
GOALS: With regard to stabilised GEMS, to develop nationally acceptable mixing, 
testing and evaluation methodologies for GEMs, with emphasis on the 
upgrading of substandard materials to base standards by the addition of 
relatively high percentages of bitumen emulsion (residual bitumen 
contents in excess of two per cent). 
 
 With regard to Emulsion Treated Bases (ETBs), to broaden the range of 
application of ETBs as a competitive basecourse material in both rural 
and urban applications by extending the design scope of the current 
technology and entrenching it in practice, and to produce best practice 
guidelines for structural design, material design and construction, as well 
as economic guidelines. 
 
NEED:  The low credibility of bitumen emulsion treated materials needed to be 
enhanced by the formulation of laboratory design techniques aimed at 
defining the product in terms of its engineering properties and/or by 
capturing best practice. This would lead to greater confidence by 
 477 
practitioners in the use of a cost-effective product where diminishing 
reserves of conventional road construction materials indicate the need for 
innovation. 
 
DELIVERY: To reduce both energy needs and costs and to improve the 
environmental friendliness of road-building materials and construction 
processes, techniques have been developed for the design and 
evaluation of granular mixes stabilised by the addition of bitumen 
emulsion. 
 
 Preliminary laboratory design methods have been utilised in the 
construction of trials sections in the Free State. These were subjected to 
testing by the HVS. The results of this study were presented at CAPSA 
?94. 
 
 In October 1993, Sabita launched a design manual for GEMs with 
recommended design procedures for both stabilised GEMs (high 
emulsion contents) and for modified GEMs (low emulsion contents; 
similar in concept to ETBs). A series of seminars was held in South Africa 
and the proposed design methods were also presented at CAPSA ?94. 
 
 Very good performance has been achieved with the use of ETBs in South 
Africa. This is also indicative of the economic viability of the use of 
bitumen emulsion in rehabilitation. A series of guideline documents on 
ETBs is currently being prepared. 
 
OUTPUT: This project has received support from the emulsion industry and from 
the National and Provincial Departments of Transport in continued 
funding of the HVS. Presentations have been made to ICAP in 
Nottingham as well as to CAPSA in Cape Town and the results were well 
received.  
 
 GEMS have been successfully used in a wide range of applications, from 
surface courses for low-volume roads to bases for high-volume freeways. 
 478 
The easily used design method was introduced through the 
implementation project. 
 
 Sabita?s Manual 14: GEMS - The Design and Use of Granular Emulsion 
Mixes (Oct. 1993) provides guidelines for the use of bitumen emulsion 
treated granular materials, with emphasis on the upgrading of 
substandard materials. However, the same principles may be applied to a 
wide range of materials, applications and conditions.  18 Reports 
published. 
 
IMPACT: Bitumen sales worth R 1,5 million have resulted through GEMS. The 
expected growth rate is 8% per annum. Savings in material costs at 
Heilbron were estimated at R 30 000 per km. GEMS technology can be 
used on over 2 000 km of road in the OFS alone. 
 
PROJECT CONDUCTED BY: CSIR Transportek (FC Rust) 
 
 479 
PROJECT  
NAME: FATIGUE OF MODIFIED BINDERS UNDER SIMULATED CRACK 
MOVEMENT 
(FATMOD) 
 
AREST NO.:  1 (1989) 
 
SUB-PROJECTS: Performance of modified binders in N3 trials   
 
PROJECT STATUS: Completed in 1993 
 
GOALS: To categorise the performance requirements of modified binders in 
laboratory tests and to compare the results with full scale performance 
achieved on the N3 trials. If suitable tests are found this will mean that 
the introduction of innovative modified binders will be simplified and the 
cost of trials considerably reduced. 
 
NEED:  Cracking of pavements is a problem which is experienced worldwide and 
on different types of pavements. Cracks allow the ingress of water 
through the surface to lower layers in the pavement, which is one of the 
factors that can lead to acceleration in the rate of deterioration of a 
pavement.  The advent of modified binders on the South African market 
prompted a need to research the proper use of these in various 
applications such as in asphalt and surface treatments. 
 
DELIVERY: The N3 trials project was initiated when the Department of Transport 
discontinued funding the experiment on a number of commercially 
available flexible binders on the N3 near Alberton. Guidelines on sealing 
of active cracks in road pavements using bituminous binders were 
produced in March 1994. This resulted from research into the aspects of 
reflection cracking and the prevention thereof, using modified bituminous 
binders. It was found that modified binders can be used effectively to 
keep cracks sealed and to retard their reflection to the surface.   
 480 
 
OUTPUT: Work on the N3 trials was built upon and included ongoing monitoring of 
the modified binders placed during the crack movement experiments. A 
design methodology was developed to categorise the various binders and 
was presented to ISAP in 1992. A further project called MODCRACK was 
undertaken to combine the results of all published South African 
researchers into a publication to facilitate adequate technology transfer of 
the results.  Three reports published. 
 
IMPACT: The above work has not only resulted in a better understanding of crack 
reflection and the factors controlling it, but has as its ultimate objective 
the development of performance-related design procedures, criteria and 
specifications for the use of modified binders to seal active cracks. This 
approach will lead to more cost-effective use of resources and could 
potentially save road authorities significant amounts of money. 
 
PROJECT CONDUCTED BY: CSIR Transportek (FC Rust) 
 
 
PROJECT  
NAME: IMPACT OF FLUCTUATIONS IN ROAD INVESTMENT (FLUCFUND) 
 
AREST NO.:  1 (1989) 
 
SUB- 
PROJECTS:  STAGE CONSTRUCTION 
 
PROJECT  
STATUS:  Completed in 1990 
 
GOALS: To gain a better understanding of the cause and effects on industry of 
erratic road funding patterns adopted by the state and to develop means 
 481 
whereby the adverse effects can be alleviated, thereby enhancing the 
quality of the asphalt industry. 
 
NEED:  Varying growth levels in the national economy result in fluctuating 
investment in roads which obviously has a detrimental impact on Sabita. 
This fluctuating level of funding not only makes planning difficult in terms 
of staffing, capital investment, training and so forth, but can also lead to 
the inefficient allocation of scarce resources. A quantification of the 
problem and a strategy to counter this was required. 
 
DELIVERY: The impact of fluctuations in road investment on the members of Sabita 
was determined and recommendations made to improve the situation. 
Expenditure on road construction and maintenance projects by the 
various road authorities and their use of bitumen and tar products was 
also examined. A strategic plan to alleviate the adverse effects of 
fluctuations in road funding of the asphalt industry was then developed. 
 
OUTPUT: As a result of the outputs given under this project great strides have been 
made towards forming alliances with other transport-related industry 
groups and forming contact and communication forums with funding 
bodies to redress an unacceptable situation. This has been enacted 
through the communication forum at the BMLC which has enabled 
industry participation in standard setting and direct contact with its clients. 
 
IMPACT: Three reports published. 
 
 
PROJECT CONDUCTED BY: CSIR Transportek (PC Curtayne) 
 
 
 
 482 
PROJECT  
NAME: DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF HEAVY DUTY ASPHALT 
PAVEMENTS 
(HDAPs) 
 
AREST NO.:  1 (1989) 
 
SUB- 
PROJECTS:  LAMBs. 
 
PROJECT 
STATUS:  Completed in early 1992, an implementation project was started in 
1993. 
 
GOALS: To develop the technology related to full depth and/or deep strength 
asphalt pavements to meet the current and future demands in terms of 
expected traffic density and loading. This field has not been adequately 
researched since the late 1950's. The objective is to have technology and 
products in place to compete in the field of traffic demands in the higher 
categories (50xl0~fully loaded axles) and beyond - as is expected. 
 
NEED:  Technology related to HDAPs needed to be developed to provide a cost 
effective and competitive product in this pavement category. Deep 
asphalt pavements have performed extremely well in the past under 
extreme traffic conditions. These performances have, however, not been 
evaluated systematically in recent times and interest needed to be 
revived to ensure the maximum use of asphalt in heavy duty applications. 
 
DELIVERY: A design method for large-aggregate mixes was established and trial 
sections were constructed. These were subjected to HVS testing and 
produced results which confirmed that large-aggregate mixes could carry 
a volume of traffic equivalent to that which could be carried by rigid 
pavements. These findings where used in an approach to the Minister of 
 483 
Transport with a request to review the Department of Transport?s view 
that a certain percentage of pavements should be constructed with 
concrete. 
 
OUTPUT: The work has been presented locally and internationally and has received 
acclaim. 
 
IMPACT: The project has encouraged Johannesburg and other large urban 
authorities to rehabilitate their existing heavy traffic routes with large 
stone mixes.  17 Reports and papers published. 
 
PROJECT CONDUCTED BY:   CSIR Transportek (FC Rust) 
 
 
PROJECT  
NAME: LARGE AGGREGATE MIXES FOR BASES (LAMBs) 
 
AREST NO.:  1,2 (1989,1990) 
 
SUB- 
PROJECTS:  Implementation of LAMBs   
 
PROJECT  
STATUS:  Completed 1993. 
 
GOALS: To formulate a new design method for large aggregate mixes for bases 
which does not require sophisticated and expensive equipment and which 
is relatively simple yet accurate. To test the construction of LAMBs in the 
field and to draw up specifications for quality control. To provide an 
economic analysis and life cycle costing of LAMBs. 
 
NEED:  Traffic volumes, axle loads and tyre pressures are increasing world-wide. 
On some major routes in South Africa traffic has increased to levels 
 484 
beyond the current highest design class. This situation, in conjunction 
with the decrease in road funding in South Africa, has put new demands 
on the engineering properties and cost-effectiveness of asphalt mixes. 
Large aggregate mixes have considerable structural and economic 
advantages over conventional asphalt. Lower binder contents and 
reduced aggregate crushing result in the cost of this type of mix being 
less than that of conventional asphalt mixes.  
 
DELIVERY: Extensive research on alternative designs for heavy duty asphalt 
pavements led to investigations into the use of large aggregate asphalt 
mixes in bases as a cost-effective solution to an increasingly aggressive 
environment. The research, development and implementation work 
covered the development of an analytical design approach for large 
aggregate mixes, the development of laboratory compaction and design 
procedures, the establishment of design criteria, an investigation into the 
performance of large aggregate mixes and the constructability of these 
materials. It was shown that LAMBs are a cost-effective and durable 
option for roads carrying very heavy traffic. 
 
OUTPUT: Sabita?s Manual 13: LAMBs - The Design and Use of Large Aggregate 
Mixes for Bases (October 1993) provides guidelines on the mix design 
method, the constructability and quality control of LAMBs, cost 
considerations on the use of LAMBs and case study material to provide 
practical illustrations. This manual is currently being revised by the 
University of Stellenbosch. The revised manual is due to be published in 
1997. 
 
As the road authorities in Natal had expressed considerable interest in 
the use of LAMBs it was considered important to transfer the current 
state of knowledge and technology to this industry. Therefore state-of-
 the-art knowledge on the design and construction of LAMBs was 
disseminated at a seminar in Pietermaritzburg (March 1993) and 
assistance was given to consultants in Natal with the structural and mix 
designs of LAMBs. 
 485 
 
IMPACT: R 16 million worth of extra bitumen sales on LAMBS contracts have been 
achieved over a two year period. LAMBS have resulted in a 5 % growth 
rate in bitumen sales in Natal.  Five reports and papers published. 
 
PROJECT CONDUCTED BY:  CSIR Transportek (FC Rust) and University of 
Stellenbosch (F Hugo) 
 
 
 486 
PROJECT  
NAME: STAGE CONSTRUCTION (STAGECON) 
 
AREST NO.:  1 (1989) 
 
SUB- 
PROJECTS:  FLUCTUATING FUNDING  
 
PROJECT  
STATUS:  First stage completed in 1990. 
 
GOALS: To demonstrate that constructing a pavement in stages holds 
considerable economic advantages and renders asphalt the preferred 
material, since it lends itself to this type of strategy. 
 
NEED:  Stage construction was investigated because it holds the potential to 
overcome problems such as the lack of certainty over growth in traffic 
volumes and loads which has financial implications, enables funding to be 
spread over several years and minimising the total cost of construction 
and pavement maintenance. 
 
DELIVERY: The economic advantages where clearly demonstrated in phase one. 
Expansion of the project to accommodate user delay costs and to extend 
the scope to include higher traffic volumes is under consideration. 
 
OUTPUT:  One report published. 
 
IMPACT: Not determined. 
 
 
PROJECT CONDUCTED BY: CSIR Transportek (PC Curtayne) 
 
 487 
PROJECT  
NAME: IMPROVED GUIDELINES FOR THE SURFACING OF UNPAVED LOW 
VOLUME ROADS (SURF) 
 
AREST NO.:  1 (1989) 
 
SUB- 
PROJECTS:  Update and improvement on SURF (linking to CB roads) 
 
PROJECT  
STATUS:  Completed in 1990, revised by mid 1993. 
 
GOALS: To distil current world-wide practice into a user-friendly method, easily 
accessed by specifying authorities, whereby the real advantages in terms 
of total costs can be readily determined, and thereby redressing the 
distorted bias towards unsurfaced roads as a result of considering 
agency costs only. 
 
NEED:  The need for concise, user-friendly guidelines for the upgrading of 
unsurfaced roads to a surfaced standard was identified by the asphalt 
industry in 1988. Available packages are generally difficult to use and 
dependent on too detailed inputs for use in the planning stage or too 
general inputs for use in the design stage. The growing recognition of 
social and environmental impacts of road projects has also meant that 
increasing consideration must be given to these factors in the evaluation 
process. 
 
DELIVERY: State-of-the-art improved guidelines for the surfacing of unpaved roads 
were produced. A unique, user friendly computer package has been 
introduced and distributed to consulting engineers and public authorities. 
Sabita?s  computer manual: SURF - Surfacing of unpaved roads: 
feasibility assessment (October 1989) explains the SURF suite of 
programs designed to undertake economic analysis of roads in the 
 488 
planning and design stages of projects, with a specific aim of upgrading 
roads from a gravel to a surfaced standard. 
 
The program was later revised by the CSIR to bring the user interface up 
to date and in line with the other Sabita computer programs. 
 
OUTPUT: The package greatly facilitates the performance of economic studies at 
both the network and project level thereby improving decision making 
considerably. Strong support for its use has come from neighbouring 
countries due to its ease of use and road network orientation.  Three 
reports published. 
 
IMPACT: Not determined. 
 
 
PROJECT CONDUCTED BY: CSIR Transportek (LR Sampson) 
 
 
 
PROJECT   
NAME: COST AND PERFORMANCE HISTORY OF PREMIUM PAVEMENTS 
(PREMPAV) 
 
AREST NO.:  1 (1989) 
 
SUB- 
PROJECTS:  None. 
 
PROJECT  
STATUS:  Completed in 1991 
 
GOALS: To compare various types of strong pavements in terms of initial costs, 
maintenance and rehabilitation costs and road user delay costs. To prove 
 489 
that, in the case of pavements built in South Africa since the 1950's and 
designed to give adequate service over prolonged periods, asphalt, when 
compared to concrete and crushed stone bases is a more cost-effective 
road building material, when all factors are brought into reckoning.  
 
NEED:  Several premium pavements - defined as a low maintenance facility, 
capable of carrying relatively heavy traffic during its design life - were 
constructed in South African since the mid 1960's. Information on the 
performance of these pavements over time was required. 
 
DELIVERY: Road sections throughout South Africa were selected and relevant data 
compiled for the study. Future expected maintenance and rehabilitation 
costs were established by using mechanistic analysis techniques and 
generally accepted theory was used in calculating the cost-effectiveness 
of each solution. 
 
OUTPUT: The results of this project, which was reported at the ATC'92, indicate the 
significant effect that environment plays on the life of a pavement. The 
economic viability of long term investments in rigid pavements could be 
severely questioned when the regular premature failure due to 
environmental factors was considered. This information was used to 
assist in persuading the Minister of Transport to reconsider the reserving 
of certain high volume national roads for construction in concrete.  One 
report published. 
 
IMPACT: Not determined. 
 
 
PROJECT CONDUCTED BY: Bruinette, Kruger & Stoffberg (P. J. Strauss) 
 
 
 
 490 
PROJECT 
NAME: POROUS ASPHALT MIXES (PAMs) 
 
AREST NO.:  1 (1989) 
 
SUB- 
PROJECTS:  Investigation into polymer modified asphalt wearing courses 
   Design of porous asphalt mixes 
 
PROJECT  
STATUS: Completed in 1994. 
 
GOALS: To tailor the properties of asphalt wearing courses so as to cope with 
increasing demands made on asphalts in heavy duty applications in 
terms of strength and resistance to permanent deformation as well as to 
improve the durability of open-graded road noise attenuating layers.  
 
NEED: Current design methods and evaluation techniques for conventional 
mixes do not reflect the benefits obtained by the addition of polymer 
modifiers to the bitumen. An investigation was required to identify the 
likely benefits to be obtained by making use of polymer-modified 
binders, particularly in view of the increasing demands made on 
asphalts in heavy duty applications. 
 
Porous asphalt technology improves road functionality, promotes driver 
safety and comfort in all weathers and considerably reduces noise 
pollution. As available mix design methods for dense-graded asphalt 
mixes were not considered to be applicable to porous asphalt mixes, a 
new design approach was required. 
 
DELIVERY: The fundamental differences between the various types of polymers 
have been identified, which will influence the direction of future research.  
A design method has been established for porous asphalt mixes. The 
 491 
use of both bitumen-rubber and homogeneous binders are considered in 
this method. 
 
OUTPUT: Sabita?s manual 17: Porous Asphalt Mixes - Design and Use (1995) 
addressed the design considerations, gave guidelines on the mix design 
and constructability, as well as covering quality control and 
maintenance. The research results motivated Gautrans and 
Johannesburg City Council to consider porous or whisper asphalt for 
inclusion in their upgrading of P206/1 and the M2, respectively.  26 
reports and papers published. 
 
IMPACT: The introduction of an analytical mix design method for extra porous 
asphalt has resulted in its use on a number of major projects, including 
the M1 and M2 freeways in Johannesburg. Porous asphalt provides a 
sound absorbing surface which greatly reduces traffic noise, and 
research has shown that it can reduce accidents significantly through 
improved road texture and improved visibility during rain. 
 
PROJECT CONDUCTED BY:   CSIR Transportek (BMJA Verhaeghe) 
 
 
 
PROJECT  
NAME:  EXPANSION OF THE ASPHALT MARKET BY USING 
CAPE FLAT SANDS (SAND ASPHALT) 
 
AREST NO.: 1 (1989) 
 
SUB- 
PROJECTS: USE OF WASTE MATERIALS IN ASPHALT 
 
PROJECT  
STATUS: Completed in 1992. 
 492 
 
GOALS: To improve the understanding in the design, manufacture, practical 
application, engineering performance and economic viability in the use 
of sands for asphalt surfacings. Thus enabling use of the relatively low 
priced and abundant sand and other waste materials in asphalt to 
provide a lower priced product to assist in enlarging the bituminous 
market.  
 
NEED: The need for paved road and parking surfaces in areas which do not 
necessarily need high quality asphalt materials and engineering control 
has become more and more evident as rising costs and recession limit 
and prevent the replacement of such asphalt mixes. The occurrence of 
many deposits of various types of so-called ?waste sands? is plentiful in 
certain regions of Southern Africa and the possible use of such sands 
for asphalt surfacings instead of more expensive materials was 
therefore investigated. 
 
DELIVERY: An evaluation of the performance of existing sand asphalt projects was 
undertaken. The engineering properties during both manufacture and 
construction were analysed and the influence of materials on the 
engineering properties of sand asphalt was studied in the laboratory. All 
research was then consolidated to form appropriate engineering 
standards for the use and expansion of sand asphalt as a cost-effective 
asphalt surfacings alternative to surface seals in low volume road works. 
 
OUTPUT: Guidelines and recommendations were formulated on the design, 
manufacture and performance expectations of Sand Asphalt in possible 
target markets. Sabita Manual 18: Appropriate Standards for the Use of 
Sand Asphalt (1996) covers the mix ingredients of sand asphalt and 
looks at performance, applications and specifications. The manufacture 
and construction of sand asphalt are also considered with quality control 
and cost-effectiveness analysed.   Two reports published. 
 
IMPACT: Not determined. 
 493 
 
PROJECT CONDUCTED BY: Hawkins, Hawkins & Osborne (A Laatz) 
 
 
 
PROJECT  
NAME: ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR THIN-LAYER ASPHALT 
(ACTLA) 
 
AREST NO.: 2 (1990) 
 
SUB- 
PROJECTS: Field study (1997) to evaluate the impact of changes in the mix 
design process on the characteristics of mixes paved on site in 
order to enable a revised framework of acceptance of thin-layer 
asphalt mixes with compacted thickness of between 15 and 25 
mm to be established through the ACTLA Task Group. 
 
PROJECT  
STATUS: Completed  
 
GOALS: To investigate alternative ways by which thin-layer asphalt mixes 
are formulated, constructed and accepted by the road authorities. 
 
NEED: Thin-layer asphalt mixes, defined as mixes with a compacted thickness 
not exceeding 30mm, are sometimes rejected by clients on the basis 
that the density requirements were not met. The use of cost-effective 
materials such as thin-layer asphalt mixes has, however, been identified 
as a possible way of meeting the challenge of providing road 
infrastructure and access streets to deprived rural and urban 
communities within budget constraints. 
 
 494 
DELIVERY: To address this, the Bituminous Materials Liaison Committee appointed 
a task group whose functions were supported by the Sabita research 
project looking at the acceptance criteria for thin-layer asphalt. 
 
OUTPUT: A report was produced in which current methods of specification and 
performance-related criteria applicable to thin-asphalt mixes were 
reviewed and aspects such as the design, quality control and 
performance of such mixes were addressed. Guidelines were drawn up 
which formulated alternative ways of specifying the quality of end 
products.  One report published. 
 
IMPACT: The road industry has been sensitised to the problems which are often 
associated with the formulation and compaction of thin-layer asphalt 
mixes. This, to a limited extent, is reflected in the revised draft CSRA 
Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Works. 
 
PROJECT CONDUCTED BY: CSIR Transportek (BMJA Verhaeghe) 
 
 
 
PROJECT  
NAME: FUTURES RESEARCH INTO THE EFFECT OF A CHANGING 
SOUTH AFRICA ON THE ROADS INDUSTRY(FURES) 
 
AREST NO.: 2 (1990) 
 
SUB- 
PROJECTS: Effect of road deterioration on the economy 
Value of road provision, maintenance & use to petroleum 
companies 
Commercial implications of the emerging market place for the 
bitumen industry 
 495 
Investigation & critical analysis into capital budgeting decisions of 
government with particular emphasis on road building & surfaces 
Activity streets 
 
PROJECT  
STATUS: Completed in 1995. 
 
GOALS: To identify likely future political structures as they relate to financing of 
road and road improvement projects. To provide well researched, clearly 
stated information to assist industry in making prudent and responsible 
decisions regarding road financing, taxes, potential markets, and areas of  
influence. 
 
NEED: As part of Sabita?s second Asphalt Research Task Force mission to 
identify major issues and needs of the southern African community and of 
the asphalt industry in the sub-continent, and to tailor Sabita?s research 
and development efforts to address these needs effectively futures 
research, notably in economics and political scenario building was 
undertaken. 
 
DELIVERY: The following research was undertaken: An inquiry into South Africa?s 
political and economic future as this will effect the Roads Industry; a cost 
benefit analysis of rural road projects; the value of road provision, 
maintenance and use to petroleum companies, roads as a catalyst for 
sustainable social and economic development and the emerging market 
place for the bituminous material industry. 
 
OUTPUT: The results of the project have been published and circulated to 
members. A seminar was held on 9 June 1992 to present the findings to 
members with selective release of the results since then. A VIP release of 
the findings was postponed. 8 Reports published. 
 
IMPACT: The findings have provided Sabita members with a view of the changing 
South and southern Africa offering suggestions for courses of action and 
 496 
possible avenues to follow. The major direction shifts have been 
integrated into the revised strategic plan of the association.  
 
PROJECT CONDUCTED BY: Institute for Transport Technology (Stellenbosch 
University), Corporate Image & special consultants, 
TRC Africa (Pty Ltd), Transportek: CSIR, School of 
Economics (University of Cape Town) 
 
 
 
PROJECT  
NAME: HEALTH, SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT (HSE) 
 
AREST NO.: 2 (1990) 
  
SUB- 
PROJECTS: Environmental impacts of bitumen & tar products 
 Environmental impacts of bitumen & tar products - legal aspects 
 
PROJECT  
STATUS:  Complete 1995. 
 
GOALS: To pro-actively address the health, safety and environmental impacts 
associated with bitumen and coal tar products and provide guidelines to 
the industry. 
 
NEED: Sabita in recognition of rapidly developing international and local safety, 
health and environmental legislation and awareness decided in 1993 to 
address all such issues affecting its members and the industry. 
 
DELIVERY: On the initiative of the Health, Safety and Environment Subcommittee of 
Sabita a guideline document was produced.  The document alerts 
producers and users to the potential health, safety and environmental 
 497 
implications associated with bitumen and coal tar products. Comment is 
also made on the relevant legislation affecting the industry. 
 
OUTPUT: Sabita?s Health, Safety and Environmental Guidelines - Bitumen and Coal 
Tar Products (1995) presents guidelines which are proposed to be 
voluntarily accepted by the industry but are also useful to legislators and 
the authorities.  Three reports published. 
 
IMPACT: Sabita obtained agreement in the industry about conformance with 
worldwide standards in health, safety and the environment.  Sabita is 
participating in the process, guided by the Department of Manpower, to 
implement reasonable ?norms? to apply in future. 
 
PROJECT CONDUCTED BY : Ninham Shand Inc., Syfret Godlonton-Fuller Moore 
Inc. 
 
 
 
PROJECT  
NAME: LABOUR ENHANCED CONSTRUCTION (LEC) 
 
AREST NO.: 2 (1990) 
 
SUB- 
PROJECTS: Training material for emerging contractors 
 Training of emerging contractors 
Local government training in road management & benefits   
 
PROJECT  
STATUS: Completed. 
 
GOALS: To develop principles for labour enhanced construction of bituminous 
surfacings within the existing standards of quality, the existing contractor 
 498 
system and by using existing plant and equipment for critical surfacing 
components. To provide manuals and training material in support of 
labour enhanced construction. 
 
NEED: The creation of employment opportunities and development of 
entrepreneurial skills to satisfy the material aspirations of the burgeoning 
population of South Africa is of paramount importance. The construction 
industry is thus challenged to create and adapt construction activities in 
such a way as to provide some of these employment and entrepreneurial 
opportunities within this industry.   
 
DELIVERY: Research was undertaken on the form and content of publications to 
assist emerging contractors and developing communities in benefiting 
from the bituminous product industry in South Africa. This enabled Sabita 
to refocus its manual and video productions to accommodate these new 
needs. Manuals and a video were produced to assist practitioners in 
applying labour enhanced construction and to train instructors in the 
appropriate methods. 
 
OUTPUT: Sabita?s manual 11: Labour enhanced construction for bituminous 
surfacings (March 1993) gives recommendations on bituminous 
surfacings suitable for labour enhanced construction, and also guides 
and advises the first-time practitioner in the technical and social aspects. 
The companion manual 12 (March 1993) presents methods and 
procedures for labour enhanced construction of bituminous surfacings to 
provide guidelines for the appropriate techniques. Manual 12 is intended 
to be used by the supervisors for training of construction workers and is 
also applicable to the client bodies, contractors and consultants. It can 
also be included in the contract document as a method specification. This 
is supported by the Sabita video series on black-top rods for 
reconstruction and development, which highlights the advantages offered 
in the use of black-top roads in social upliftment and development. An 
instructor training module was also produced which focuses on the actual 
 499 
construction and training of people to provide black-top roads to the 
community.  Seven reports published. 
 
IMPACT: Labour enhanced construction methods for bituminous products have 
been prepared in terms of the expectations of participating in the 
Government?s reconstruction and development programme. It is expected 
to generate a demand for some 75 000t over the next five years. 
 
PROJECT CONDUCTED BY: Sabita and various consultants 
 
 
PROJECT  
NAME: PRODUCT PERFORMANCE GUARANTEE SYSTEM FOR SA - 
PHASE 1  (PPGS) 
 
AREST NO.: 2 (1990) 
 
SUB- 
PROJECTS: Implementation of PPGS 
 
PROJECT  
STATUS: Project completed in 1994 
  
GOALS: To investigate the feasibility of introducing new contractual arrangements 
based on the quality and performance of products originating from the 
road construction industry. The development of a new quality 
management system which would see contractors certifying their 
products and production processes and eventually also carrying and 
sharing the responsibility for the performance of the product over an 
agreed guarantee period. 
 
NEED:  A quality road network is essential as it provides the means for growth in 
a country by supplying efficient access to all sectors of the economy. 
 500 
Currently an end product control system is used in road construction to 
ensure that the required level of quality is attained. There is, however, no 
guarantee that the final product will perform as anticipated, it is costly to 
operate, does not necessarily ensure quality workmanship and 
sometimes results in the acceptance of sub-standard end products. The 
South African asphalt industry foresaw the need for a new quality 
management system. 
 
DELIVERY: The basic principles of quality management were established to act as a 
foundation for the project and developments in Europe were investigated 
to determine their applicability in South Africa. Sabita also promoted the 
concept through publications and at the Bituminous Materials Liaison 
Committee (BMLC). On the initiatives of Sabita, the BMLC appointed a 
task group to address the need for a new quality system. The framework 
for the proposed system and the provisional evolutionary process up to 
the implementation of the system were addressed. 
 
PROCESS: At the BMLC meeting of November 1993, a PPGS task group was 
formed. The task group drafted the framework for PPGS, supported by 
the outputs of a special study tour. At the 6th Conference on Asphalt 
Pavements for Southern Africa (CAPSA) in 1994, a special PPGS 
workshop was held and CAPSA ?94 produced a resolution supporting 
PPGS. The task group refined the PPGS framework, but also concluded 
that progress would be quicker through a number of demonstration or 
pilot projects. Thin-layer asphalt overlays were considered to be most 
suitable for pilot implementation of PPGS and a PPGS-ACTLA task group 
was formed (ACTLA stands for Acceptance Criteria for Thin-Layer 
Asphalt). The experience gained through pilot projects has been captured 
and been used to modify the concept. Having gained experience from the 
pilot projects, a BMLC PPGS Task Group and various working groups 
were formed in 1997. The objective of the task group is to consider and 
recommend appropriate product performance guarantee systems. A 
series of seminars was held in July 1997 to market the concepts of PPGS 
to the road industry. The concept of PPGS was also presented at the 8th 
 501 
International Conference on Asphalt Pavements in Seattle in August 
1997. It was found that the PPGS drive is in line with international 
developments.  Seven reports published. 
 
IMPACT: Two projects conducted in accordance with PPGS principles are currently 
being monitored. Additional projects are being planned. The Product 
Performance Guarantee System not only promotes innovation but also 
encourages the adoption of quality assurance principles in contractor 
organisations. While proper technology management through product 
certification would encourage and facilitate the introduction of new quality 
products onto the market, quality systems supported by product 
performance guarantees would ensure that the processes employed by 
contractors would be directed towards providing quality products on the 
actual road. 
 
  It is believed that the move towards a PPGS is of great advantage to all 
communities as competition would not only be quality driven, which would 
be conducive to the delivery of durable, cost effective pavements, but 
would also be ideally suited to cases where the design, administration 
and inspection capabilities of the client are inadequate for a project. 
 
 
 
PROJECT  
NAME: ECONOMICS OF SHORT TERM REHABILITATION MEASURES 
(REACT) 
 
AREST NO.: 2 (1990) 
 
SUB- 
PROJECTS: Preparation of REACT software 
 
 502 
PROJECT  
STATUS: Completed in 1993. 
 
GOALS: To identify and allow the true economic costs of "hou aksies" or holding 
actions to be determined. By being able to accurately assess short term 
rehabilitation options versus reseals and full rehabilitation, specifying 
authorities are less likely to undertake uneconomical options. This should 
benefit the reseal and hot-mix overlay components of industry as the 
marginally longer investment period will be able to be included in an 
economic assessment which takes road user benefits into account. 
 
NEED:  With the current shortage of funds, road authorities are increasingly 
making use of short term rehabilitation actions (alias ?holding actions?) to 
protect the integrity of roads. The program (REACT) was thus developed 
to assist in the selection and economic appraisal of short term actions for 
surfaced roads which require rehabilitation.  
 
DELIVERY: The program REACT allows for the assessment of the cost 
consequences of the postponement of the rehabilitation of a road. 
Various short term rehabilitation actions (holding actions), a do-nothing 
action and long term rehabilitation actions can be compared in terms of 
construction costs, road user costs or total costs over an analysis period 
of up to 40 years. The program also allows for a road to be divided into 
any number of sub-sections each requiring a different type of 
rehabilitation. 
 
OUTPUT: Sabita?s Manual 16: REACT Economic analysis of short-term 
rehabilitation measures (October 1994) assists the user in comparing the 
expected life-cycle costs of various appropriate pavement rehabilitation 
options and strategies at a project level.  Two reports published. 
 
IMPACT: Not determined. 
 
 
 503 
PROJECT CONDUCTED BY: ACE (GJ Jordaan). 
 
 
 
PROJECT  
NAME: STRATEGIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (SIS) 
 
AREST NO.: 2 (1990) 
 
SUB- 
PROJECTS: None. 
 
PROJECT  
STATUS: Completed 1995  
 
GOALS: To develop a strategic information system for easy use and access by 
Sabita members to suit their purposes. 
 
NEED:  In 1991, Sabita members identified a need to develop and maintain a 
Strategic Information System (SIS) containing data of relevance to the 
members.  
 
DELIVERY: A survey of Sabita member?s requirements for a Strategic Information 
System was undertaken in 1993. This established a data needs profile 
and an appropriate database was identified in which to develop the SIS. It 
was decided to develop the database in phases, initially concentrating on 
South Africa and more specifically on national (provincial) level and 
incorporating data that were readily available. This database will in future 
be expanded to contain data relevant to the ?new? provinces, greater 
municipal areas, developing areas and relevant identified countries. 
 
OUTPUT: The Sabita SIS was developed to be installed on the personal computers 
of approved Sabita users. A Strategic Information System Computer User 
 504 
Manual (Version 1) was produced in October 1995 containing the basic 
instructions for the installation and operation of the Sabita SIS. Data can 
be exported to spreadsheets for easy manipulation.   Five reports 
published. 
 
IMPACT: Not determined. 
 
 
PROJECT  
NAME: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT NEEDS RELATED TO ROADS & 
ROAD TRANSPORT 
(SOCDEV) 
 
AREST NO.: 2 (1990) 
 
SUB- 
PROJECTS: None 
 
PROJECT  
STATUS: Completed 1993. 
 
GOALS: To identify social development and economic issues related to road 
transport which can be used to strengthen the demand for roads and to 
quantify potential markets for Sabita members' products as part of the 
social upliftment scheme. 
 
NEED:  Sabita identified the need to research social development issues and 
their relationship to road transport to assist the bitumen industry in 
remaining relevant, pro-active and viable within the then ?new? South 
Africa, and within the rapidly changing business environment. 
 
DELIVERY: The project commenced in 1991. A literature survey of issues affecting 
the need for roads was correlated with a nationwide study of south 
 505 
African attitudes towards the benefits of roads and the value of mobility in 
social upliftment. The results were accepted and future course of the 
research project directed by a Forum consisting of key players in the 
development area, emerging business and civic leaders, transport 
authorities and the researchers.  The next phase of the project included 
an overall assessment of the needs for road construction and 
maintenance in the poorer areas, the economic viability for upgrading and 
a pilot study to endorse the findings within the affected community. This 
phase is expected to report its findings in March 1993.  
 
OUTPUT: The project has provided Sabita with an excellent opportunity to access 
and influence emerging decision makers in the transport and road 
infrastructure field, The need for easy access to the bituminous product 
industry and the opportunity for larger markets in labour enhanced 
construction or small surfacing contractor development has been 
highlighted  by the forums.  Thirteen reports published. 
 
IMPACT: There was found to be 220 000 kms of ?uncharted? roads, serving 
disadvantaged communities. These are intrinsic to research and 
development objectives and represent a potential for 144 000t of bitumen 
over the next seven years. 
 
PROJECT CONDUCTED BY: CSIR Transportek, Miller, Servas & Associates and 
Transport Research Consultants 
 
 
PROJECT  
NAME: IMPROVED DESIGN METHODS FOR HMA (HMA) 
 
AREST NO.: 3 
 
SUB- 
PROJECTS: Refinement of LAMBs design method 
 506 
Volumetric design method (Phase 1)    
 
PROJECT 
 STATUS: 
Volumetric design method (Phase 1):  Completed 
1995 
Refinement of LAMBs design method:  Completed 
1997 
Development of a new HMA design method: Initiated: October 
1997 
 
GOALS: To produce and implement a new South African hot-mix asphalt design 
method which will be integrated with pavement design, construction and 
performance. 
 
NEED:  Asphalt mix design often based on empirical approaches, with little 
consideration given to the required properties of the mix in order to form 
an integrated part of the pavement structure, can lead to several 
shortcomings. A new approach was deemed necessary by the road 
industry. 
 
DELIVERY: With regard to volumetric design, a review of the current status of asphalt 
mix design on a volumetric basis with recommendations for future work. 
 
With regard to the revised LAMBs design method, the establishment of 
guidelines, based on a state-of-the-art review which presented a 
summarised synthesis of the review discussed and debated by the 
research team, with inputs from the industry. A brief evaluation of LAMBS 
in use (to allow for implementation of the findings quickly) and the 
identification of other important issues for further research. 
 
OUTPUT: A synthesis document on volumetric design of which recommendations 
were disseminated at the BMLC (1995) and incorporated in a seminar on 
?Spatial Approach?. A revised manual on the design of LAMBs. 
 507 
 
IMPACT: A greater awareness on the importance of volumetric criteria as part of 
the mix design process. The results of the study on volumetric design let 
to the introduction of gyratory testers in South Africa. These devices were 
used in the monitoring of LAMBs mixes placed on the N2, north of 
Durban. Based on the experience gained from the N2-LAMBS contracts, 
a firm basis was established which let to the revision of Sabita Manual 13 
on LAMBs.  
 
PROJECT CONDUCTED BY: CSIR Transportek, VKE, UP 
 508 
APPENDIX K: SUMMARY OF RMC TECHNOLOGY FOCUS AREAS AND 
PROJECT IDEAS 
 
ASPHALT MIX DESIGN 
? Suitable lab compaction for asphalt mixes 
? Lab blending of bitumen rubber binders 
? Mix designs for cold mixed asphalt 
? Design and performance of micro surfacings with emulsion 
? Film thickness 
? New Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) design method 
? Recycling 
 
BITUMINOUS BINDERS 
? Bitumen binders : compositional balance, shear, specifications, pre-coating 
? Specifications for winter grade binders 
 
CHEMICAL STABILISATION 
? Design of foamed bitumen mixes 
? Improved GEMS (Granular Emulsion Mixes) mix design 
? Chemical reactions in lime stabilisation 
? Structural classification 
? Soil stabilisers and dust palliatives 
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 
? Frequency of surveillance measurements 
? VOC costs models and updating data HDM IV 
? Model for predicting rehabilitation measures 
? Calibration of surveillance equipment 
? Slope stability management system 
? Skid resistance criteria 
? Evaluation of block pavements 
 509 
QUALITY CONTROL 
? Testing frequency 
? Lab management system and  framework 
? Reference lab (Precision limits) 
? Interpretation of test results 
LONG TERM PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE (LTPP) 
? Pavement performance database 
? Data analysis 
? LTPP section selection, monitoring and experimental design 
PPGS 
? Quality Assurance 
? Specifications for acceptance criteria 
DETERIORATION MODELS (PERFORMANCE) 
? Development of and calibration of deterioration models 
 
GRANULAR MATERIALS DESIGN 
? Breakdown characteristics during construction (lab method) 
? Influence of PI on performance of granular base 
? Mechanical stabilisation of G2, G3 base materials 
? Preparation of large aggregate granular material samples 
? Aggregate shape and shear strength 
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 
? Use of waste materials in pavements 
? Selection of borrow pits 
? Porous asphalt 
? Noise attenuation 
PAVEMENT DESIGN 
? Catalogue of designs : Transfer functions into TRH4 
 510 
? Expert system for rehabilitation design 
? Fatigue curves : LAMBS, GEMS, Asphalt surfacings; Pen Mac, modified binders 
? Transfer functions : SHEAR, WB, G1, gravels 
? Transfer functions for asphalt deformation base and surfacing 
? Tyre contact pressure and pavement design 
? Validate design models 
? Back- and forward calculations 
? Design of thin layers of concrete and asphalt 
? Use of the K-Mould to determine engineering properties of materials 
? Link materials design with structural design 
MATERIAL COMPONENT TESTING 
? PSV specifications 
 
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES & MAINTENANCE 
? Innovative techniques for provision and upgrading community roads 
? Synthesis of drainage practice (implementation) 
? Concrete patching materials 
? Patching materials for flexible pavements 
? Fast setting concrete for patching 
? Labour Intensive Construction Techniques 
ACCELERATED PAVEMENT TESTING (APT) 
? Influence of environmental effects on APT results 
? Scaled down APT testing 
 511 
APPENDIX L: DOMINANT ISSUES, FUTURE CHALLENGES AND 
KNOWLEDGE GAPS IDENTIFIED BY THE TRANSPORTEK ADVISORY 
COMMITTEES 
 
L1  ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 
 
Classification of Focus Areas and/or Research Needs Identified 
Focus Areas and/or needs identified by 
PRAC  
Sub-theme  Main Theme  
A: Current Technological Challenges  
Capacity building (industry, research, 
education, etc): Room for people growth  
Human Capital  Resources  
Labour-intensive construction: guidelines, 
methods, review and monitoring  
Construction & 
Maintenance  
Infrastructur
 e Delivery  
Construction & 
Maintenance  
Infrastructur
 e Delivery  
Contracting Systems for 
Construction & 
Maintenance  
Infrastructur
 e Delivery  
Funding (infrastructure, maintenance, 
research, etc): prioritisation of expenditure  
Funding & Transport 
Economics  
Policy, 
Economics & 
Decision 
Support  
Management of Assets  Infrastructur
 e 
Engineering  
Road Furniture & 
Structures  
Infrastructur
 e 
Engineering  
Asset management (roads, structures, 
furniture, etc): integration and key 
performance indicators  
Performance Measures  Policy, 
Economics & 
Decision 
Support  
Land use planning: integration with Land Use & Infrastructure Planning & 
 512 
infrastructure development  Planning  Operations  
Land Use & Infrastructure 
Planning  
Planning & 
Operations  
Public & political awareness and 
communication: ability to sell road 
grids/networks and impact assessment  Construction & 
Maintenance  
Infrastructur
 e Delivery  
Management of 
Knowledge & Information  
Resources  
Bound & Unbound 
Pavement Materials  
Infrastructur
 e 
Engineering  
 
 ? Quality: design guidelines & 
national standards;  
 ? Design and national standards 
and guidelines (archaic, not 
suitable, etc)  
 ? Knowledge management  
 ? Information technology  
 
Geometric & Structural 
Design of Roads  
Infrastructur
 e 
Engineering  
Infrastructure development and maintenance: 
technical aspects  
Construction & 
Maintenance  
Infrastructur
 e Delivery  
Construction & 
Maintenance  
Infrastructur
 e Delivery  
Efficient/effective delivery: owners, industry & 
providers  
Contracting Systems for 
Construction & 
Maintenance  
Infrastructur
 e Delivery  
Safety of Road Workers  Infrastructur
 e Delivery  
Environmental Impact of 
Roads  
Environment  
Health, Safety & Environment  
Preservation of Natural 
Resources  
Environment  
Bound & Unbound 
Pavement Materials  
Infrastructur
 e 
Engineering  
Technological innovation: problem solving and 
trouble shooting  
Geometric & Structural 
Design of Roads  
Infrastructur
 e 
Engineering  
Infrastructure users: congestion, safety, user 
costs, inventory, overloading and other 
misuses, impact of ITS  
Management of Assets  Infrastructur
 e 
Engineering  
 513 
Accessibility & Mobility  Planning & 
Operations  
Road User Information 
Systems  
Planning & 
Operations  
Infrastructure planning: identification of needs 
and supply of options  
Land Use & Infrastructure 
Planning  
Planning & 
Operations  
Accessibility & Mobility  Planning & 
Operations  
Accessibility and mobility: rural access and 
gravel versus surfaced  
Bound & Unbound 
Pavement Materials  
Infrastructur
 e 
Engineering  
Funding & Transport 
Economics  
Policy, 
Economics & 
Decision 
Support  
Infrastructure economics: road pricing and 
impact of overloading  
Management of Assets  Infrastructur
 e 
Engineering  
Traffic & Operational 
Environment  
Infrastructur
 e 
Engineering  
Road Furniture & 
Structures  
Infrastructur
 e 
Engineering  
Loading patterns: heavy vehicle 
configurations, bridge formula, ITS, 
overloading, legislation  
Management of Assets  Infrastructur
 e 
Engineering  
 
 514 
6  
Bound & Unbound 
Pavement Materials  
Infrastructure 
Engineering  
Materials: optimisation of scarce resources, 
sustainable resources, alternative materials, 
combination of materials, recycling, 
characterisation and uniformity  
Preservation of 
Natural Resources  
Environment  
Construction & 
Maintenance  
Infrastructure 
Delivery  
Maintenance: methods, materials, quality, 
cost and uniformity  
Bound & Unbound 
Pavement Materials  
Infrastructure 
Engineering  
Inter-modal planning (rail, roads, harbours, 
airports)  
Land Use & 
Infrastructure 
Planning  
Planning & 
Operations  
Construction methods and constructability: 
methods, technologies, quality, materials & 
constructability, enterprise development and 
supervision  
Construction & 
Maintenance  
Infrastructure 
Delivery  
Institutional issues: procurement  Contracting Systems 
for Construction & 
Maintenance  
Infrastructure 
Delivery  
Information technology (including systems)  Road User 
Information Systems  
Planning & 
Operations  
Funding & Transport 
Economics  
Policy, Economics 
& Decision 
Support  
Impact of global change  
Performance 
Measures  
Policy, Economics 
& Decision 
Support  
Tourism and events  Land Use & 
Infrastructure 
Planning  
Planning & 
Operations  
Freight transport: loads accreditation and 
legislation  
Management of 
Assets  
Infrastructure 
Engineering  
 
 515 
B. Future Technological Challenges (5 ? 10 years? horizon)  
Funding & Transport 
Economics  
Policy, Economics & 
Decision Support  
Bound & Unbound 
Pavement Materials  
Infrastructure 
Engineering  
Geometric & Structural 
Design of Roads  
Infrastructure 
Engineering  
Construction & 
Maintenance  
Infrastructure Delivery  
Land Use & 
Infrastructure Planning  
Planning & Operations  
Accessibility & Mobility  Planning & Operations  
Environmental Impact 
of Roads  
Environment  
Sustainability of road 
infrastructure  
Preservation of Natural 
Resources  
Environment  
Traffic & Operational 
Environment  
Infrastructure 
Engineering  
Road Furniture & 
Structures  
Infrastructure 
Engineering  
Heavier loads  
Management of Assets  Infrastructure 
Engineering  
Bound & Unbound 
Pavement Materials  
Infrastructure 
Engineering  
Maintenance and construction 
under traffic: rapid construction  
Construction & 
Maintenance  
Infrastructure Delivery  
Bound & Unbound 
Pavement Materials  
Infrastructure 
Engineering  
Perpetual pavements  
Geometric & Structural 
Design of Roads  
Infrastructure 
Engineering  
Bound & Unbound 
Pavement Materials  
Infrastructure 
Engineering  
Environment: energy and noise  
Environmental Impact 
of Roads  
Environment  
 
 
 516 
Preservation of Natural 
Resources  
Environment  
Funding & Transport 
Economics  
Policy, Economics & 
Decision Support  
Innovative funding  
Contracting Systems for 
Construction & 
Maintenance  
Infrastructure Delivery  
Bound & Unbound 
Pavement Materials  
Infrastructure 
Engineering  
Innovative pavement 
materials and pavement 
designs  Geometric & Structural 
Design of Roads  
Infrastructure 
Engineering  
Land Use & Infrastructure 
Planning  
Planning & Operations  Urbanisation  
Accessibility & Mobility  Planning & Operations  
ITS  Road User Information 
Systems  
Planning & Operations  
 
 
L.2 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 
 
L.2.1 Major issues 
 
Standards/Architecture 
Interoperability 
Interface standards 
EVI standards 
Official ITS Architecture 
Communications constraints 
 
HR 
ITS career development 
HR development 
Skills shortage in traffic engineering 
 
Funding 
Predictable funding streams 
 517 
ITS public funding 
 
Specific Problems 
Vehicle roadworthiness 
Cost effective communications 
Flow speed control 
Overcome rubber necking 
Traffic lights out of order 
ITS and Freight 
Vehicle crime 
Incident management 
Congestion management 
 
Policy and governance 
ITS focus in government 
ITS policies 
Lack of coordination and clear direction 
ITS exports 
Modal integration 
Trade off security vs Crime protection systems 
 
Information and data 
Route info (e.g. construction) 
Information access 
 
Legislation 
EVI ? importance of electronic licensing 
Communication legislation and implications on ITS viability 
 
Impact 
Evaluation business case 
Determination of business case of ITS applications 
Impact of ITS on quality of life 
Relevance of ITS to national imperatives 
Road deaths ? economic impact 
 518 
 
Leadership management 
Position ITS in progressive agendas 
Leadership in ITS 
What R&D is in SA universities doing ITS 
Level of innovation/research required in SA 
Strategic importance of ITS 
How to accelerate ITS applications 
Cross functional utility of ITS leads to managerial negligence. 
 
 
L.2.2 Future challenges  
 
Implementation 
Innovative application of existing technologies for Africa 
Adopt 1st world systems for developing countries 
 
Systems/ Architecture 
Interoperability 
Migration of systems technology 
 
Specific problems 
2010 World cup 
Open road tolling 
WC 2010 / improved transport technologies 
Increased road congestion ? need clever solutions 
Reduced pedestrian death 
Traffic flow management 
Maintenance ? equipment 
Technical: Comms 2way between vehicles over wide area 
Increased congestion 
ITS systems support 
 
Leadership/Strategy management 
Trade-off meeting social  
 519 
Learning for national interest needs vs technical need 
Keeping up with change 
 
Policy / governance 
Privacy 
Compulsory roadworthy testing 
Vitalising taxi transformation 
Inclusiveness of ITS industry 
 
Information/data 
Information management and ownership 
Detailed data/info generation 
Information crime 
 
Technical solutions 
Increase vehicle occupancy rate 
EVI could be used for ramp metering 
EVI could be used as traffic flow metering 
Telematic services to be implemented 
 
 
Impact 
Cost ? ITS is expensive 
Political attractiveness 
Political attractiveness vs cost benefit 
Info on good public transport relieves road transport needs 
EVI tags will increase economic benefits  
Growing local export industry 
EVI tags will generate all R100m lost license fees 
 
Implementation 
Innovative application of sensing technologies in SA context 
 
Socio economic 
Problem of increasing gap between vehicle ownership and income 
 520 
Hi-tech vehicles on the road together with old vehicles (safety) 
Vandalism 
ITS for the poor 
 
Organisational  
Road safety ? who?s responsibility 
Lobbying to politicians for ITS 
The understanding of treasury or government bodies 
Inter-provincial and national government cooperation 
SASITS 
 
HR 
Appropriate application of scarce resources 
Critical mass for TMC?s 
 
 
L.2.3 Knowledge gaps 
 
Standards/Architecture 
National ITS framework / architecture 
Industry using technology that is not operable 
Automated public/private transport vehicles/systems 
The next generation faster transport system 
 
Crime prevention 
Save effective vehicle immobilisation by police 
How to eradicate vehicle theft & hijacking 
Tracking / monitoring technologies 
ITE/Crime combat technologies 
 
 
Base technologies 
Video analysis technology 
Optical electronic interface 
Innovative communications 
 521 
Software defined radio 
Image recognition 
 
Organisational 
SA Centre of excellence in ITS 
 
HR 
HR with ITS knowledge 
ITS training at university 
Lack of tertiary education 
 
Strategy Leadership Management 
Lack of freight projects that use ITS 
Planning for ITS 
Government coordinated and or leadership role 
How to convince NDoT to take technology and leadership role 
Not enough funding for R&D 
 
Socio/economic 
Response prediction 
 
Implementation 
Localisation of ITS technology (Ruggedised/ temp , etc) 
Integrated ITS systems 
 
Evaluation/impact assessment 
Learn from mistakes & successes RSA and World 
 
 
L.3 PASSENGER TRANSPORT 
 
G.3.1 Major problems/issues currently facing the industry 
 
Theme Issues raised 
Skills Knowledge Poor capacity building for both officials and politicians. 
 522 
Theme Issues raised 
Need to build capacity 
Dwindling expertise in transport authority arena 
Low HR capacity in industry 
Lack of staff capacity 
Unfunded mandates 
Lack of funding 
In Survival mode 
Affordability  of being part of the urban system 
Funding 
Funding and Funding Strategies 
Lack of institutional tolerance and cooperation  
Poor Consultative Mechanisms between Government 
and other relevant Stakeholders 
No common transport Strategy 
Lack of Common National Vision 
Constant Transformation and Restructuring  
A lack of political will to implement/ enforce (Traffic 
Behaviours, Land Use). Commitment Continuity. 
Preference to  ?Back ? to- Basics? Mode 
Low levels  of capacity to implement  
Lack of National  Commitment to Supporting National 
Transport Policy 
Uncoordinated  research effort 
Emphasis on social scenario 
Lack of Leadership  - Political will 
Strong short term focus 
Transport planning became ?routine? (Statutory) 
Buzz word/Strategies as vision,  waiting  for what  
cannot materialise 
Institutions 
/Governance 
Understanding how decisions around transport are 
made, and how to improve that process. 
Insufficient data and ?tools? to support planning 
A real lack of understanding the process/mechanism 
in private  land use decisions, trip making and public 
interventions 
Integration of land use and transport mostly at 
strategic level and not on execution level. 
Planning/Methodology 
Lack of long term Interventionist and long term public 
transport plans 
Understanding and application of transport 
development areas  
Poor prioritization mechanisms  for  Transport  
Why is public 
transport important 
Understanding role of passenger transport in social 
 523 
Theme Issues raised 
development (e.g. poverty). 
Limited  understanding of Transport ?s role in society 
Role  of transport in development not well positioned 
Legislation Changing legislation and policies 
Technical arrogance  with regards to political decision 
making 
Making communicating linkages between transport 
and higher level government goals. 
Lack of trust between Politicians and Transport 
Planning Fraternity 
Communication 
Destructive competitions 
 
 
 524 
L.3.2 Future challenges (5 ? 10 years) 
 
Theme Issues raised 
Densification? Methodology 
/Planning Development supportive of public transport corridors 
Spatial, socio demographic & economic trends 
Scarcity of land for housing development 
 
Modal integration  
Finalizing on taxi formalization 
Devolution of functions 
?Import? of inappropriate to solutions to speed up 
delivery 
Extensive implementation of public transport plans 
End to re-structuring 
More ad hoc public intervention 
Role of private sector in transport provision 
Institutional reform due to ?Poor Performance? 
Institutional & 
governance 
Job creation  
Public transport subsidy 
A lack of public funding 
Funding 
Committed investment to 5 year transport plans 
through Medium Term Expenditure Framework. 
Environmental lobby Environmental 
Environmental degradation, air pollution  
Legislation Enforcement of restructured  transport system 
legislation 
Increasing difficulty in movement for all, but more so 
for the urban poor 
Lack of parking space 
Encourage usage of non-motorized transport 
Increased private and public transport congestion 
Growing immobility, congestion and bad public 
transport 
Increasing  congestion 
Mobility 
Growth in and use of private vehicles 
The misleading notion that the 2010 World Cup is a 
real issue (An opportunity to get funds, yes: A problem 
no.) 
Soccer  World Cup 
2010 
State of preparedness 2010 World Soccer Bid 
HIV/AIDS increasing 
Population growth (exploding) 
Unemployment  
Social Issues 
Safety and Security 
 525 
Theme Issues raised 
Social exclusion. 
Ageing rolling stock and transport infrastructure Infrastructure 
Reviving rail as backbone 
Exchange Public Transport skills in Authorities 
agencies. 
Skills 
Skills mobility 
Reconciling Economic Rationale with Political 
Rationalisation.   
Promoting Public Transport over Private Transport 
Transport as basic need 
Transport promotion 
International competition  
Implementation Effect Implementation  
 
 
 
L.3.3 Knowledge and competence gaps 
 
Theme Issues raised 
Type1 / 2 Knowledge 
generation 
General theory of transport 
 Understanding of the mechanisms that produce 
decisions/behaviour with regards to Trip making, 
Public and Private interventions 
 Understanding  process and needs of decisions 
makers 
 Model of enforcement strategy 
Type 2 / 3 Tools for 
problems solving 
Travel behaviour modification strategy 
 Competency ? Credible land use/ transport strategy 
model based on basic research 
 From basic and applied research, translate proposals 
into expected results for decision makers 
 Lack of practical and simple planning tools for South 
Africa and Region 
 Analysis tools for social impacts / equity issues of 
transport projects 
Skills and training Technology development versus importation  
 Skill retrenchment versus transformation 
 Lowering standards versus accelerating skills 
development 
 Arrest brain drain 
 526 
Theme Issues raised 
 Lack of quantitative and analytical skills 
 Skill development 
 Empowerment 
 ?Best Practice? for African developing countries 
 Poor knowledge and information sharing 
Expensive technology and data! Information and data 
Well structured and maintained data bases 
Process How  to influence private sector to do what we want 
 Lead in research versus lag in application  
 Credibility and transparency of research 
 Mismatch between public  authority and 
research/private  sector 
Communications Role of transport to decision makers in relevant 
language 
 Inform people of the implications of Transport 
interventions (in support of Public Interventions ) 
(based on basic and applied research 
Techniques and 
management systems 
(not that transport 
specific) 
Sustain & Maintain  
 Asset Management 
 Project Management 
 Transport Economics /Engineering skills 
 Financial  Management 
Funding mechanisms  Funding Mechanism 
Policy and Strategy 
development 
Policy Strategy Development  
 
 
 527 
L.4 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND SAFETY 
 
IMMEDIATE NEEDS/PROBLEMS FUTURE CHALLENGES TECHNOLOGICAL/RESEARCH NEEDS 
Funding transport Infrastructure/Roads 
research impact fencing & ped bridges integrated transport system - accessibility, safety conditions of roads in rural areas related to road safety 
funding for safety programmes/initiatives adequate infrastructure road signage nationally 
dedicated resources at local level (finance, HR, 
equipment) decent public transport 
pedestrian crossing adjacent to public buildings and 
schools 
funding for safety public transport system accessibility needs assessment for expanding informal settlement 
local gov access to national/prov funding reliable public passenger transport system sound signals at pedestrian crossing  
sponsorship FOR Siyabonana (Drama) land use partners more pedestrian bridges 
funding & improvement   
 
organisation Roads Users 
Research Road-user Behaviour leadership Effect of HIV/AIDS on transport and road safety 
road safety education at schools maintaining momentum (institutional, focus) community safety projects- develop best practice model 
co-ordinated road safety education programmes at 
schools CSIR Transportek support to RTMC incorporate road safety into curriculum 
Pedestrian & animals on freeways co-ordinate road safety efforts 
develop material to enable teachers to implement 
integrated road safety education syllabus 
child safety pedestrians/occupants/cyclist root out corruption or bribes  
product development links to TRAC  Organisation 
road safety education materials, programmes, research funding cost-effective KPIs 
 easy access to funding prioritising - best return on investment 
Legislation maximisation of existing resources  
 528 
driver training standards  Data information systems 
legislation for child car seats needs to be revisited Traffic Officers Accident Data 
Legislation to incorporate  reflective materials in school 
uniforms well trained and motivated traffic officer improve ITS/information system 
 retraining of the TOs real -time traffic info 
Law Enforcement 
 GIS system to quantify accident risk 
capacity Socio-economic issues road traffic info 
manpower deployment for Traf Officers population growth - road safety accurate and simple accident info capturing system 
law enf capacity social economic issues - road safety  
visible policing dealing with illiteracy Drivers 
development for traffic law enforcement increased mobility level 
a standardised uniform driver education & training model 
(incl test - schools) 
one uniform traffic officers force - fragmentation effect of HIV/AIDS on road safety formalisation of driver training industry 
co-ordination  computerised driving tests 
 
Road user driver licensing technology 
Acc Stats reflectorised pedestrians driving experience for heavy vehicle drivers 
accidents pedestrian education are we winning?  
statistics responsible road users evaluations/monitor 
reporting - poor/underreporting  effective evaluation methodologies 
improvement in account reporting data  
crash stats should incl injury figures data collection system EMS 
up to date crash stats required GIS- based on site accident reporting 
Availability of emergency medical assistance response 
times 
effective measures of risk to be identified  emergency service response time 
 
Vehicles 
 
 529 
related co-operation quality of mobility/vehicles Law Enf 
co-op between local, prov, nation gov dept vehicle safety features traffic officer training programmes 
co-ordination of road safety issues  traffic law enforcement development technology 
co-op with the DOT  uniform of enforcement system 
uniformity   
   
management /organisations 
  
land use model to reduce accident exposure   
organisation to operate   
   
 
 530 
L.5 TRANSPORT POLICY, DECISION SUPPORT AND RURAL 
TRANSPORT PLANNING 
 
L.5.1 Major issues 
 
? Social upliftment 
? Policy coordination 
? Communication 
? CSIR/Government relationship 
? Linking transport planning and integrated planning 
? Human resource development (learnerships, capacity building in 
government) 
? Funding sources and opportunities 
? Urbanisation and urban poverty 
? Infrastructure maintenance 
? Law enforcement 
 
L.5.2 Future challenges  
 
? Rural logistics 
? Infrastructure maintenance decision system 
? CSIR?s role with Government and Africa 
? New vehicles (omni-bus) 
? Social issues (e.g. traffic safety) 
? Developing DSS tools 
? Impact assessment of research 
? Human resource development 
? Policy co-ordination 
? Funding 
? Mega trends ? sustainable cities, urbanisation, sprawl etc 
? Interventions, implementation and pilot studies 
 
L.5.3 Knowledge gaps 
 
? Gender and transport 
 531 
? Research into better vehicles 
? Low cost maintenance solutions 
? Innovative funding sources 
? Technology transfer and capacity building 
? Monitoring and evaluation (bus subsidy system, implementation, 
spending etc) 
? Impact analysis (quantitative & qualitative economic impact, 
employment creation) 
? Public participation methods 
? Tools for policy trade-offs 
? Strategy and policy ? integrated, innovative transport and land use 
planning 
 
 532 
APPENDIX M: DESCRIPTION OF ELEMENTS IN THE CSIR 
TRANSPORTEK TECHNOLOGY TREES 
 
M.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL DESIGN 
METHODS PLATFORM 
 
Traffic loading analysis 
Technologies for measuring and analysing traffic loading including axle loads, 
tyre contact pressures, vehicle speeds and dynamic loading characteristics. 
 
Tyre contact stress 
Equipment and procedures for measuring tyre contact stress of traffic in 
motion. 
 
Axle loading 
Equipment and systems for measuring and analysing traffic axle loads - 
both static and in motion. 
  
Overloading 
Systems and technologies for determining an managing overloading of 
heavy trucks. 
 
Traffic characterisation 
Procedures for classification of traffic as input into design systems. 
 
Vehicle dynamics 
Understanding of aspects of the dynamic behaviour of axle loads in order 
to conduct the above more accurately. 
 
Environmental analysis 
Analysis of environmental factors such as temperature, moisture and gradient in 
order to determine its influence on the behaviour of materials and structural 
parameters. 
 
Temperature requirements 
 533 
Temperature regimes and effects of temperature as input into design 
systems. 
 
Moisture 
Temperature regimes and effects of temperature as input into design 
systems. 
Geology and subgrades 
The effect of geology (e.g. materials availability) and subgrade conditions 
on the design of roads. 
 
Environmental impact 
Consideration of the impact of road building on the environment (?green 
issue?). 
 
In-situ testing 
The testing of materials and structures in-situ in order to enhance materials and 
structural design procedures and systems. 
 
 
Analysis methods 
Methods for the analysis of pavement structures. 
 
Back-calculation 
Methods for the calculation of material properties e.g. layer stiffness from 
in-situ measurements such as surface deflection. 
 
Forward calculation 
Methods for the calculation of structural design parameters such as 
stresses and strains from material properties. 
 
Finite element analysis 
Specific application of finite-element methods for the above. 
 
Modelling techniques 
 534 
Techniques for the modelling of pavement and material behaviour under 
traffic loading and environmental conditions. 
 
Dynamic analysis 
Analysis of the impact of vehicle dynamics on pavement behaviour, 
methods for simulating vehicle dynamics, incorporating dynamic analysis 
principles into pavement structural design. 
 
Probabalistics 
Use of probabalistics theory in pavement design. 
 
Reliability 
Use of reliability theory in pavement design. 
 
Link to materials design 
Techniques and parameters to link structural design interactively to materials 
design (see Platform). 
 
Transfer functions 
Models and formulae to transfer material parameters into structural 
parameters. 
 
Materials characterisation and properties 
Techniques, test methods and analysis methods for determining relevant 
engineering properties of materials to facilitate link to structural design. 
 
Selection and decision support 
Methods and data for the optimum selection of pavement types in support of 
design decisions. 
 
Life cycle costing and economic analysis 
The analysis of the cost of providing and maintaining typical pavement 
structures over its design period. 
 
Selection criteria 
 535 
Criteria for pavement type selection. 
 
Optimisation procedures 
Procedures for optimising pavement type selection. 
 
Performance prediction 
Methods, models and data for the prediction of pavement performance. 
 
Data base analysis 
 
Statistics 
 
Modelling 
Procedures and techniques for modelling pavement performance. 
 
Transfer functions 
Models and techniques for transferring pavement design parameters into 
pavement performance parameters. 
 
 
M.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE LONG TERM PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE 
(LTPP) TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM 
 
Destructive testing 
In-situ test methods for material parameters and structural capacity that are 
destructive in nature. 
 
Field instrumentation 
Equipment, installation methods and measuring methods for in-situ testing 
of pavement structures. 
 
Materials testing and analysis 
Equipment and procedures for in-situ and laboratory testing of materials. 
 
Non-destructive testing 
 536 
In-situ test methods for material parameters and structural capacity that are non-
 destructive in nature. 
 
Deflection measurements 
 
Rut profile measurement 
 
Laser technology 
 
Visual assessment 
 
Crack surveys 
 
Riding quality measurement 
 
 
Performance evaluation 
Methods and procedures for the evaluation of the performance of pavements. 
 
Functional performance 
Methods and procedures for evaluation of the functional performance of 
pavements e.g. skid resistance and roughness. 
 
Structural performance 
Methods and procedures for evaluation of the structural performance of 
pavements e.g. shear resistance and layer stiffness  
 
Performance modelling 
Methods and procedures for the modelling of the performance of pavements. 
 
Behavioural analysis 
Techniques, procedures and data for analysing the behaviour of 
pavement structures and materials under traffic loading and environmental 
influences. 
 
 537 
Data base systems 
 
Deterioration modelling 
Techniques and systems for modelling the deterioration of pavements 
under traffic loading and environmental influences. 
 
 
M.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCELERATED PAVEMENT TESTING 
PLATFORM 
 
HVS operations 
Procedures, methods and technologies for the operation of the Heavy Vehicle 
Simulator. 
 
Mechanical maintenance 
 
Programme scheduling 
 
MDD installation 
Equipment and procedures for the installation of Multi-Depth 
Deflectometers (MDDs) for the measurement of pavement layer 
deflections in-depth. 
 
Equipment design 
Technology for the design of innovative pavement response measurement 
equipment. 
 
Equipment development 
 
Environmental control 
Control and measurement of the environmental factors (e.g. temperature, 
moisture) of the pavement test section. 
 
Data analysis and interpretation 
 538 
Equipment and methods for the measurement of pavement response 
characteristics, analysis techniques, data base management and calculation of 
pavements response trends. 
 
Data collection 
Equipment, procedures. 
 
Data processing 
Software and procedures for data validation and data processing. 
 
Data base system 
Data management. 
 
Analysis procedures 
Analysis of data, calculation of pavement response trends. 
 
Graphic presentation 
 
Dynamic loading simulation   
Technologies, hardware and software to simulate the dynamic behaviour of 
moving traffic loads. 
 
Vehicle dynamics 
Measurement technologies, models and control systems for simulating 
dynamic loading. 
 
Servo-hydraulic control 
Servo-hydraulic systems for controlling traffic loading mechanisms. 
 
Transfer function development 
Methods and analysis techniques for developing transfer functions under 
accelerated trafficking with the HVS. 
 
Pavement behaviour analysis 
 539 
Analysis of pavement behaviour and deterioration under accelerated 
traffic. 
 
Materials engineering properties 
Determination of changes in materials engineering properties (behaviour) 
under accelerated traffic. 
 
Probabilistics and reliability 
Use of statistics, probabilistics and reliability theory in data analysis. 
 
Deterioration modelling 
Modelling of pavement deterioration under accelerated trafficking. 
 
Pavement performance modelling 
Calibration of pavement performance models. 
 
Materials evaluation  
Link to materials evaluation to provide input into APT results. 
 
 540 
M.4 DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS COMPONENT TESTING PLATFORM 
 
Aggregate testing 
 
Standard test methods 
 
Special test methods 
 
Geology 
 
Chemistry 
 
Binder test methods 
 
Standard test methods 
 
Chemistry 
Chemical analysis of binders with emphasis on chemical balance. 
 
HPLC/GC 
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography 
technologies to conduct chemical analysis of binders. 
 
Rheometry 
Methods and procedures for determining binder rheology e.g. viscosity. 
 
Infra-red spectrometry 
Method and procedure for determining type and quantity of modifier in 
binders. 
 
LTP of binders 
Methods for determining the Long Term Performance of binders. 
 
Modified binder technology 
 541 
Technology, procedures and criteria for sample preparation and handling 
of modified binders, special test methods for modified binders. 
 
Soil testing 
Standard and specialised testing of soils and gravels used in road building. 
 
Standard test methods 
 
DAI 
 
Bonding test 
 
XRD 
X-ray defraction. 
 
Dust palliatives 
Special tests to determine compatibility of soils with dust palliatives. 
 
Material location 
 
Scanning electron microscopy  
 
Stabilisation and modification 
Tests to determine the compatibility of soils with stabilisers and the amount of 
stabiliser required. 
 
Standard test methods 
 
Toxicity testing 
 
 
M.5 DESCRIPTION OF MODIFICATION AND STABILISATION 
TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM 
 
Modified binders evaluation and design 
 542 
Procedures for designing the modification of bituminous binders with polymers 
and rubbers. 
 
Compatibility and interaction 
Test methods and procedures to determine the compatibility of binders 
with modifiers 
 
Selection methods 
Procedures and methods for selecting optimum binder modification 
systems. 
 
Standard binder technology 
 
Performance testing 
Special testing to evaluate the performance of modified binders. 
 
Specification development 
 
Emulsion modification 
 
Interaction with aggregate and soils 
Chemical reaction of cationic and anionic emulsions with aggregates and 
soils. 
 
Emulsion stabilisation and modification 
Technologies, procedures and test methods for modification of materials 
with emulsion. 
 
Break time design 
Design of the time to breaking of emulsion. 
 
Strength gain evaluation 
Procedures and test methods for the evaluation of the gain in strength of 
emulsion treated materials. 
 
 543 
Chemical modification 
 
Compaction aid technology 
Technology for the evaluation of compaction aids. 
 
Mechanical modification 
 
Reinforcement 
Mechanical reinforcement of soils. 
 
Grading optimisation 
Stabilisation through the mechanical modification of the aggregate 
grading. 
 
Clay modification 
Methods for the addition of clay to provide cohesion. 
 
Dust palliation 
 
Dust prediction models 
Models for predicting dust on gravel roads by analysing gravel type. 
 
LTPP 
 
Interaction with soil and aggregate 
Methods and procedures for evaluating the interaction between dust 
palliatives and soils. 
 
Dust monitoring 
Equipment and techniques for monitoring dust on gravel roads. 
 
M.6 DESCRIPTION OF UNBOUND MATERIALS DESIGN PLATFORM 
 
Volumetrics  
Design of unbound materials based on volumetric properties. 
 544 
Grading optimisation 
Optimisation of the grading of granular materials through optimisation 
compatibility. 
 
Prediction of engineering properties 
Models and techniques for the prediction of material engineering 
properties based on volumetric measurements. 
 
Compaction 
 
Laboratory compaction methods 
Development of and evaluation of laboratory compaction methods for 
sample preparation. 
 
Field compaction prediction 
Prediction of field compaction based on material properties and 
compaction effort. 
 
Field compaction methods 
Assessment of field compaction methods. 
 
Engineering properties 
 
Load sensitivity analysis 
Procedures and test methods for the analysis of the effect of load on the 
engineering properties of granular materials. 
 
Moisture sensitivity analysis 
Procedures and test methods for the analysis of the effect of moisture on 
the engineering properties of granular materials. 
 
Density measurement and prediction 
 
Stiffness calculation and prediction 
 
 545 
Shear measurement and prediction 
 
Transfer functions 
 
Transfer function development 
Development of models and formulae to determine the in-situ engineering 
properties of granular materials based on laboratory test results. 
 
Link to structural design 
Interactive design processes: materials and structural design 
 
LTPP 
Link to long term pavement performance. 
 
 APT 
Link to accelerated pavement testing. 
 
 
M.7 DESCRIPTION OF THE PRODUCT QUALITY PLATFORM 
 
Quality 
 
Systems certification 
Certification of quality systems. 
 
Quality assurance systems 
 
 
Product accreditation systems 
 
Laboratory accreditation procedures 
 
Field performance evaluation system 
Systems for the evaluation of contractor performance. 
 
 546 
Product certification process 
 
Product Performance Guarantee Systems 
Innovative systems for guarantee of products over their life time in order to 
share the risk between road authorities and contractors. 
 
 
M.8 DESCRIPTION OF THE MAINTENANCE MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY 
PLATFORM 
 
Environmental analysis 
Analysis of the effect of environmental aspects on the performance of 
maintenance materials. 
 
Traffic analysis 
 
Topography 
 
Climatic regimes 
 
Pothole and trench repair 
Methods and procedures for the repair of potholes, patches and trenches. 
 
Cold mixed asphalt 
Design methods for cold mixed asphalt. 
 
Hot mixed asphalt 
Procedures and specifications for the use of hot mixed asphalt in pothole 
repair, patching and trench repair. 
 
Band aid strips 
Procedures and specifications for the use of band aid strips to prevent 
cracking adjacent to repairs. 
 
Non-bituminous products 
 547 
 
Crack sealing 
 
Sealants 
Methods for evaluating crack sealants. 
 
Preparation 
Methods and specifications for preparing cracks prior to sealing. 
 
Crack reflection retardation 
Methods and procedures for retarding crack reflection.  Evaluation of materials 
for retarding crack reflection. 
 
Crack movement measurement 
Equipment and procedures for measuring crack movement in the field. 
 
Special considerations for seal and overlay design 
Special aspects such as the ability of materials to retard reflection 
cracking, the effect of spray rates, the effect of ageing of materials. 
 
Surface rejuvenation 
Methods and specifications for rejuvenating aged surfacings. 
 
Diluted emulsions 
 
Cut-backs 
 
Tack coats 
 
 
M.9 DESCRIPTION OF SEAL DESIGN PLATFORM 
 
Environmental analysis 
 
Traffic analysis 
 548 
 
Topography 
 
Climatic regimes 
 
Social issues 
Procedures for evaluating the social requirements (community 
requirements) and impact on society of seals. 
 
 
Design factors 
The evaluation of special design considerations for seals. 
 
Embedment measurement 
Equipment and procedures for determining the embedment of aggregate 
into old surfacings. 
 
Binder characteristics 
Equipment and procedures for assessing special binder characteristics 
applicable to seals (e.g. viscosity at spraying temperature). 
 
Aggregate characteristics 
Equipment and procedures for assessing special aggregate 
characteristics applicable to seals (e.g. average least dimension) 
 
Skid resistance 
Equipment and procedures for assessing the skid resistance of seals 
against design criteria. 
 
Seal design methods 
Methods for seal design including, pre-evaluation of old surfacing, materials 
testing, traffic evaluation etc. 
 
Construction  
 549 
Special considerations in the construction of seals and their impact on seal 
design. 
 
Spray temperatures 
Specifications. 
 
Quality measurement 
Construction quality, product quality. 
 
Ambient temperature measurement 
Equipment and procedures for measuring ambient temperature as input 
into construction quality management. 
 
Performance evaluation 
Special considerations related to the performance evaluation of seals. 
 
Performance evaluation 
 
Performance measurement 
 
Modelling 
 
Performance prediction 
 
M.10 DESCRIPTION OF THE HIGH PERFORMANCE ASPHALT 
TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM 
 
Component characteristics 
 
Aggregates: 
 
Standard test methods 
 
Filler properties 
 550 
Methods for the determination of the effect of filler 
properties on binder and asphalt mix properties. 
 
Geology 
Methods for determination of the effect of aggregate type 
on mix properties. 
 
Chemistry 
Effect of aggregate and filler type on chemical properties 
of binders. 
 
Special test methods 
 
Crushing methods 
Effect of aggregate crushing methods and thus aggregate 
shape on asphalt mix properties. 
 
Selection matrix 
Selection of aggregate type based on physical and 
geological properties to provide specific mix properties. 
 
Acceptance criteria 
Criteria for the acceptance of aggregates. 
 
Binder: 
 
Standards test methods 
 
Performance-related tests 
Special test methods and criteria to predict the 
performance of binders in mixes. 
 
Chemistry and rheology 
LTP of binders 
Long term performance of binders (ageing etc.) 
 551 
 
Temp-frequency relationships 
Effect of temperature and frequency of loading on binder 
properties. 
 
Selection matrix 
Selection of binder type based on physical and chemical 
properties to provide specific mix properties. 
Aggregate binder interaction 
Specific consideration of the interaction between 
aggregate and binder (e.g. chemical reactions) and the 
influence thereof on mix properties. 
 
Spatial composition 
 
Mix optimisation : 
 
Selection matrix 
Matrix for the selection of aggregate and grading to 
optimise volumetric properties. 
 
Constructability 
Optimisation of ease of construction based on spatial 
composition. 
 
B/C optimisation 
Optimisation of benefit obtained vs cost of mixture (e.g. 
binder content). 
 
Volumetric performance 
Performance of mixture in volumetric testing and against 
volumetric criteria. 
 
Acceptance criteria 
 552 
Criteria for the acceptance of mixes based on volumetric 
properties. 
 
Field simulation:  
 
Compaction 
Laboratory compaction equipment, procedures and criteria 
to simulate field compaction and thus field properties. 
 
Particle orientation 
Laboratory simulation of the orientation of aggregate 
particles in the mix. 
Short term ageing 
Laboratory simulation of the ageing of binder in the mix 
during plant mixing. 
 
Workability 
Optimisation of and prediction of field workability of mixes. 
 
Acceptance control 
Procedures for the field acceptance of paved asphalt. 
 
Modelling inputs: 
 
Workability models 
Inputs into the development of models for the workability of 
mixes based on volumetric properties. 
 
Fatigue models 
Volumetric input into fatigue modelling of asphalt mixes. 
Rutting models 
Volumetric input into modelling of rutting of asphalt mixes. 
 
Mechanical properties 
Mechanical testing: 
 553 
 
Inputs from structural design 
Structural design requirements of asphalt mix. 
 
Stiffness testing 
Equipment, test methods and criteria for determining 
stiffness of asphalt mixes 
 
Material strength 
Equipment, test methods and criteria for determining the 
strength of asphalt materials (e.g. indirect tensile strength). 
 
Plastic deformation 
Equipment, test methods and criteria for determining the 
plastic deformation of asphalt materials (e.g. dynamic 
creep modulus).  Prediction of asphalt plastic deformation. 
 
Cracking 
Equipment, test methods and criteria for determining the 
cracking resistance of asphalt materials (e.g. low 
temperature cracking, fatigue cracking). 
 
Moisture damage and ageing 
Equipment, test methods and criteria for determining the 
effect of moisture and ageing on asphalt materials (e.g. 
stripping, binder ageing). 
 
Functional properties 
Equipment, test methods and criteria for determining the 
functional properties of asphalt materials after paving (e.g. 
skid resistance). 
 
Acceptance criteria:  
 
Decision support system 
 554 
A decision support system for the acceptance of asphalt 
mixes. 
 
Trial sections 
Procedures for the evaluation of asphalt mixes in trial 
sections prior to construction. 
 
Design tolerances 
 
Criteria and specifications 
 
Modelling inputs:  
 
Performance models 
Engineering parameters for performance modelling. 
 
LTPP/APT validation 
Validation of asphalt mix design procedures through Long 
Term Pavement Performance and Accelerated Pavement 
Testing. 
 
Reliability 
Use of reliability concepts in asphalt mix design. 
 
 
M.11 DESCRIPTION OF THE ASPHALT MIX DESIGN LINK TO 
STRUCTURAL DESIGN PLATFORM 
 
Structural design 
 
Environmental Analysis: 
 
Traffic loading 
Equipment and procedures for determining traffic loading 
(e.g. Weigh-in-Motion counts) 
 555 
 
Tyre contact stress 
Special measurements to determine tyre contact stress 
distribution. 
 
Climate, topography, subgrade support 
External conditions that determine asphalt mix design 
requirements. 
 
Mix inputs 
Feasibility of achieving structural requirements parameters 
with existing materials. 
 
Analysis methods:  
 
Layered elastic 
 
Visco-elastic 
 
Non-linear 
 
Back calculation 
Link between materials properties and back calculation 
procedures. 
 
Forward calculation 
Input materials properties for calculation of stresses and 
strains in pavement layers. 
 
Finite elements 
 
Dynamic analysis 
Equipment and procedures for the testing and analysis of 
material behaviour under dynamic loading. 
 
 556 
Decision support: 
 
 Life-cycle costing 
 
Economic analysis 
 
Selection criteria 
 
Optimisation procedures 
 
Performance prediction 
 
Performance:  
 
Functional performance 
Models for the prediction of functional performance of 
paved asphalt. 
 
Structural performance 
Models for the prediction of functional performance of 
paved asphalt. 
 
Measurement 
Methods and procedures for measurement of 
performance. 
 
LTPP/APT 
Validation of performance through Long Term Pavement 
Performance and Accelerated Pavement Testing. 
 
Data base analysis 
 
Statistics and reliability 
 
Modelling: 
 557 
 
Behavioural analysis 
Analysis of the behaviour of materials in relation to 
pavement structure and definition of failure mechanisms. 
 
Data base systems 
 
Deterioration performance modelling 
 
Transfer functions 
 
M.12 DESCRIPTION OF THE LABOUR-INTENSIVE 
CONSTRUCTION/SMALL CONTRACTOR DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY 
PLATFORM 
 
LIC road maintenance methods 
 
Gravel Road Maintenance Procedures 
Construction procedures for the maintenance of gravel roads using LIC 
methods 
 
Crack Sealing Procedures 
Procedures and specification for sealing of cracks using LIC methods 
 
Pothole Repair Procedures 
Procedures and specifications for the preparation and repair of potholes 
using LIC techniques 
 
Surface treatment technology 
Procedures and specifications for applying surface treatments with LIC 
methods with special emphasis on occupational safety issues. 
 
Drainage Technology 
Procedures and specifications for constructing drainage features using 
LIC methods. 
 558 
 
LIC upgrading and construction of roads 
 
Special materials design and construction 
Special considerations for materials design, specifications and 
construction aspects for LIC construction with special emphasis on 
workability of materials 
 
Special Construction Processes 
Construction processes for special materials such as ETBs, foamed 
asphalt, Macadam bases and waste materials 
 
Road Surfacing Technologies 
Special methods for constructing road surfacings using LIC methods 
 
Dust Palliative Technologies 
Procedures and specifications for the use of dust palliatives to upgrade 
gravel roads 
 
Block Paving Technologies 
Procedures and specifications for the construction of block paving for 
roads 
 
Special Surveying Techniques 
Special surveying techniques for LIC methods 
 
Special subbase preparation techniques 
Special LIC techniques for preparing subbase layers 
 
Small Contractor Development/Empowerment 
 
Tender procedures 
Special tender procedures for small contractors 
 
Specifications 
 559 
Special specifications for LIC and small contractors 
 
Technical training modules 
 
Business training modules 
 
 
 
M.13 DESCRIPTION OF THE CONSTRUCTION QUALITY MANAGEMENT 
PLATFORM 
 
Labour-intensive construction (LIC) 
Special considerations for quality control during LIC 
 
Quality control methods 
 
Quality control criteria 
 
Special materials considerations for LIC quality control 
 
Traditional Quality Control 
Standard procedures and specifications 
 
Standard Methods 
 
ISO 9000 
 
Quality Systems 
 
Product Performance Guarantee Systems 
 
Environment 
 
Environmental effects on construction quality 
 
 560 
 
M.14 DESCRIPTION OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 
PLATFORM 
 
Road Management Systems 
 
Systems 
Software systems and programs such as Pavement Management 
Systems and Maintenance Management Systems 
 
Inventories 
Data base inventories of road network systems 
 
Inspection Methodologies 
Methods and guidelines for visual inspection of pavement performance 
 
Deterioration Models 
Models for predicting long term pavement performance 
 
Economic Analysis 
Including pavement life cycle cost analysis 
 
Optimisation Procedures 
Procedures for optimising the effect of expenditure on network 
maintenance and rehabilitation 
 
Spatial representation 
Geometric representation of road networks using for example GIS 
methodologies 
 
Bridge Management Systems 
 
Systems 
Software systems and programs for Bridge Management 
 
 561 
Bridge inspection methods 
 
Deterioration models 
 
Economic Analysis 
 
Optimisation Procedures 
 
Spatial representation 
 
Vehicle Management Systems 
 
Abnormal Loads 
Methods for monitoring and managing abnormal loads 
 
Cross-border flows 
Methods for monitoring and managing international truck traffic and axle 
loads 
 
Overloading control 
Methods and software for monitoring and controlling overloading 
 
Weighing Systems 
Technology for developing weighing systems to monitor axle loads 
 
 
 
 562 
APPENDIX N: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED 
PARLIAMENTARY GRANT PROJECTS 
 
PROJECTS INITIATED IN THE 1997/98 FINANCIAL YEAR 
 
Project RE1/97: Improvement of APT technology 
 
The advantages of HVS technology and its market potential are well known.  
Investment will focus on the levers in the technology tree.  These include: 
 
? the development of a dynamic loading capability for the HVS (RE1/97/1) 
? the development of associated data analysis and modelling techniques 
that can utilise dynamic loading data (RE1/97/2) 
? the development of a user-friendly data processing, data analysis and 
data management environment (RE1/97/3) 
? the development of the next generation of data acquisition equipment and 
systems which can be protected through patents (RE1/97/4) 
 
 
Project RE2/97: Advanced structural design methods 
 
The aim of this work is to develop basic platforms from which new, advanced 
pavement design methodologies will be developed. The focus will be on the 
following tasks: 
 
? continued development of the 3-dimensional stress sensor (RE2/97/1); 
? methodologies for the evaluation of the impact of non-uniform tyre 
pressure on current pavement structural design methodologies leading to 
an inception report for further work to be conducted (RE2/97/2); 
? technologies for the modelling of pavement behaviour including vehicle 
dynamics and pavement analysis methodology (RE2/97/3); 
? capacity building in advanced test methods for pavement behaviour and 
performance (RE2/97/4), and 
? capacity building in the modelling of pavement deformation (RE97/2/5). 
 563 
Project RE3/97: Dynamic testing of asphalt materials 
 
The work will focus on the following tasks: 
 
? Fatigue evaluation of asphalt mixes to build capacity in the use of the 4 
point  beam testing apparatus (RE3/97/1), and 
? basic technologies for the dynamic testing of asphalt materials that will 
include enhancement of the dynamic creep test, a confined test method 
for asphalt materials (including the K-mould) and required basic work on 
the Superpave dynamic testing equipment (RE3/97/2). 
 
 
Project RE4/97: Modelling of asphalt materials 
 
Work will be conducted in the basic technologies required for enhanced 
materials modelling.  This project will include the following tasks: 
 
? basic technologies for modelling asphalt deformation in the laboratory 
including the commissioning of a wheel tracking device, specialised 
SHRP equipment such as a shear rheometer and specialised analysis 
routines for modelling basic materials behaviour (RE4/97/1, and 
? capacity building in new materials design technologies (RE4/97/2). 
 
 
 
Project RE5/97: Quality improvement in materials design 
 
This project will focus on the improvement of quality in materials design and 
industry liaison and will focus on the following tasks: 
 
? accreditation of the soils and asphalt compaction labs (RE5/97/1); 
? capacity building in the soils and asphalt compaction labs (RE5/97/2), 
and 
? the BMLC (RE/97/3). 
 
 564 
 
PROJECTS INITIATED IN THE 1998/99 FINANCIAL YEAR 
 
Project RE6/98: Improvements in asphalt mix design 
 
Task RE6/98/1: Load frequency and strain magnitude effects in beam 
fatigue testing 
 
The objective of the task is to investigate the relative importance, or shift in the 
estimated fatigue life that is due to the frequency of testing. Beam fatigue tests 
will be done at different frequencies and the relative shift in fatigue life will be 
studied. The load-time spectrum from roads will also be measured using Weigh 
in Motion sensors. This information will be used to obtain a randomized load 
frequency spectrum. The results of such a loading spectrum, which will include 
longer rest periods than routine lab testing, will provide insight into the laboratory 
to field shift factor that is needed to estimate fatigue life of asphalt. 
 
Task RE6/98/2: Improvements to the TRILOM Cell 
 
This task is a continuation of previous work related to the development of the 
TRILOM cell and is aimed at addressing the following issues: 
 
? The configuration of the vertical measurement devices needs to be 
investigated. It is recommended that the three vertical LVDTs which 
measure deformation at the top of the loading platen be used instead 
of the single LVDT situated in the loading ram. If the use of these 
LVDTs still leads to unacceptably low stiffness values, the use of a 
side-mounted LVDT or even of a strain gauge would have to be 
investigated. 
 
? The variability of TRILOM test results needs to be improved. Although 
there were indications that the variability of the TRILOM test results 
was decreasing as experience and confidence increased during this 
project, there were still instances in which the variability of test results 
were unacceptably high. Although no specific action is recommended 
 565 
at this stage, an awareness of variability issues needs to be inculcated 
and, where possible, test procedures should be changed in order to 
reduce this variability. 
 
? A special membrane needs to be designed for use during confined 
testing. The membrane could be similar to that used in triaxial testing 
on soils, but would need stiffening at the points where horizontal 
deformation is measured. This stiffening can possibly be achieved by 
replacing the rubber by a stiffer material (such as aluminium) at those 
positions where horizontal deformation is measured. 
 
? The dissipation of friction between the loading platens and test 
specimens. 
 
 
Project RE7/98: Dynamic shear properties of binders 
 
Task RE7/98/1: Capacity building in the use of the Dynamic Shear 
Rheometer 
 
This is a continuation of STEP project TRA67. Further understanding on the 
interpretation of the data obtained from the DSR is required. The project will 
focus on two generic types of binder (unmodified and polymer-modified). The 
effects of shear rate, temperature and frequency on the shear modulus and 
phase angle will be investigated and it will be attempted to relate the properties 
obtained to both chemical and physical properties. The proposed project is 
situated at the lower end of the technology tree and is considered important in 
order to enable the ad hoc section of the sub-programme Asphalt Technology to 
market this technology, to keep abreast of competition (e.g.. SRT) and to 
generate sales in the area. 
 
 
 566 
Project RE8/98: Measurement and modelling of asphalt response 
under moving wheel loads 
 
The aim of the project is to investigate strain gauge instrumentation and 
measurement of strains in asphalt layers. Existing and emerging models of 
asphalt behaviour will be evaluated through comparison with the measured 
responses. The study will enhance the asphalt measurement and instrumentation 
capabilities of CSIR Transportek. At the same time results will be used to obtain 
indications of the relative importance of assumptions that are made in the routine 
evaluation of asphalt behaviour. These assumptions include linear elasticity (as 
opposed to visco-elasticity), linearity (as opposed to non-linearity) etc. 
 
 
 
Project RE9/98: Critical evaluation of asphalt and surface seal 
performance at different ages: first stage (data base 
development) 
 
The objective of the project is to develop an extensive and reliable data base of 
pavements with different surfacing types. PMS data will form the nucleus of the 
database but other information such as deflections, roughness measurements 
etc. can also be used where available. The project will thus consist of data 
gathering, data base development and cleaning up of data. This work will lead to 
an invaluable tool for evaluating asphalt and seal performance in the long and 
short term. The data base can form the basis from which more refined project 
proposals can be developed. Such projects can be financed by clients with 
specific needs that can be addressed by means of the data base. For example, 
the fatigue life of surface seals can be compared to that of asphalt. Or, the 
average fatigue life of asphalt layers can be determined and used to identify 
early failures. The reason for such early failures can then be determined and 
recommendations can be made for improving design and construction practice. 
 
 
 567 
Project RE10/98: Changes in bitumen properties during production and 
placement  
 
Some changes in the properties of bitumen do occur during production and 
placement of asphalt. Depending on the source of the crude and of the bitumen/ 
asphalt production process used, some bitumens undergo a greater amount of 
change than others, which would affect the life expectancy of the final product. 
 
The objective of the project is to characterize the amount of change which occurs 
in the various types of bitumens locally produced in South Africa and to identify 
at which stage of the production process the greatest amount of change occurs.  
The results from this study will be used to assist bitumen producers in fine-tuning 
the compositional balance of their bitumens and to assist asphalt producers in 
optimizing their production process so as to ensure that the final product is of 
greater quality.  
 
Additional benefits of this project include: capacity building in the use of the 
dynamic shear rheometer and the interpretation of data, and the development of 
short-term ageing models for bituminous binders. 
 
 
Project RE11/98: New hot mix design method (Phase I) 
 
The tasks to be conducted are: 
 
RE11/98/1: TFA1/A/1: Qualitative assessment of the influence 
of (super) fines on binder rheology and durability, 
and procedures for establishing the selective 
sorption potential of aggregate on long-term 
performance. 
 
RE11/98/2 TFA2/A/2: Synthesis and validation of laboratory 
procedures for the simulation of construction 
processes in the laboratory 
 
 568 
RE11/98/3 TFA3/A/1: Synthesis of test procedures which can 
be employed to assess the resistance of HMA to 
permanent deformation and cracking 
 
 
Project RE2/97: Advanced structural design techniques (continued) 
 
Mechanistic design procedures consist of two major components.  The first being 
the stress and strain or structural analysis component and the second the 
performance prediction component.  The structural analysis packages commonly 
used in South Africa for the analysis of pavements are based on the integral 
transformation solution for a linear elastic multi-layer system loaded by a uniform 
circular load.  Real life traffic loading and pavement systems are, however, of a 
completely different nature.  Analysis procedures have fortunately advanced far 
beyond the solutions schemes commonly used.  Two areas of development 
warrants further research: 
 
? advanced multi-layer solution schemes, and 
? 3-dimensional finite element solutions. 
 
The objective of the project is to initiate the use of advanced multi-layer and finite 
element analysis in pavement design.  The project will build on two projects from 
the previous year.  The first project was a COD-project on the basics of multi-
 layer solution procedures and identified advanced multi-layer solution schemes 
for future use in South Africa.  The second project was a STEP-project with the 
aim to identify a finite element analysis package to be used for pavement 
analysis at TRANSPORTEK. 
 
The technical aim of the project will be to use both an advanced multi-layer and a 
finite element solution scheme to incorporate the following aspects in the 
analysis of pavements and then to compare the results from these two sources 
to the results from current analysis routines: 
? the non-uniformity of the applied stress distribution, and 
? the non-linearity of materials. 
 
 569 
 
Project RE12/98: Advanced granular material modelling 
 
Mechanistic pavement design in South Africa is still done by linear elastic 
analysis although it is generally accepted that road building material behave non-
 linearly.  Structural analysis techniques have, in addition, advanced far beyond 
linear-elastic analysis.  There are unfortunately very few non-linear material 
models published for South African road building materials.  The specialised 
equipment for developing these material models, namely the K-mould and 
Triaxial apparatus is now operational at TRANSPORTEK. 
 
Material has been collected from the HVS-test site on R2388 and various other 
previous HVS-sites for the purpose of other projects during the current financial 
year.  These materials are now available for testing and development of non-
 linear material models under this project. 
 
The objective of the project is to establish an initial data base of non-linear 
material models in South Africa that may then be used in mechanistic design and 
the evaluation of roads.  The project will have the additional objective of making 
a critical evaluation of the use of the K-mould and triaxial cell in developing these 
non-linear material models. 
 
 
Project RE13/98: Pavement system deformation models 
 
This project is a follow on from Project RE2/97.  The development of permanent 
deformation models using data from past HVS tests was initiated by the 
development of the Elasto-plastic design method.  This process was continued 
with the initiation of the development of a similar design approach for pavement 
foundation materials in South Africa during the previous financial year.  This 
research, combined with the elasto-plastic method will provide a comprehensive 
permanent deformation model for all unbound pavement layers.  The 
development of the models for the pavement foundations, however, needs to be 
finalised. 
 
 570 
The objective of the project is to finalise the development of permanent 
deformation transfer functions for pavement foundations.  These will then be the 
only set of transfer functions for pavement foundations developed in South Africa 
from data generated in South Africa. 
 
 
Project RE14/98: Stress-in-motion (SIM) system 
 
The project is aimed at the development of systems which can be used to 
measure the contact stress between tyre and road in order to develop the 
capability to improve traffic loading analysis for the purposes of optimising the 
structural design and evaluation of both flexible and rigid pavements.  The 
project is a follow on from the 3-dimensional stress sensor development. 
 
 
Project RE15/98: Heavy Vehicle Simulator Mark IV 
 
The new mark IV plus HVS of the CSIR will be finished towards the end of 
September 1998.  The aim of this STEP project is the commissioning of the new 
HVS and the training of personnel in its use. 
 
 571 
APPENDIX O: LIST OF PROJECT IDEAS AS REVIEWED FOR 
THE HMA PROJECT 
 
 
TFA1:  COMPONENTS 
A1: Binder selection prior to asphalt mix design; current practice does not 
include a critical examination of all the options for material selection 
(spatial or volumetric approach, nature of binder) (A Thomson, BMLC 
May 1995; VKE, Sept 1997; B Kingdon, SAT 1997) 
A2: Performance related specifications and test methods for bituminous 
binders and aggregates (B Nothnagel, BMLC May 1997; M van de Ven, 
SAT 1997) 
A3: Methodology for quantification of the absorption of aggregate fines by 
bitumen (BMLC May 1995) 
A4: Quality of aggregates (L Sampson, BMLC May 1995) and shape and 
roughness of aggregate (D Burger, BMLC May 1995; VKE, Sept 1997) 
A5: Performance criteria for modified binders (H Thompson, BMLC May 
1995) 
A6: Importance of filler (D Burger, BMLC May 1995) 
A7: Greater emphasis on aggregate properties. Variability of materials 
obtained from the quarries needs to be addressed. HMA design should 
be based on what can be produced at the quarries (ASPASA, BMLC Nov 
1997) 
 
TFA2: SPATIAL COMPOSITION AND PROCESSES 
B1: Gyratory compaction of SA asphalts (BMLC May 1995; BMLC HMA Task 
Group, May 1996) 
B2: Design and quality control method for asphalt mixes to prevent overfilling 
of voids (BMLC May 1995) 
B3: Analytical methods based on volumetric principles or spatial approach (M 
van de Ven, SAT 1997) 
B4: Relationship between (bulk) volumetrics and performance (M van de 
Ven, SAT 1997) 
B5: Systems for field management of hot-mix asphalt volumetric properties 
(NCAT) (M van de Ven, SAT 1997) 
 572 
B6: Uniform process for manufacturing samples for asphalt mix design and 
quality control (H Thompson & D Burger, BMLC May 1995) 
B7: Simulation of field processes in the laboratory (A Thomson, BMLC May 
1995; B Nothnagel, BMLC May 1997; VKE, Sept 1997; D Rossmann & T 
van Rijckevorsel, SAT 1997) 
B8: Selection of gradings to achieve objectives; aggregate distribution related 
to performance and constructability (L Sampson, BMLC May 1995; T van 
Rijckevorsel, SAT 1997; VKE, Sept 1997) 
B9: Differentiation between structural and functional requirements (D 
Rossmann, SAT 1997) 
B10: Relationship between composition and workability (D Rossmann, T van 
Rijckevorsel & M van de Ven, SAT 1997) 
B11: Evaluation of the effects of temperature, loading conditions, ageing of the 
mix and support conditions to determine the optimum mix composition for 
a particular environment and for particular performance requirements (B 
Verhaeghe, SAT 1997) 
 
TFA3:  PERFORMANCE-RELATED PROPERTIES AND HMA DESIGN 
MODELS 
C1: Performance related mix design integrated with traffic loading, 
environment, construction and durability (B Nothnagel, BMLC May 1997; 
P Myburgh, D Rossmann & B Verhaeghe, SAT 1997) 
C2: Revised system which will be able to predict performance; performance-
 related tests as input in performance prediction models (P Myburgh, M 
van de Ven & B Verhaeghe, SAT 1997) 
C3: Reliance on transfer functions relating mix composition and easily 
determinable engineering properties to predicted performance on the 
road in a given environment (B Verhaeghe, SAT 1997) 
C4: Should take cognisance of the influence of variables such as support 
conditions, tyre pressures, temperature fluctuations and ageing on 
behavioural characteristics of the mix (B Verhaeghe, SAT 1997) 
C5: Practical and multi-layered system in terms of complexity to serve levels 
of confidence appropriate to a range of applications (P Myburgh & B 
Verhaeghe, SAT 1997) 
 573 
C6: Design procedures for bitumen rubber asphalt (BMLC May 1995; VKE, 
Sept 1997) 
C7: Design criteria for asphalt mixes using modified binders (AREST 3; D 
Rossmann & T van Rijckevorsel, SAT 1997) 
C8: Frequency of testing for dynamic tests (BMLC May 1995) 
C9: Development of fatigue curves and transfer functions (A Thomson & D 
Burger, BMLC May 1995) 
C10: Development of dynamic testing equipment (A Thomson, BMLC May 
1995; A Taute, SAT 1997) 
C11: Dynamic testing: correlation between laboratory and field (H Thompson, 
BMLC May 1995) 
C12: Semi-circular bending test (VKE, Sept 1997; B Nothnagel, Oct 1997) 
C13: Development of a simple test method to assess rut resistance (VKE, 
Sept 1997) 
C14: Inadequacy of current test methods to address rutting (T van 
Rijckevorsel, SAT 1997) 
C15: Improvements to the indirect tensile strength test (B Verhaeghe, SAT 
May 1997; VKE, Sept 1997) 
C16: Relationship between stiffness under oscillating load and under rolling 
wheel needs to be investigated as well as its impact on the development 
of a specific type of equipment (J Lourens, BMLC HMA Task Group, May 
1996) 
C17: Impact of stiffness and damping ratios as inputs into structural design 
and the development of dynamic testing devices to obtain such outputs 
(J Lourens, BMLC HMA Task Group, May 1996) 
C18: Resistance to fatigue through ITT? (B Kingdon, SAT 1997) 
C19: Test configurations often operate in a totally different environment of 
confinement and shear (P Myburgh, SAT 1997) 
C20: Marshall method to be phased out and replaced with more rational 
testing (A Taute, SAT 1997) 
C21: Importance of relying on one or two fairly simple test devices (e.g. 
gyratory and rut tester). Need for the introduction of simple tests (T 
Lewis, BMLC Nov 1997) 
C22: Need for standardized test procedures at all levels of design (A Taute, 
BMLC Nov 1997) 
 574 
C23: Dedicated, region-bound designs for which one would have high 
confidence (P Molenaar & A Taute, BMLC Nov 1997) 
 
 
 
TFA4:  CONSTRUCTION 
D1: Constructability and quality control issues (AREST 3) 
D2: Rapid field testing of materials for relevant engineering properties (AREST 
3) 
D3: Establishment of a quality assessment system (AREST 3; BMLC May 
1995) 
D4: Guidelines for the implementation of ISO 9000 in the asphalt industry 
(BMLC May 1995) 
D5: The effect of field compaction on the engineering properties of asphalt 
(AREST 3) 
D6: The use of asphalt materials in SMMEs (AREST 3) 
D7: User-friendly asphalt materials for labour-enhanced construction (AREST 
3) 
D8: Quick tests for quality control (M van de Ven, SAT 1997; B Spottiswoode, 
BMLC Nov 1997) 
D9: Importance of compactability. The gyratory tester tends to direct the mix 
towards coarser, stiffer and less workable mixes. Vibratory compaction 
becomes the norm rather than the exception. How this affects the base 
(particularly for thin layers) also needs to be addressed (J Newell, BMLC 
Nov 1997) 
D10: Construction should form the departure point for HMA design (JC van der 
Walt, BMLC Nov 1997) 
 
TFA5 : STRUCTURAL DESIGN 
E1: The effect of cross-border traffic on the remaining structural life of major 
routes and effective ways of strengthening them (AREST 3) 
E2: Assessing the need for roads in developing areas and the use of current 
products in addressing this need (SOCDEV) (AREST 3) 
E3: Evaluation of the effect of increased axle load and tyre pressures on the 
life cycle of roads (AREST 3, BMLC May 1995; VKE, Sept 1997) 
 575 
E4: Design of community roads must consider the elements of appropriate 
standards, design procedures and criteria (within the context of 
community participation and heightened expectations) (AREST 3) 
E5: Thicker asphalt layers and importance of rutting and of weaker supports 
(A Taute, SAT 1997) 
E6: The pavement structure needs to be brought into the process of mix 
design. In rehabilitation design, the variability is much greater than in new 
construction (M White, BMLC Nov 1997) 
 
VALIDATION OF RESULTS AND GENERAL ISSUES 
F1: Monitoring the field performance of asphalt materials in the medium and 
long term (AREST 3; VKE, Sept 1997) 
F2: Refinement of decision support systems such as PMS - asphalt 
deterioration models (AREST 3) 
F3: No reliable performance data are yet available (G Rutland, BMLC Nov 
1997) 
F4: LTPP/APT database is important and should be instituted as soon as 
possible (E Sadzik, BMLC Nov 1997) 
F5: To provide cost-effective solutions to the roads industry (AREST 3) 
F6: Health, safety and environment (AREST 3) 
F7: Effective training programmes at Universities, Technikons and Technical 
colleges (AREST 3) 
F8: Issue: Flexible methodologies and specifications that can be used with 
materials in neighbouring countries (AREST 3) 
F9: Issue: Concrete is perceived as a cheaper and more user-friendly 
alternative - testing of asphalt is too complex and expensive (AREST 3) 
F10: Issue: Perception of asphalt as being too high-tech to be relevant to the 
new situation in RSA (AREST 3)  
F11: Issue: Benefits from expenditure, particularly in view of a shortage of 
funds, must be optimised, through the development and use of cost-
 effective materials, designs, methods and equipment (AREST 3; P 
Myburgh, SAT 1997) 
F12: Issue: Must cater for inexperienced practitioners (P Myburgh, SAT 1997) 
F13: Issue: Should cater for a wide array of mix types and binder types (A 
Taute & T van Rijckevorsel, SAT 1997) 
 576 
F14: Need for specialized, centralized test houses (G Rutland, BMLC Nov 
1997) 
F15: One design system for all applications (Q Smith, BMLC Nov 1997) 
F16: Uniformity in specifying the product. Revisit the way specifications are set 
up for the purpose of tendering and the way tender documents are put 
together (D Burger, BMLC Nov 1997) 
F17: Deep-strength asphalt as an economic alternative (AREST 3) 
 
 
 577 
APPENDIX P: BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF DEFINED HMA 
PROJECTS 
 
 
TFA1: COMPONENTS 
 
TFA1/A/1 Qualitative assessment of the influence of (super) fines on binder 
rheology and durability, and procedures for establishing the 
selective sorption potential of aggregate on long-term 
performance 
 
Objectives: development of procedures by which potentially 
problematic materials can be identified, quantification of the risk 
profile associated with their use and the development of 
guidelines as input to TFA2/B/4. 
 
Duration: 8 months (April 1998 to November 1998) 
 
Deliverables: test procedures, criteria and guidelines. 
 
 
TFA1/A/2 Synthesis of test procedures for the assessment of the durability 
(ageing and loss in flexibility) of bituminous binders and qualitative 
assessment of the effects of ageing on binder stiffness 
 
Objectives: identification of appropriate procedures for the 
simulation of field ageing and for the assessment of the long-term 
effects of binder hardening on measurable properties, including 
dynamic stiffness. 
 
Scope: unmodified and modified binders 
 
Duration: 8 months (April 1998 to November 1998) 
 578 
 
Deliverables: recommended test procedure for the simulation of 
field ageing, criteria and characteristic curves for dynamic stiffness 
(pre- and post-aged, as input to TFA3/A/3). 
 
 
TFA1/B/3 Reassessment of relevant test methods and of specifications for 
mix components and compilation of new test procedures and 
specifications for mix preparation, compaction and 
characterization (as proposed by TFA2 and TFA3) 
 
Objectives: Review of relevant test methods and of specifications 
for mix components (including aggregate durability and hardness 
tests) based on a state-of-the-art survey and the incorporation of 
the findings of TFA1/A/1 and TFA1/A/2 into such test methods 
and specifications; compilation of test procedures and 
specifications for new test methods resulting from the completion 
of TFA2/A/2, TFA2/A/3, TFA3/A/2 and TFA3/A/3 (where 
applicable). 
 
Duration: 2 months (April 1999 to May 1999) 
 
Deliverables: test methods and specifications 
 
 
TFA2: SPATIAL COMPOSITION 
 
TFA2/A/1 Conceptualisation of spatial composition 
 
Objectives: definition of the concept of spatial composition, taking 
cognisance of local and international work conducted on this topic 
in the asphalt industry and in the cement concrete industry, in the 
field of unbound materials (e.g. methods for the optimization of the 
packing characteristics of crushed stone bases) and in other 
related fields, and the identification of the best approach (and 
 579 
alternatives), taking cognisance of implementation issues, by 
which the spatial composition of HMA can be optimized to yield 
the required results. 
 
Duration: 2 months (April 1998 to May 1998) 
 
Deliverables: definition of concepts, approaches and procedures 
which can be used to optimise the spatial composition of HMA, 
recommendations for validation and further refinement as input to 
TFA2/A/3. 
 
TFA2/A/2 Synthesis and validation of laboratory procedures for the 
simulation of construction processes in the laboratory 
 
Objectives: identification and validation of laboratory mixing, 
compaction and conditioning procedures for the simulation of 
construction processes (mixing, short-term ageing, transport, 
paving and compaction), taking cognisance of the spatial 
parameters required for design and those achieved during 
construction. 
 
Scope: all mix types, two binder types (high and low viscosity 
binders) 
 
Duration: 2 months (synthesis) + 5 months (validation) (June 
1998 to December 1998) 
 
Deliverables: mix preparation and compaction methods, taking 
into consideration the level of design reliability required for a given 
project. 
 
TFA2/A/3 Development of volumetric/spatial design procedures and the 
establishment of criteria, taking cognisance of environmental 
effects (traffic, climate, etc), constructability, design reliability and 
performance requirements 
 580 
 
Objectives: validation of the findings of TFA2/A/1, development 
of procedures (models, laboratory procedures or other) and 
criteria by which the spatial composition can be optimized for a 
given environment and performance requirements (including skid 
resistance and permeability) so as to produce an HMA design 
method for low-volume, low design reliability applications and a 
sound foundation for applications requiring a greater design 
reliability, recommendations on simple (quasi) performance tests 
in support of the spatial approach and recommendations for the 
assessment of workability. 
 
Scope: All mix types 
 
Duration: 8 months (note: 2 months for ACTLA) (August 1998 to 
March 1999) 
 
Deliverables: a stand-alone mix design method for HMA mixes 
used in general applications (i.e. low design reliability 
applications), mix optimization techniques for applications 
requiring a greater design reliability, acceptance criteria based on 
spatial parameters and simple (quasi) performance tests, 
workability assessment models, procedures and guidelines. 
 
TFA2/B/4 Development of a mix selection matrix 
 
Objectives: Development of a mix selection matrix taking into 
consideration factors such as availability of mix components, 
structural requirements, layer thickness, traffic type, volume and 
speed, pavement geometry, climate, user requirements, 
constructability and cost, based on inputs obtained from other 
TFAs. 
 
Duration: 3 months (April 1999 to June 1999) 
 
 581 
Deliverable: mix selection matrix 
 
 
TFA3: PERFORMANCE-RELATED PROPERTIES 
 
TFA3/A/1 Synthesis of test procedures which can be employed to assess 
the resistance of HMA to permanent deformation and cracking 
 
Objective: review local and international test procedures for the 
assessment of permanent deformation and cracking of HMA and 
formulation of recommendations, taking cognisance of 
implementation issues. 
 
Duration: 2 months (April 1998 to May 1998) 
 
Deliverables: Approach and recommendations for further study, 
as input into TFA3/A/2 and TFA3/A/3. 
 
TFA3/A/2 Development of procedures for the prediction of permanent 
deformation of HMA 
 
Objectives: Development of a simple test device and associated 
test procedures and criteria, based on inputs obtained from 
TFA3/A/1 and TFA5/A/1, for the characterization of the resistance 
of HMA to permanent deformation which produces outputs which 
can be used in mechanistic models to predict performance, and 
the development of mix selection guidelines as input to TFA2/B/4. 
 
Scope: all mix types, all binder types 
 
Duration: 10 months (June 1998 to March 1999) 
 
Deliverables: simple test device, test procedures and criteria, mix 
selection guidelines. 
 
 582 
TFA3/A/3 Refinement of procedures and development of constitutive models 
for the characterization of the resistance of HMA to fatigue and 
reflective cracking, taking cognisance of ageing effects with time 
 
Objectives: Refinement of evaluation procedures and 
development of constitutive models which can be used to assess 
the stiffness of HMA and its resistance to fatigue and reflective 
cracking as input into mechanistic models and for the prediction of 
performance, the development of a simple test protocol for fatigue 
testing and the development of mix selection guidelines as input to 
TFA2/B/4. 
 
Scope: all mix types, all binder types 
 
Duration: 10 months (June 1998 to March 1999) 
 
Deliverables: laboratory models and/or test procedures, mix 
selection guidelines which also address the issue of flexibility 
(ability of HMA to conform to movement of the substrata without 
cracking). 
 
 
TFA4: CONSTRUCTION 
 
TFA4/A/1 Investigation and synthesis of constructability/workability problems 
experienced in the field 
 
Objectives: identification of past and current problems 
experienced with the construction of all plant-mixed, paver-laid 
HMA and of future problems which can be foreseen, through a 
review of local and international developments in HMA 
construction. 
 
Duration: 2 month (first cut) + 4 months (April 1998 to September 
1998) 
 583 
 
Deliverables: prioritized list of all constructability/workability 
problems associated with HMA construction with respect to 
components and their availability, mix type, mix formulation, 
condition of support, layer thickness, surface texture, pavement 
geometry, climate, plant & equipment, QC & QA aspects, 
specifications, time constraints.  
 
TFA4/B/2 Construction of trial sections 
 
Objectives: Construction of trial sections to hone in on 
constructability/workability issues and for the validation of 
recommendations issued by other Technical Focus Areas. 
 
Scope: the activities are limited to management and inspection 
issues and the costs do not make provision for the construction of 
trial sections and for testing. 
 
Duration: 9 months (September 1998 to May 1999) 
 
Deliverables: As built reports covering issues such as purpose, 
scope, locality, pavement structure, materials, processes & 
equipment used and constructability & workability. 
 
Note: Costs of trial sections and associated testing will be carried 
on actual road construction contracts 
 
 
TFA5: STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE 
 
TFA5/A/1 Identification of most appropriate mathematical modelling 
procedures and identification of required input parameters for 
mechanistic modelling 
 
 584 
Objective: identification of most appropriate mathematical 
modelling procedures and determination of input parameters to be 
used in mechanistic modelling of performance as input to 
TFA3/A/1, TFA3/A/2 and TFA3/A/3. 
 
Duration: 2 months (April 1998 to May 1998) 
 
Deliverable: Input parameters for mechanistic modelling and 
recommendations on appropriate mathematical modelling 
procedures 
 
TFA5/A/2 Situational analysis and sensitivity analysis, taking into 
consideration environmental influences and traffic loading 
 
Objectives: situational analysis and sensitivity analysis to 
determine the relative effects of dimensional aspects (such as 
layer thicknesses) and input parameters (such as climate, contact 
pressures, layer stiffnesses and Poisson?s ratios) on parameters 
influencing the performance of HMA (e.g. stresses and strains), 
taking cognisance of the variation of input variables (e.g. layer 
thicknesses and stiffnesses, and applied loads - i.e. a probabilistic 
approach) and reliability concepts. 
 
Duration: 5 months (April 1998 to August 1998) 
 
Deliverable: methods and/or procedures for the incorporation of 
environmental influences and traffic loading patterns in the input 
parameters of TFA3 (2 months), and a range of critical values, as 
input into TFA3, for parameters affecting the performance of HMA 
for typical pavement structures used in South Africa, taking 
cognisance of traffic classes, road categories and the environment 
(i.e. temperature cycles and moisture cycles). 
 
TFA5/A/3 Review of available performance data and recommendations 
 
 585 
Objectives: Identification of existing experimental/trial sections 
and assessment of available data as input into the development of 
transfer functions (TFA5/B/4) and the formulation of guidelines for 
the establishment of LTPP sections and a performance database 
in South Africa. 
 
Duration: 9 months (April 1998 to December 1998) 
 
Deliverables: Summary on the performance of existing 
experimental/trial sections in South Africa and guidelines for the 
establishment of LTPP sections and of a performance database. 
 
TFA5/B/4 Development of plastic deformation and fatigue transfer functions 
and their incorporation into a mechanistic design system 
 
Objectives: Development of models for cracking originating from 
the surface, plastic deformation models, models for reflective 
cracking and fatigue models based on feedback received from 
TFA3/A/2 and TFA3/A/3 and the incorporation of such models into 
a mechanistic design system 
 
Duration: 6 months (January 1999 to June 1999) 
 
Deliverables: Systematics which enable the structural 
performance of pavement structures incorporating HMA to be 
predicted with a greater degree of confidence 
 
 586 
REFERENCES 
                                               
1
   Encyclopaedia Britannica, accessed at http://www.britannica.com, 
October 2006. 
 
2
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