THE STERKFONTEIN WESTERN BRECCIAS: STRATIGRAPHY, FAUNA AND ARTEFACTS By Christine A. Ogola A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfllment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 2009. Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own unaided work. It is being submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination in any other university. (Signature of candidate) day of 2009 i Abstract The Sterkfontein Caves are one of the dolomite cave systems located in Gaut- eng Province, South Africa. These caves are important to paleoanthropology because they have yielded a large number of fossils of early hominids, fauna, ora and some of the earliest stone tools in South Africa. The caves contain deposits classifled as stratigraphic members within the Sterkfontein Forma- tion. These members are named 1 to 6 in sequence of ascending order and age, and additional infllls, the StW 53 Inflll and the Post-Member 6 Inflll, have also recently been identifled. There are in addition deposits in three separate cav- erns: the Jacovec Cavern and the Name Chamber located underground, and the Lincoln Cave located adjacent to the main cave deposits. Member 1 is a thick sterile deposit lying on the oor of the Silberberg Grotto. Member 2 has produced the flrst and most complete Australopithecus hominid skull in direct association with its skeleton, together with other fossil faunal material, all of which are thought to comprise death trap assemblages. Member 2 is judged to be ca 3.3 mya by palaeomagnetic dating. Member 3 is the largest deposit in the Sterkfontein caves and shows localized concentrations of fossil bones on the exposed wall where lime miners have removed a massive stalagmite boss, but it remains unexcavated due to di?culties of access. Member 4 is located in the eastern area of the open breccias exposed at the surface through weathering of the dolomite cave roof and is estimated to date to between 2.14 and 2.4 mya. Member 4 has also produced a large col- lection of Australopithecus and other fossil fauna but has no artefacts. The deposit was originally thought to have fllled a large underground chamber and the northeastern part of Member 4 was originally named the Type Site by J.T. Robinson because it had yielded the type specimen of Australopithe- cus transvaalensis (TM1511), now classifled as A. africanus. Member 5 was ii iii previously thought to be a single large underground inflll, but it has been sub-divided by Clarke and Kuman into the northern StW 53 Inflll, an eastern Oldowan Inflll, and Acheulean breccias in Member 5 West and East. This has been the revised stratigraphy to date. This study is aimed at clarifying the stratigraphy and sequence of the younger archaeological breccias in the western area of the Sterkfontein deposits. The goal is to provide a more complete picture of the contents of these deposits. The westernmost breccias in the main excavation were thus further excavated to reveal a cleaner proflle from which the sediments could be observed and to increase the sample sizes of materials from these deposits. Difierent Member 5 breccia types have now been identifled in the western proflle. This study argues that younger Member 4 deposits once fllled the western area, and Member 5 deposits formed within the space left by collapsed areas of Member 4 breccia. It is likely that Member 4 deposits still exist in the far western parts of the surface excavation area, beyond the current proflle exposed in the western face of Member 5. In other words, Member 4 breccia probably once fllled the entire ancient chamber, and remnants of it still remain in portions of the western (Member 5) area, while cavities formed through collapse and solution of Member 4 were subsequently fllled with Member 5. The mid-Pleistocene Member 6 breccia was also excavated but did not produce artefacts or additional fauna. The previously excavated faunal assem- blage was re-analysed for a more up-to-date taxa composition, adding taxa previously unidentifled. It indicates that this deposit contains grassland en- vironment fauna. The Member 6 and Post-Member 6 Infllls together contain rich mid- to late-Pleistocene assemblages from diverse environments accumu- lated and modifled by multiple agents. Artefacts from the Post-Member 6 Inflll are of Middle Stone Age (MSA) period, but they lack MSA diagnostic pieces and include some early Acheulean core types that appear to derive from older, eroded Member 5 breccia. This assemblage, however, difiers from the Sterkfontein early Acheulean in the higher proportion of small aking debris, use of quartz as opposed to quartzite as the dominant stone tool making raw material, and the relatively fresher condition of artefacts. To my children for the sacriflces they made when I was away for studies. Acknowledgements I wish to thank my supervisors Dr. Kathy Kuman and Professor Ron Clarke for their guidance and support throughout this research project. Many thanks go to my colleagues and friends in the Archaeology department and the School of Anatomical Sciences at Wits, especially Dr. Sally Reynolds and Dr. Job Kibii for the help with animal taxa identiflcation and proof reading of this thesis. Many thanks to Dr. Travis Pickering for help with some of the taxa, element and bone surface modiflcation identiflcation. Thank you also to the workers (Stephen, Isaac and the others) at Sterkfontein Caves who did the di?cult work of excavations under the directorship of professor Clarke. I also wish to express my gratitude to the stafi of the Palaeontology Depart- ment at the Northern Flagship Institution (Transvaal Museum), especially Dr. Francis Thackeray, Stephany Potze and Teresa Kearney for availing the Mem- ber 6 fauna for this study, and letting me use their zooarchaeology collection for skeletal element and taxa comparative purposes. Thanks to Miss Wendy Voorvelt for illustrating the artefact and drawing the western wall proflle. Thanks go too to my parents, family and friends, without whose encourage- ment, support and endurance, none of this work could have been possible. Studies for this project was sponsored by the University of the Witwater- srand through the Postgraduate Merit Award bursary, the Leakey Founda- tion?s Franklin Mosher Baldwin fellowship, Palaeoanthrpology Scientiflc Trust (PAST), National Research Foundation (NRF) Grantholders bursary to Pro- fessor Ronald J. Clarke and the J.J.J. Smieszek Bursary. Thanks for their flnancial support. iii Contents Declaration i Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii List of Figures viii List of Tables x List of Abbreviations. xii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Research goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3 Thesis outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 Materials and Methods 13 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.1 Post-Member 6 Inflll fossil fauna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.2 Member 6 fossil fauna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2.3 Lithic artefacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2.4 Comparative samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.3 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3.1 Stratigraphic study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 iv 2.3.2 Artefact analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3.3 Typological classiflcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.4 Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.3.5 Raw materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.3.6 Faunal analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.3.7 Skeletal element and taxa frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.3.8 Fracture attribute analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3.9 Bone fragments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3 Stratigraphy of the western breccias 39 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.2 Earlier stratigraphic interpretations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.3 Revised stratigraphy of the western breccias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4 Member 6 Fauna 52 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.2 Taxonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.3 Skeletal part and taxa representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.3.1 Primates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.3.2 Carnivora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.3.3 Perissodactyla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.3.4 Bovidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.4 Taphonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.4.1 Stone tool modiflcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.4.2 Mammalian modiflcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.4.3 Weathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.4.4 Post-depositional modiflcations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.4.5 Excavation and preparation modiflcations . . . . . . . . 63 4.5 Fracture attribute analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.5.1 Fracture surface analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 v 4.5.2 Circumference analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.5.3 Breadth/length ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.6.1 Taxa and skeletal part representation . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.6.2 Bone accumulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.6.3 Post-depositional modiflcation and destruction . . . . . . 75 4.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5 Post-Member 6 Inflll Fauna 78 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.2 Taxonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.3 Skeletal part and taxa representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.3.1 Primates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.3.2 Carnivora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.3.3 Perissodactyla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.3.4 Artiodactyla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.3.5 Other taxa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5.4 Taphonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5.4.1 Stone tool modiflcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5.4.2 Mammalian modiflcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 5.4.3 Weathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 5.4.4 Post-depositional modiflcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 5.4.5 Excavation and preparation modiflcation . . . . . . . . . 104 5.5 Fracture attribute analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 5.5.1 Fracture surface analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 5.5.2 Breadth/length ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.6.1 Taxa and skeletal part representation . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.6.2 Bone accumulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.6.3 Post-depositional modiflcation and destruction . . . . . . 115 5.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 vi 6 Post-Member 6 Inflll stone tools 118 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 6.2 Artefact typology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 6.3 Size proflle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 6.4 Raw materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 6.5 Weathering condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 6.6 Raw material and aking technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 6.7 Typological classiflcation and the in uence of raw materials . . . 135 6.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 7 Discussion and conclusions 138 7.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 References 145 A Post-Member 6 Inflll Artefact and Fauna provenances 159 A.1 Post-Member 6 Inflll fauna squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 A.2 Post-Member 6 Inflll fauna depths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 A.3 Sterkfontein Middle Stone Age artefact squares . . . . . . . . . 159 A.4 Sterkfontein Middle Stone Age artefact depths . . . . . . . . . . 159 B List of identifled Fauna from Member 6 at Sterkfontein Caves162 B.1 Member 6 Inflll fauna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 B.2 Identifled fauna from Member 6 Inflll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 C List of identifled bones from the Post-Member 6 Inflll at Sterkfontein Caves 172 C.1 Post-Member 6 Inflll Fauna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 D Post-Member 6 Inflll lithic artefacts 238 D.1 Post-Member 6 Inflll artefacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 vii List of Figures 1.1 Stratigraphic proflle of Sterkfontein caves . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Sterkfontein Cave plan view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Sterkfontein Cave plan view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4 Sterkfontein Caves northern proflle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.1 The southern proflle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.2 Proflle of the western wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.3 The western area breccias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.4 View of the current western proflle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.1 Member 6 assemblage Size Class 1 bovid %MAU . . . . . . . . 57 4.2 Member 6 assemblage Size Class 2 bovid %MAU . . . . . . . . . 59 4.3 Member 6 assemblage Size Class 3-4 bovid %MAU . . . . . . . 60 4.4 Member 6 fauna fracture attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.5 Member 6 fauna Breadth/Length ratio distribution . . . . . . . 67 5.1 Proteles cranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.2 Caprine horncores from the Post-Member 6 Inflll . . . . . . . . . 93 5.3 Post-Member 6 Inflll Size Class 1 bovid %MAU . . . . . . . . . 94 5.4 Post-Member 6 Inflll Size Class 2 bovid %MAU . . . . . . . . . 95 5.5 Post-Member 6 Inflll Size Class 3-4 bovid %MAU . . . . . . . . 96 5.6 Hammerstone percussion marked bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5.7 Chop marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5.8 Scrape marked bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.9 Cut marked bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.10 Carnivore gnawed bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 5.11 Porcupine gnawed bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 viii 5.12 Abraded bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.13 Post-Member 6 Inflll fauna fracture attributes . . . . . . . . . . 106 5.14 Post-Member 6 Inflll fauna breadth/length ratio . . . . . . . . . 108 6.1 Post-Member 6 Inflll artefact assemblage size proflles . . . . . . 121 6.2 Post-Member 6 Inflll artefact weathering conditions . . . . . . . 129 6.3 Post-Member 6 Inflll akes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 6.4 Selected Post-Member 6 Inflll artefacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 6.5 Post-Member 6 Inflll artefacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 6.6 Post-Member 6 Inflll cores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 ix List of Tables 1 Abbreviations of cranial and post-cranial skeletal elements . . . xiii 2 Abbreviations of cranial and post-cranial skeletal elements con- tinued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv 3 Artefact raw materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv 4 Artefact weathering condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv 2.1 Fracture attribute values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.1 Member 6 faunal assemblage taxa representation . . . . . . . . . 54 4.2 Member 6 faunal assemblage element and taxa representation . 55 4.3 Member 6 identifled bone modiflcations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.4 Member 6 faunal assemblage weathering stages . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.5 X2 analysis of Member 6 fauna fracture attributes . . . . . . . . 66 5.1 Post-Member 6 fauna mammalian taxa representation . . . . . . 79 5.2 Taxa represented in the Post-Member 6 Inflll faunal assemblage 80 5.3 Post-Member 6 Inflll primate representation . . . . . . . . . . . 82 5.4 Post-Member 6 Inflll carnivore representation . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.5 Carnivore representation by cranio-dental remains . . . . . . . 85 5.6 Carnivore representation by post-cranial remains . . . . . . . . . 87 5.7 Carnivore representation by post-cranial remains . . . . . . . . . 89 5.8 Post-Member 6 Inflll Bovid and Equid cranio-dental remains . . 91 5.9 Bovid and Equid post-cranial skeletal part representation. . . . 92 5.10 Post-Member 6 Inflll assemblage bone modiflcations . . . . . . . 99 5.11 Post-Member 6 Inflll assemblage weathering stages . . . . . . . 101 5.12 Post-Member 6 Inflll post-depositional modiflcation . . . . . . . 102 5.13 X2 analysis of Member 6 fracture attributes . . . . . . . . . . . 105 x 6.1 Artefact types of the Post-Member Inflll assemblage . . . . . . . 119 6.2 Artefact types by raw materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 6.3 Post-Member 6 Inflll artefact abundance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 6.4 Post-Member 6 Inflll artefact abundance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6.5 Post-Member 6 Inflll core types by raw materials . . . . . . . . 126 6.6 Post-Member 6 Inflll weathering condition . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6.7 Post-Member 6 Inflll weathering condition . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 A.1 Post-Member 6 Inflll fauna squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 A.2 Post-Member 6 Inflll fauna depths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 A.3 Sterkfontein Middle Stone Age artefacts squares . . . . . . . . . 160 A.4 Sterkfontein Middle Stone Age artefact squares . . . . . . . . . 161 B.1 Member 6 Inflll fauna sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 B.2 Identifled fauna from Member 6 Inflll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 C.1 Post-Member 6 Inflll Fauna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 D.1 Post-Member 6 Inflll artefacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 xi List of Abbreviations. xii xiii Table 1: Abbreviations of cranial and post-cranial skeletal elements Element Abbreviations Horncore HORN Cranial CRAN Occipital OCC Zygomatic Arch ZYGM Mastoid process MAST Temporal Bone TEMP Orbit ORB Os petrosum OS PET Maxilla MAX Pre-maxilla PRE-MAX Upper Lateral Incisor I2 Upper Canine UC Upper Third Premolar P3 Upper Fourth Premolar P4 Upper First Molar M1 Upper Second Molar M2 Upper Third Molar M3 Hemimandible 1/2MAND Lower Medial Incisor I1 Lower Lateral Incisor I2 Lower Canine LC Lower Fourth Premolar P4 Lower Third Premolar P3 Lower Second Premolar P2 Lower First Premolar P1 Lower First Molar M1 Lower Second Molar M2 Lower Third Molar M3 Upper premolar UPm Incisor I Premolar PM Upper molar UM Deciduous molar dM Indeterminate Lower First or Second Molar M1/2 Indeterminate Molar M Atlas Atlas Axis Axis Cervical Vertebra CERV Thoracic Vertebra THOR Lumbar Vertebra LUMB Sacrum SACR Caudal Vertebra CAUD Vertebra VERT Clavicle CLAV Rib RIB Sternum STERN xiv Table 2: Abbreviations of cranial and post-cranial skeletal elements continued Element Abbreviations Scapula SCAP Humerus HUM Ulna ULNA Radius RAD Radio-Ulna RAD-ULNA Carpal CARP Magnum MAG Scaphoid SCAPH Cuneiform CUN Lunate LUN Unciform UNCI Metacarpal MTC Proximal Phalanx PHAL I Intermediate Phalanx PHAL II Distal Phalanx PHAL III Sesamoid SES Innominate 1/2PEL Ischium ISCH Ilium ILI Pubis PUB Femur FEM Tibia TIB Fibula FIB Tarsal TAR Astragalus ASTRAG Calcaneum CALC External Cuneiform EXCUN Navicular Cuboid NAVCUB Metatarsal MTT Metapodial MTP Unidentifled Bone Fragment FRAG Cuboid CUB Ulna Carpal ULNACAP Intermediate cuneiform INT CUN Long Bone Shaft LBSF Acetabulum ACET Lateral cuneiform LAT CUN Medial cuneiform MED CUN Coronoid process CORO Patella PAT Capitate CAPT Trapezoid TRAP Navicular NAVCL Internal cuneiform INTR CUN Pisiform PISI xv Table 3: Artefact raw materials Raw Material Abbreviations Quartz Q Quartzite QZE Chert C Dolomite D Diabase DIAB Indeterminate Igneous IG? Mudstone Mstone Sandstone Sstone Table 4: Artefact weathering condition Weathering condition Abbreviations Fresh F Slightly weathered SW Weathered W Very weathered VW Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background The Sterkfontein Cave system is one of the dolomite cave systems in Gauteng Province, South Africa. This cave system is important for palaeoanthropolog- ical studies because it has preserved abundant early hominid fossils (Broom, 1936; Broom and Schepers, 1946; Broom et al., 1950; Clarke, 1988, 1989, 1994, 1998, 1999; Clarke and Tobias, 1995), (Pickering and Moggi-Cecchi, 2004), Oldowan and Early Acheulean stone tools (Stiles and Partridge, 1979; Ku- man, 1994a,b, 1996, 1998; Field, 1999), as well as environmental and ecological indicators in the form of fossil fauna and ora (Vrba, 1975, 1980; Stiles and Partridge, 1979; McKee, 1991; Bamford, 1999; Pickering, 1999). The cave is composed of a number of caverns that opened to the environment for sediment deposition at difierent times during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Studies have shown that the caves were not occupied by hominids (Australopithecus or even Homo), but at times acted as traps for Australopithecus and animals living on the landscape (Pickering, 1999; Pickering et al., 2004). The caves may also have acted as receptacles for organic and inorganic material from run-ofi, ooding and gravitation in their catchment areas or may have been used by carnivores for denning during later stages. However, the sheltered entrances to these caverns were perhaps later utilized as a refuge by early Homo, leading to the accumulation of the Oldowan and Acheulean stone tools, and shade trees growing at the cave entrances could also have been used by hominids (Kuman, 1 2 1994a,b, 1996, 1998; Pickering, 1999; Kuman and Clarke, 2000). Stratigraphic studies of the deposits at Sterkfontein Caves have revealed distinct deposits with difierent sedimentological properties, fauna, artefacts and ages (Robinson, 1962; Partridge, 1978; Wilkinson, 1983, 1985; Partridge and Watt, 1991; Kuman, 1994b; Clarke, 1994, 2006), while others have been named infllls within some of these members (Kuman and Clarke, 2000). The bulk of these deposits has been classifled as Members 1-6 within the Sterkfontein Formation (Partridge, 1978). Members 1, 2 and 3 are the oldest deposits and are conflned to an underground cavern beneath the main excavation in the Silberberg Grotto (Partridge, 1978; Tobias, 1979; Partridge and Watt, 1991) Partridge et al.1999, (Partridge, 2000; Kuman and Clarke, 2000; Clarke, 2006); see Figures 1.1 and 1.2. The subsequent deposits, Members 4, 5, and 6, also follow in age in that order, and are found in the exposed area of the site where the dolomite roof has weathered away (Partridge, 1978; Partridge and Watt, 1991; Partridge et al., 1999; Partridge, 2000; Kuman and Clarke, 2000). A separate cavern, the Jacovec Cavern (see Figure 1.1), is located underground but is apparently unconnected to the six stratifled members and contains Aus- tralopithecus fossils among other fossil faunal remains (Wilkinson, 1983, 1985; Partridge and Watt, 1991; Partridge et al., 1999, 2000, 2003; Kibii, 2000, 2004), Partridge et al. (2000). Most recently, the StW 53 Inflll, the Post-Member 6 Inflll, the Lincoln Cave deposits (North and South) and the Name Cham- ber deposits have been identifled (Reynolds, 1998; Kuman and Clarke, 2000; Reynolds et al., 2003, 2007). 3 6 JA CO VE C Figur e1.1 :Stratigraphi cprofll eo fSterkfo ntei nc av es. Th en um ber sindicat eth el ocatio no fth ev ariou sMe mb ers of th eSterkfo ntei n Formation .Th ebla ck dot sar esom eo fth ehomini d localitie s(courtes yo fR .J .Clar ke) . 4 Figur e1.2 :Sterkfo ntei n Ca ve pla n vie w sh owin gth erelationshi p of Lincol n Ca ve (sh ow n by th earr ow )an d Post-Me mb er 6Infll l (sh ow n by th ebla ck square )fro m Reynold se tal .(2003 ) . 5 1.2 Research goals The western extent of the Member 5 West early Acheulean deposit, the stratig- raphy of the western area (Member 6 and Post-Member 6 Inflll deposits), and the faunal and artefactual contents of the Member 6 and Post-Member 6 Infllls have not been analysed in detail and thus have not been well understood. This study is aimed at clarifying the stratigraphy of the younger western breccias through excavations in the western proflle and to establish the western extent of Member 5 West. Fauna and artefacts from new and previous excavations are analysed for a better understanding of the taxonomy, the taphonomy and the archaeology of the Member 6 and the Post-Member 6 Inflll deposits. 1.3 Thesis outline Sections 1.1 and 1.2 of this chapter have given the background and goals of this research, and the structure of this thesis is outlined in the rest of the chapter. Chapter two outlines the materials and discusses the methods used to achieve the research goals. The fauna from Member 6 and the Post-Member 6 Inflll have been taxonomically identifled and taphonomically analysed. Also outlined are the comparative samples consisting of skeletons of extant mam- malian taxa and fossil extinct taxa where available, modifled bones of known agents, experimental modiflcations and published descriptions and illustrations of modiflcation marks that have aided these analyses. Chapter three is devoted to the stratigraphy of the western breccias. During excavations at Sterkfontein Caves in the 1950s, Robinson (1962) identifled the Lower Breccia (now Member 4) in the Type Site, the Middle Breccia (now Member 5), and the Upper Breccia (now Member 6) in the western part of the cave in what was then called the Extension Site. Difierent coloured, more calcifled breccia blocks similar to those identifled as Lower Breccia were observed in the Extension Site. This led Robinson to suggest that Member 4 may have completely fllled the original cavern before collapse in the central area 6 left a void in which the deposition of the subsequent deposits later occurred. Clarke (1994) and Kuman and Clarke (2000) have identifled interflngering of portions of Member 4 and Member 5 in the western area, conflrming Robinson?s suggestion that Member 4 may have extended further west than previously thought (Figure 1.3). The deposition sequence suggested by Robinson and Clarke implies that additional components of Member 4 may still lie to the west of the surface excavation in the unexcavated area westward of Member 5 West. Excavations have therefore been conducted in the western area during the current study to establish the western extent of the Member 5 West, revealing part of Member 4 that still remains in the western end of the surface excavation. Stratigraphic details of Members 5 West were recorded before excavations, and Member 5 West and Member 6 stratigraphy was drawn during excavation, in an attempt to get accurate positions for these deposits to reflne our understanding of the various deposits. The results of these excavations and the more up-to- date stratigraphic interpretation of the western proflle and the stratigraphy of the western area are discussed in Chapter three. 7 Figur e1.3 :Sterkfo ntei n Ca ve pla n vie w sh owin g th esurfac edistributio n of difiere nt brecci a ty pe si n th eSterkfo ntei n formatio n (fro m Kuma n an d Clar ke 2000 ) . 8 Chapter four presents the results and interpretation of the analysis of the fauna from Member 6. Member 6 breccia fllled only a limited space between the dolomite roof and the underlying Member 5 breccia, prior to erosion of the northern area (Robinson, 1962; Partridge, 1978; Brain, 1981; Partridge and Watt, 1991; Clarke, 1994; Kuman and Clarke, 2000); see Figures 1.4, 1.2. It is now preserved as a small remnant of the original deposit overlying a owstone capping Member 5 West. Robinson?s excavation of Member 6 (his Upper Breccia) produced no stone tools apart from one manuport which was later stolen, and the faunal assemblage from the deposit was said to be too small to be informative (Brain, 1981). Apart from the above study by Brain of the Member 6 fauna, this deposit is not well understood due to its small faunal assemblage and the lack of stone tools from previous excavations (Robinson, 1962; Brain, 1981). Current excavations in the western area were expected to produce more Member 6 fauna and artefacts to expand the Member 6 faunal sample from which more conclusive interpretations on the contents and age estimates for the deposit could be based. However, no artefacts or more fauna were recovered from the new excavations of Member 6 breccia. Thus, fauna from previous excavations were systematically analysed for an up- to-date determination of taxa representation, modes of accumulation and the modiflcation agents responsible for their current state, and for the clariflcation of the possible age estimate for the deposit. 9 Figur e1.4 :Sterkfo ntei nC av es norther nprofll esh owin gth ep ositio no fth ev ariou sme mb ers of th eSterkfo ntei nformatio nide ntifle d in thi sprofll e(m odifle d fro m Kuma n an d Clar ke 2000) . 10 Chapter flve of this thesis outlines the results of the analysis of the entire faunal assemblage from the Post-Member 6 Inflll, to provide the complete fau- nal taxa composition, modes of accumulation and modiflcations, as well as the interpretation of these aspects of the assemblage. The Post-Member 6 Inflll occupies an erosion channel. This erosion has smoothed the undersurface of Member 6, leaving this portion of the older Member 6 breccia as a hanging rem- nant. It has also removed a large area which apparently once contained early Acheulean Member 5 breccia linking Member 5 West and Member 5 East. The early Acheulean in the area now fllled with the Post-Member 6 Inflll may have been decalcifled and mixed with younger incoming sediments (Clarke, 1994; Kuman, 1994a,b, 1998; Kuman and Clarke, 2000; Reynolds, 2000). Excava- tions by Reynolds (1998, 2000) suggested possible extension of Post-Member 6 Inflll sediments northwards into the adjacent Lincoln Cave through the ex- cavated tunnel sediments in the northern proflle. This suggestion is based on the similarity of faunal taxa and artefact composition from the area of square L63 in the main excavation with material in the Lincoln Cave breccia. The Lincoln Cave South sediments appear to be continuous with the Post-Member 6 Inflll and have Middle Stone Age diagnostic artefacts. In a more northern breccia within the Lincoln Cave (Lincoln Cave North), a small deposit with a few early Acheulean tools eroded from Member 5 has been dated by Uranium Series on sandwiching owstones to an age of between 252,600 ? 35 600 years and 116,300 ? 7 700 years, placing the deposit within the Middle Stone Age period of South Africa (Reynolds et al., 2003). This implies that, despite its incorporation of Acheulean artefact contents, the Lincoln Cave North deposit accumulated during the Middle Stone Age period. Similarities between the L63 and the Member 5 West assemblages indicate possible erosion or collapse of the older Member 5 West deposits and incor- poration of some Acheulean artefacts and early Homo teeth into the younger Post-Member 6 Inflll. Faunal species in the Member 5 West, Post-Member 6 Inflll and the Lincoln Cave deposits indicate similar palaeo-environmental con- ditions during deposition. These deposits are, however, difierentiated by their 11 contents, e.g., hominid species and artefact assemblages (Kuman and Clarke, 2000). Only fauna from square L63 and artefacts from squares L63 and M63 in the Post-Member 6 Inflll have been analysed (Reynolds, 2000), and the in- formation we have from Reynolds? study is therefore incomplete. The current study, including the analysis of all previously excavated fauna and artefacts and those resulting from the current excavation of this deposit, thus gives a more complete interpretation of the assemblage. Chapter six provides a detailed analysis of artefacts from the Post-Member 6 Inflll. No diagnostic artefacts from the the area of the Post-Member 6 Inflll (square L63) were found by Reynolds, but a high percentage of small ak- ing debris in the inflll is indicative of the Middle Stone Age rather than the Acheulean at Sterkfontein Caves. The Acheulean artefacts in the Lincoln Cave North are also an indication of the erosion and inclusion of components of earlier breccias in the younger sediments during deposition, as no other en- trance for such artefacts is apparent in the Lincoln Cave. The Member 5 West Acheulean artefact assemblage at Sterkfontein lacks small aking debris, but it is rich in cores, manuports, large chunks and stone fragments. This re ects an unstable landscape afiected by erosion and hence winnowing out of the small artefacts prior to cavern fllling (Kuman, 1994b; Field, 1999; Reynolds, 2000). Also, the early Acheulean artefacts are generally more weathered than the pre- ceding Oldowan and the succeeding MSA assemblages. In contrast, the L63 area in the Post-Member 6 Inflll appears to have more contents in common with the Lincoln Cave South breccia, which has Middle Stone Age diagnostic artefacts (Reynolds, 2000). Technological and typological analyses have been conducted on the artefact assemblage to determine the industrial a?nities, and hence the chronological position, and to decipher the behavioural traits of the hominids responsible for their manufacture. Site formation processes leading to the accumulation of the artefact assemblage have also been analysed. Chapter seven provides the discussion and conclusions of this thesis. The study provides an up-to-date analysis of Member 6 fauna and a complete analy- sis of the Post-Member 6 Inflll fauna and artefact samples from which informed 12 interpretations of the assemblages can be made. A more up-to-date interpre- tation of the western area stratigraphy from the current study also provides information on the western extent of the Member 5 West and Member 4 brec- cias in the western reaches of the surface excavated area. Chapter 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Introduction This chapter introduces the materials and explains the methods used in this study to achieve the goals outlined in Chapter One. The body of data avail- able for this study (the materials) is described and the methods used in their analysis is explained in detail. 2.2 Materials This study utilises the fossil faunal assemblage from Sterkfontein Member 6 and the Post-Member 6 Inflll and the artefacts from the Post-Member 6 Inflll to address the aims of this study put forward in Chapter One. Modern com- parative samples of animal bones in the collections of the University of the Witwatersrand and the Transvaal Museum (Northern Flagship Institution) were used for faunal taxonomic and taphonomic identiflcation. 2.2.1 Post-Member 6 Inflll fossil fauna The Post-Member 6 Inflll assemblage consists of fossil material excavated in the 1960s by J. T. Robinson in the 1970s and 1980s by Alun Hughes, and those excavated by R. J. Clarke?s team from 1991 onwards, all of which are curated at the University of the Witwatersrand. New excavations were conducted 13 14 during the course of this study and produced additional fossil fauna. The material for this sample derive from 35 squares (each measuring 3?x 3?x 1?), and including the 25 grid squares fllling the erosion channel between Member 5 East and West, as well as material from the 6? wide by 15? long excavated tunnel, thought to link Sterkfontein main excavation with the adjacent Lincoln Cave (Appendix A.1 and Appendix A.2). A single square (L63) of fauna (5,584 specimens) from the Post-Member 6 Inflll has previously been analysed by Reynolds (2000) for comparison with materials from Lincoln Cave. In total, 14, 025 faunal specimens from the rest of the excavated Post-Member 6 Inflll squares have been analysed during this study. 2.2.2 Member 6 fossil fauna Member 6 fauna consists of the fossils excavated in the 1960s by J. T. Robinson analysed by Brain (1981) and curated at the Transvaal Museum. In addition, some specimens from the Extension Site not initially analysed by Brain, but which were considered to derive from Member 6 based on the catalogue number preflx (SE), texture and colour of the adhering breccia matrix, were included in this sample (identifled with the help of Stephany Potze, Department of Palaeontology, NFI). Further excavations conducted during this study did not produced more fossil fauna or artefacts. A total of 466 specimens is now available for study as opposed to the 454 studied by Brain. Microfauna, also present in this assemblage, is not analysed, while some of the materials listed by Brain (1981) as belonging to Member 6 were also not found during the sorting of Member 6 faunal material for this study at the Northern Flagship Institution (see Appendix B.1). 2.2.3 Lithic artefacts Apart from the single foreign stone (i.e., manuport) seen in the Member 6 deposit during earlier excavation by J. T. Robinson [which was stolen before extraction (Robinson, 1962)], no other artefacts have been recovered from the 15 Member 6 deposit. A small sample of artefacts was, however, recovered during earlier excavations of the Post-Member 6 Inflll from the 1960s to the 1990s. Fifty artefacts from two squares have previously been analysed by Reynolds (2000) and compared with the Lincoln Cave artefacts. More recently, over 400 artefacts have been recovered from the younger inflll between Member 5 East and West and the excavated area that tunnels underneath the northern proflle, increasing the sample size of the relatively small assemblage of artefacts available for analysis from the Post-Member 6 Inflll to 608 artefacts. The Post- Member 6 Inflll lithic material derives from the squares infllling the solution cavity between Member 5 East and West, as well as from the 6? wide by 15? long excavated tunnel, thought to link Sterkfontein Caves and the adjacent Lincoln cave (see Appendices A.3 and A.4). 2.2.4 Comparative samples Skeletal remains of extant African mammals, and descriptions of extinct mam- mals where necessary, have been used as comparative samples in the identifl- cation of fossil bones for this study. Extant mammals? skeletons used for this study are housed at the Transvaal Museum, the University of the Witwater- srand Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontology, and the School of Anatomical Sciences at the University of the Witwatersrand. Bone samples modifled by known agents and published descriptions of modiflcations have been used in the identiflcation of modiflcations on fossils from Sterkfontein Caves, e.g., a porcupine-gnawed bone assemblage from Nossob collected by Brain (1967) was used. 16 2.3 Methods 2.3.1 Stratigraphic study One of the major aims of this study was to clarify the stratigraphic details of the western breccias of the Sterkfontein deposits. To this extent, excavations were conducted to expose more breccia to the far west of the site. Under the directorship of my supervisor (Professor Ron Clarke), a excavation crew of University stafi stationed at the site excavated the western area of the site. We took Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM) points on the western wall of the site prior to excavations to assist with detailed stratigraphic drawing of the proflle in this area. These excavations revealed fresh breccia surfaces on which observations on currently exposed breccia have been made, e.g., difierences in sediment colour, texture, stone tool and faunal contents. Contacts between adjacent breccias were identifled and recorded to determine the conformability of sediment interfaces. Interpretation of the stratigraphic proflle was achieved based on these observations with the help of, and in consultative discussions with Professor Clarke. 2.3.2 Artefact analysis Typological and technological analyses were conducted for the Post-Member 6 Inflll artefacts to establish the stone tool typologies and technology, as well as to establish which artefact industry is represented. This has aided inter- pretation of the chronology of the site, as well as the site formation processes leading to artefact accumulations. Typological studies were conducted using the classiflcation methods applied by Kuman (1994a, 1996, 1998); Kuman et al. (1997) and Field (1999) for other assemblages at the site and at other sites in the Sterkfontein valley. Other attributes such as abrasion, weathering, artefact size distribution and post-depositional breakage, all relating to site formation processes, were recorded and examined according to published guidelines fol- lowing Schick (1987); Kuman (1994a,b). Artefact analysis in this assemblage 17 involved sorting, classiflcation of types, and distributional analysis of sizes, technology, and raw material. Various researchers have devised classiflcation schemes for difierent stone tool industries. Leakey (1971) established a typology for the Oldowan, Devel- oped Oldowan and early Acheulean industries in East Africa with materials from Olduvai Gorge Bed I and II. This typology is generally accepted and widely used as the classiflcation scheme of choice by other researchers, includ- ing those working in South Africa, for some of the early cultural periods such as those in the Sterkfontein valley, where Oldowan and Early Acheulean tool assemblages have been excavated and studied (Mason, 1957, 1962a,b; Kuman, 1994a,b, 1996, 1998). The Middle Stone Age (MSA) has, however, been classifled difierently as it is characterised by ake and blade tools, e.g., denticulates, points and scrap- ers, and lacks Early Stone Age (ESA) core tools (Thackeray A., 1992).The Middle Stone Age was flrst classifled as an industrial tradition, with variations described, such as Pietersburg, Mossel Bay, Hagenstad, Saw Mill, Alexander- sfontein and Howiesons Poort (Goodwin and Van Riet Lowe, 1929; Goodwin, 1930; Mason, 1957, 1962a; Thackeray A., 1992).A scheme was later devel- oped for the long sequence at Klasies River Mouth as a flve stage sequence termed MSA I to IV, with a Howieson?s Poort stage between the third and the fourth stages (Singer and Wymer, 1982). A similar scheme was used by Sampson (1972) for the southern Cape MSA assemblages, but with pre- and post- Howiesons Poort stages sandwiching the Howiesons Poort. These classi- flcations have been modifled by Volman (1981, 1984) into another more com- prehensive MSA scheme: the MSA 1, MSA 2a, MSA 2b, Howiesons Poort and MSA 3. This later classiflcation is now widely used and has been modifled and applied for various MSA sites in South Africa, e.g., the study of the Florisbad MSA assemblages by Kuman (1989); Kuman et al. (1999) and by Wurz (2002). Middle Stone Age sites in the Cape and the former Transvaal seem to vary in age and stone tool raw material and tool types, making their typology and technology vary considerably. Sites with sequences including the early MSA 18 are limited and have been reported and described by Volman (1981, 1984). The earliest MSA 1 assemblages of South Africa have small broad akes with facetted butts, cores for production of akes with intersecting dorsal scars, where there is little formal retouch, rare retouched scrapers and no retouched points. This earliest MSA (MSA 1) is placed in Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS) 6. It has been identifled at sites such as Duinefontein 2, Peers Cave, Elands Bay Cave and possibly at Bushman Rockshelter (Volman, 1981, 1984). A later phase of MSA 1 in the Transvaal at Cave of Hearths was initially called Lower Pietersburg by Mason (1957), but later put in the MSA 2a by Volman (1984). The MSA 2 is the next MSA in age and has been divided into two: MSA 2a (OIS 5c-6), and MSA 2b (OIS) 5e-5c. The MSA 2 has been identifled at Klasies River Mouth as MSA I and II (for MSA 2a and MSA 2b respectively) by Singer and Wymer (1982), Klasies River Mouth and Mossel Bay (for MSA 2a and MSA 2b respectively) by Wurz (2002), and at Border Cave, Cave of Hearths Beds 4-9, Mwulu 1-2 and Apollo 11 Cave among others by Volman (1984). The MSA 2 has relatively large, narrow akes and ake-blades which are larger than those of MSA 1. Formal retouch, denticulates and scrapers are more common and unifacial and bifacial points begin to appear. The occurrence of points and retouch increases from MSA 2a to MSA 2b, with denticulates being more common in MSA 2a, but absent or less common in MSA 2b. The frequency of sidescrapers increase compared to endscrapers from 2a to 2b. MSA 2b also has occasional small backed or truncated pieces. The Howieson?s Poort is estimated to date to OIS 5b-5a (Ca. 60,000- 75,000 kya) and is identifled at Howieson?s Poort Rockshelter, Klasies River Mouth, Cave of Hearths Bed 9, Rose Cottage Cave, Border Cave, Mwulu 3 and Klipfonteinrand among others. The Howieson?s Poort is characterised by numerous trapezoids, backed and truncated pieces, and by relatively small broader akes with facetted butts made on flne grained and cryptocrystalline rocks as opposed to those used in earlier stages of MSA (Volman, 1984). The MSA 3 has been called MSA IV (Singer and Wymer, 1982) and Post Howieson?s Poort (Wurz, 2002) at Klasies River Mouth. The MSA 3 has ake blades 19 similar to those of the MSA 2, with unifacial points and laterally retouched blades more common. To enable comparison of this artefact assemblage with others in the Sterkfontein valley and elsewhere in South Africa, classiflcation of the artefacts in this as- semblage followed that of MSA sites in South Africa, e.g., (Sampson, 1972; Volman, 1981, 1984; Singer and Wymer, 1982; Mason, 1988; Wurz, 2002), but also incorporated types used for the other assemblages in the valley (Kuman, 1994a,b, 1996, 1998; Kuman et al., 1997; Field, 1999; Reynolds, 2000). The resulting typological classiflcation is discussed below. 2.3.3 Typological classiflcation Flakes Flakes and ake portions have been divided into three more speciflc categories in this assemblage. Complete akes Complete akes include pieces ?20mm struck from cores. They have complete striking platforms, bulbs of percussion, as well as tapered, stepped or hinged terminations. Maximum lengths of akes for this sample are taken in this study because the complete akes? sample was too small for a complete technological analysis. Incomplete akes These are broken akes ?20mm which may exhibit a bulb of percussion and/or tapered, stepped or hinged terminations. Incomplete akes include split akes, and proximal, lateral, medial or distal portions of akes, but these further divisions of incomplete akes were not used in this study because of the small sample size for incomplete akes. Core trimming akes These are complete akes that have a triangular cross-section formed by dorsal scars that create a ridge, indicating previous platform working or removal of an angular portion of a core (Singer and Wymer, 1982; Field, 1999). Their 20 purpose seems to be only for preparation of core striking platforms or core shaping, as they are neither retouched nor have signs of use wear. Cores Cores are the remains of the original piece from which akes have been de- tached and have negative ake scars on their surfaces. Cores in this assemblage have been classifled as bipolar, freehand percussion aked, or a combination of both. Leakey (1971) has classifled freehand percussion- aked cores by their shape and the worked edges, but with an emphasis on their use as tools. In studying the cores of the Sterkfontein early Acheulean and Oldowan, Field (1999) adopted and modifled the types developed by Leakey and classifled cores by shape, number and positions of ake scars, but without the emphasis on their assumed function, thereby referring to them as cores instead of core tools. The types used by Field have been adopted for use here where neces- sary, but with an emphasis on shape and aking technique as done by Volman (1981) and Singer and Wymer (1982) in the study of the MSA of the southern Cape. Core types have been classifled to include the core types below. Casual cores Casual cores have one or two ake removals. Although some pieces may have opportunistic removals such as those resulting form breakage during their use as hammerstones, casual core removals are considered to be intentional re- movals, either for testing of raw material quality or for ake tool production. Single platform cores These have also been referred to as edge cores by Field (1999) and have a set of contiguous removals ofi one platform, either a naturally at edge or an edge made by aking or splitting of the blank. Chopper cores These are pieces that are unifacially or bifacially aked along one edge of a cobble. Occasionally, an opportunistic removal is made from another side of the core. Discoidal cores 21 Discoidal cores are also known as radial cores and are bifacially aked pieces with removals along all or most of the manuport circumference. Flaking takes place on two platforms creating a disc-like or bi-conical shape. Polyhedral cores These are cores that have been aked on three or more separate platforms and have been aked over most or all of the surface of the piece in a seemingly ran- dom pattern. Pieces with partial aking are referred to as irregular polyhedral cores (Kuman, 1998; Field, 1999). Polyhedral cores have also been referred to as irregular cores by scientists working with MSA assemblages (Singer and Wymer, 1982). Cores on akes These are akes that have been subsequently knapped. This kind of knapping occurs on medium-to-large-sized akes with manageable handling capability for knapping. The aim of such knapping may be ake removal or shaping of the initial ake, as in unflnished pieces possibly intended to produce Acheulean handaxes and cleavers, as at Olduvai Gorge (Leakey, 1971) and Sterkfontein (Kuman, 1994b; Field, 1999). Core fragments These are pieces ? 20mm which break ofi cores during the knapping process. They difier from chunks by the occurrence of occurrence clear evidence of knapping in the form of ake scars on one or more sides and a clear surface of breakage from the original core that has no evidence of ake scars. Bipolar cores and core remains Bipolar cores often with two opposing impact points, indicating that they have been knapped between a hammerstone and an anvil. Bipolar core remains are fragments of bipolar cores with some of the characteristics of bipolar cores. Bipolar cores and core remains have at ake scars, unlike freehand aked cores which have concave negative ake scars indicating negative bulbs of per- cussions. They may exhibit a at proflle or sometimes a spalled proflle, plus crushing or splintering at the platforms. 22 Small Flaking Debris Small aking debris includes all pieces<20mm in maximum dimension (Leakey, 1971; Kuman, 1994a,b; Field, 1999). While most have characteristics of other types classifled in this assemblage such as complete akes, incomplete akes or chunks, they are grouped in this category due to their small dimensions. Chunks Chunks are angular or blocky pieces ? 20mm in maximum length. They in- clude pieces produced during knapping by the shattering of a core or ake, but exclude core fragments, which have clear ake scars and a surface of breakage from the main core (Kuman, 1998; Field, 1999). Manuports These include natural cobbles or pebbles transported to site by hominids but which have not have been knapped or utilised. Manuports occur in raw ma- terial suitable for knapping when compared with cores in the Sterkfontein assemblages. Such pieces could also have been transported for use as missiles (Leakey, 1971). Hammerstones These are cobbles or pebbles with pitting or battering indicating use as ham- mers to knock ofi akes from other stones (cores) during knapping. They may also have one or more ake removals that result during accidental breakage of the stone during use (Leakey, 1971; Kuman, 1994b; Field, 1999). Formal tools Retouched pieces These are complete akes, incomplete akes, chunks, cores, core fragments and any other pieces that have akes removed from one or more edges for the purpose of shaping, sharpening, or modifying the edges for use as tools. 23 They include bi-facially and unifacially retouched pieces, points, denticulates, denticulated scrapers and scrapers. Miscellaneous retouched pieces These are pieces (chunks, akes, incomplete akes, chips and core fragments) that have minor and/or inconsistent retouch along one or more edges for shap- ing or modifying the edge for use as a tool (Leakey, 1971; Kuman, 1989, 1994b; Field, 1999). 2.3.4 Condition The condition of artefacts in this assemblage, like that of bone, is an indicator of the time period between tool manufacture and deposition, as well as the de- positional process (the mode, distance and duration of transport of artefacts to the site). Tools transported on the surface, exposed to the elements for longer periods, or abraded in decalcifled and redeposited deposits are more likely to be ?weathered?. However, weathering in place versus abrasion caused by trans- port or sediment compaction varies according to each raw material type. In other words, abrasion can act on pieces, dulling them and thus giving them a weathered appearance. For example, quartz is highly resistant to weathering and requires some abrasion to appear weathered. Weathering condition is an indicator not just of the time period between tool manufacture and deposition or burial, but it also re ects those elements (sunlight, moisture and temper- ature uctuations) that cause weathering. Weathering in this assemblage is classifled as fresh, slightly weathered, weathered, or very weathered to conform with data recorded by Field (1999). 2.3.5 Raw materials The stone tools in Sterkfontein artefact assemblages are made in quartz, quartzite, chert, sandstone, diabase, an unidentifled igneous rock and dolomite. Some of these materials derive from within the cave system, such as dolomite and some chert. Dolomite is the parent cave rock, and chert occurs as bands within 24 the dolomite. Both are therefore found at the site and on the surrounding landscape of the cave in the form of polyhedral, angular and attish rocks. Chert is, however, also available as cobbles and pebbles in the river gravels (Kuman, 1996). Quartz may be collected from the landscape around the cave or as cobbles or pebbles in the river gravels. Quartzite and igneous rocks all derive from the river gravels below the cave (Kuman, 1996). These are then split prior to knapping or knapped in their original form (Kuman, 1996). 2.3.6 Faunal analysis The faunal assemblages for this study (Member 6 and the Post-Member 6 Inflll) were examined to identify specimens, and data were recorded to describe bone fragment, element portion, side and age where possible, as well as taxa identiflcation. Bone surfaces were examined for modiflcations that suggest their modes and agents of accumulation, as well as the processes that have acted to modify individual bones and/or the entire assemblages before, during and after deposition in the cave?s sediments. Bone fragment, element and taxa identiflcation Element and taxa identiflcation was conducted using the comparative collec- tions listed above. Identiflcation of non-bovid and bovid mammals to genus or species was based on cranio-dental remains. These were designated to order, family, subfamily, genus and species where possible. In addition, non-bovid taxa were identifled to at least family level using post-cranial material with diagnostic features that distinguish between the difierent taxa where possible. Attempts were made to identify bovid cranial remains to below family level using distinct features observed on the teeth. Bovid post-cranial material was identifled to Size Class following Brain (1974, 1981), and these include: Size Class I, 0-23kg: upper limit represented by a large female duiker. Size Class II, 23-84kg: upper limit, large male blesbok. Size Class III, 84-296kg: upper limit, large wildebeest or roan antelope. 25 Size Class IV, more than 296kg: very large animals such as eland or bufialo. Identiflcation of bone modiflcation In studying the taphonomic history of these assemblages, I examined bone surfaces for modiflcations that occurred after the death of the animals, either before, during or after deposition, and both prior to and after fossilisation. Bone surfaces were examined under X10 magniflcation and a low incident light and modiflcation marks were recorded, including: carnivore gnawing marks, stomach acid etching, porcupine gnawing, small rodent gnawing, stone tool marks, weathering, trampling, abrasion, insect, geological, and excavation and preparation modiflcation. Mammalian gnawing The frequency of carnivore-induced modiflcation marks varies between the non- bone-gnawing and the bone-gnawing carnivores. For instance, bone collections accumulated by difierent hyaena species have been documented to be between 38% and 100% tooth marked (Skinner et al., 1986; Bunn, 1983a,b; Lam, 1992; Maguire et al., 1980). Fewer modiflcations are found on bones of carcasses con- sumed by large cats (cheetah, leopard and lion) that do not ordinarily crunch bones (Richardson, 1980; Lyman, 1994). The presence of carnivore modiflca- tion marks in combinations, and patterns consistent with those from carnivore feeding and denning sites have been used to identify the agent(s) that have acted to accumulate and modify the assemblage. Various forms of modiflcation marks have been observed and are known to be in icted by carnivore teeth on bone during carcass de eshing, bone gnawing and crushing for marrow extrac- tion. These marks include: Score marks are short parallel U-shaped grooves with smooth bases occurring transverse to the bone?s long axis. These marks result from dragging of teeth across the surface of bone and are normally found on the ends of long bones (Maguire et al., 1980; Binford, 1981; Shipman, 1981; Lyman, 1994; Pickering 26 and Wallis, 1997). Tooth punctures, also referred to as punctate depressions, are tapering, deep pits on bone surfaces caused by collapse of bone under the pressure of teeth cusps with akes of bone from the puncture visible in the pit (Maguire et al., 1980; Binford, 1981; Shipman, 1981; Johnson, 1985; Lyman, 1994). Notches are crescent-shaped fracture scars produced when the strength of a bite is su?cient to split the bone producing a fracture line through the punctate perforation (Binford, 1981; Blumenschine, 1986; Blumenschine and Selvaggio, 1988, 1991; Blumenschine et al., 1996; Lyman, 1994; Maguire et al., 1980). Such crescents are produced on hard compact long bone shafts. Puncturing also produces bone akes (similar to stone akes with striking platforms, im- pact scars, bulb of percussion and tapering edges) when pieces of bone detach from notches. Pitting occurs on dense bone when it withstands the pressure of teeth without being punctured as in the case of punctate depressions (Binford, 1981; Lyman, 1994; Maguire et al., 1980). Crenulated edges are also known as ragged chewing, and occur on the ends of thick bones such as limb bones and on thin bone, when teeth penetrate and remove part of the edge of the bone, biting it away during puncturing (Binford, 1981; Maguire et al., 1980; Lyman, 1994; Pickering and Wallis, 1997; Pickering, 1999). Scooping or hollowing out results from extreme furrowing on cancellous bone leading to the removal of signiflcant portions of bone tissue in these areas. This produces large irregular holes on long bone ends (Binford, 1981; Haynes, 1983; Lyman, 1994; Maguire et al., 1980) and tubular bone shafts when all limb bone ends are chewed away, leaving only the bone shaft. Channeled bone is produce by puncturing the bone backwards from one end, leaving a channel running parallel to the long axis of the bone (Binford, 1981). Chipping back results from chewing the edge of broken long bone, causing chipping and scoring of the outer surface of the bone, with licking resulting in rounding and polishing of edges (Binford, 1981; Haynes, 1983; Lyman, 1994). 27 Stomach acid etching This kind of etching is observed on regurgitated bone and results from passing of bone along the digestive track of hyaenas and other small carnivores whose stomachs contain digestive acids capable of extracting bone nutrients (Lyman, 1994). Even though the modiflcation marks discussed above are known to be pro- duced by carnivores, other mammals such as ungulates, humans and chim- panzees gnaw bone and may leave modiflcations on bones similar to those left by carnivores, e.g., peeling, pitting and crenulated edges (Maguire et al., 1980; Brain, 1981; Pickering and Wallis, 1997). These marks are, therefore, best studied in combination with other more diagnostic modiflcation marks, such as tooth punctures and notches, in order to characterise them as carnivore or other mammalian gnawing marks with certainty. Porcupine and small rodent gnawing Porcupine gnaw marks appear as shallow broad marks with double parallel chisel-like marks from porcupine incisors. Small rodent gnawing leaves U- shaped scratches which are smaller than carnivore tooth scores. Porcupines and small rodents gnaw on bone probably to keep in check the growth of their incisors that continue to grow throughout their life (Maguire et al., 1980; Ly- man, 1994). They thus accumulate various hard materials, including bones, in their dens for this purpose, but they also gnaw on material already accumu- lated by other agents. For example, bones known to have been accumulated by carnivores in dens have been observed to bear evidence of porcupine gnawing. Occasionally, porcupines also bring in some bones with them into these dens. Rodents also gnaw on already accumulated bones and other materials for their nutritive needs (Maguire et al., 1980). Evidence for both porcupines and small rodent gnawing of bones and other objects such as wood and stone have been observed on materials accumulated at fossil sites. 28 Stone tool modiflcation Evidence for stone tool-use in animal carcass processing occurs as cutmarks, hammerstone percussion marks, chop marks and scrape marks. Cutmarks are the V-shaped elongate marks with multiple flne parallel striae within their walls (Binford, 1981; Bunn, 1981; Lyman, 1994; Potts and Ship- man, 1981; Shipman, 1981; Shipman and Rose, 1984). Cutmarks result from skinning, disarticulation and fllleting (Binford, 1981, 1984a; Lyman, 1994) of carcasses and can be related to each of the functions (scraping, chopping, cut- ting), depending on the locations of the marks on a skeletal element (Binford, 1981; Lyman, 1994). Scrape marks are multiple faint cutmark-like striations resulting from the cor- responding scraping action aimed at detaching small amounts of meat from bones (Binford, 1984a). Chopmarks are deep, thick, irregular grooves on bones resulting from chopping actions meant to detach large muscle groups and ligaments and to break bones for marrow extraction (Binford, 1981, 1984a; Blumenschine, 1986; Bunn, 1981; Potts and Shipman, 1981). Cutmark-mimicking by other processes such as trampling or carnivore gnawing marks has been identifled (Behrensmeyer et al., 1986, 1989; Fior- illo, 1989), necessitating the use of sophisticated methods such as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in the difierentiation of attributes or their occur- rence in combinations in identifying them. Cutmarks can be distinguished from other marks by the regularity in location, flne parallel striae within their walls, barbs at their ends, and their V-shaped proflles (Binford, 1981, 1985; Binford et al., 1988; Blumenschine, 1995; Bunn, 1981, 1986, 1991; Bunn and Kroll, 1986; White, 1992; White and Toth, 1989). These are distinguishable from the randomly occurring striations caused by trampling, rockfall and car- nivore teeth modiflcation (Brain, 1981; Potts and Shipman, 1981). Hammerstone percussion marks are pits resulting from the smashing of bone shafts with hammerstones to crack them open for marrow. Hammer- stone percussion marks have been identifled and authenticated using various 29 characteristics (Binford, 1981, 1984a; Blumenschine, 1988; Blumenschine and Selvaggio, 1988, 1991; Blumenschine et al., 1996; Bunn, 1981; Potts and Ship- man, 1981). The observed assemblages contain bone specimens with stone tool process- ing marks, including cutmarks, hammerstone percussion marks and notches, scrape and chop marks (singly or in combinations). The relative frequen- cies of processing marks expected in modern human accumulated assemblages vary from site to site, but they are generally low, at around 5% (Bunn and Kroll, 1986). Simulated hominid-modifled assemblages have been used to infer what is expected in hominid-accumulated bone assemblages (Binford et al., 1988; Blumenschine, 1988, 1995). Modern hunter-gatherer-produced bone as- semblages have also been studied with the objective of inferring the proba- ble nature of hominid-modifled and hominid-accumulated assemblages (Bunn, 1983a,b; Bunn and Kroll, 1986; Bunn et al., 1988). However, archaeologi- cal assemblages difier from modern faunal assemblages because of the long taphonomic histories and the post-depositional factors that have afiected the archaeological assemblages, but not the simulated modern and hunter-gatherer assemblages. Weathering Weathering occurs in the form of deterioration of the bone surface due to loss of moisture and elasticity resulting from exposure to sunshine, and to uc- tuating temperature and moisture regimes. Efiects of weathering have been recorded in stages established by Behrensmeyer (1978). Stage 0 - includes fresh bone with no signs of cracking, still bearing soft tissue, marrow and skin. This kind of weathering modiflcation was not recorded in this assemblage. Stage 1 - Bone showing cracking parallel to the flbre structure of the bone, with articular surfaces showing sign of cracking of the covering tissue and the bone. Stage 2 - aking of thin concentric layer of outermost bone, associated with 30 cracks, with bone edges peeling away flrst. Stage 3 - patches of rough, homogeneously weathered compact bone, with fl- brous texture. Stage 4 - coarsely flbrous bone surface and rough textured, with small and large splinters loose enough to fall from bone when moved. Stage 5 - at this stage, bone is falling apart in situ, with large splinters lying around the remains of the bone that is usually fragile and easily broken by moving. Bone surfaces have been examined for the most advanced weathering stage covering at least 1 square centimetre of the surface of bone, avoiding areas with breakages. Post-depositional modiflcation Post-depositional factors can change an assemblage?s original skeletal part rep- resentation and modiflcation patterns, damaging the original bones and their surfaces. This destruction and/or modiflcation hinders skeletal element iden- tiflcation and masks or deletes surface modiflcations that may be useful in the identiflcation of accumulating and modifying agents. The efiect of post- depositional destruction on bones depends on their structural density (Brain, 1981; Klein and Cruz-Uribe, 1984; Grayson, 1989; Klein, 1989). Less dense skeletal elements will be destroyed faster or before denser skeletal elements in the same depositional environment (Grayson, 1989; White, 1992). The skeletal elements that disappear flrst during post-depositional destruction include the axial elements such as ribs, vertebrae, scapulae, pelves, and limb bone epiphy- ses, as they have thin cortex and large sections of cancellous bone, and are thus less dense and fragile. Insects modify bone surfaces, forming shallow gallery-like marks in addi- tion to boring, furrowing and grooving of bone surfaces (Behrensmeyer, 1978; Kitching, 1980; Lyman, 1994). Geological modiflcation caused by sediment overburden pressure is observed on bone specimens in the form of cracking of bones, distortion and plastic deformation of some specimens, resulting in 31 irregularity in the shape and breaking of specimens and dislocations of parts of bones relative to the normal shape of the bone (Lyman, 1994; Shipman, 1981). Other forms of post-depositional modiflcation include trampling and abrasion. Trampling marks are identifled as shallow, randomly orientated and multidirectional scratches that are at times sub-parallel (Behrensmeyer et al., 1986, 1989; Fiorillo, 1989; Lyman, 1994; Olsen and Shipman, 1988). Abrasion is identifled where there is smoothing or polishing of bones from trampling (Brain, 1967), especially in loose sedimentary matrix, or from transportation in wind-blown and uvial sediments (Shipman and Rose, 1984). Fluvial transport Abraded bones result from transportation through uvial action but may also be a product of movement within the sediments in the cave. According to Ship- man and Rose (1988) and Lyman (1994), the appearance of abrasion marks on bones has been shown to depend on: a) particle grain size of the sediments with which the bones are transported b) composition of the sediment c) presence or absence of soft tissue on the bone d) condition of the bone at the onset of transport (fresh or weathered, broken or whole, mineralised or unmineralised) e) presence or absence of water in the sedimentary system f) duration or distance involved in transport Lyman (1994) provides a summary of body parts likely to be found at dif- ferent stages in the process of uvial transport in relation to current velocity. These are known as Voorhies groups after the seminal study of bone uvial transport by Voorhies (1969) and Behrensmeyer (1975). This summary indi- cates that the more dense and larger bone elements are more likely to be found at or close to the source of the remains and less dense elements farther from the source. An assemblage with most or all of the skeletal elements is likely to have been deposited at or near source or point of death of the animal in an 32 undisturbed or minimally disturbed assemblage. Excavation and preparation midiflcation This kind of modiflcation occurs on the bone specimens during excavation, cleaning and preparation of the faunal assemblage. These modiflcations range from complete breakage of specimens into many pieces to scratches, chipping and slicing of specimens (some of which I was able to reflt). Other forms of modiflcation appear as fresh chipping or slicing on the edge of compact bones or on bone surfaces. Preparation and excavation modiflcation is difierentiated from ancient or pre-fossilisation marks by the fresh appearance of the break or marks and lighter colouration, difierent from the rest of the bone surface and by the absence of matrix adhering to fracture edges which is unlike the rest of the bone showing ancient modiflcation (White, 1992). 2.3.7 Skeletal element and taxa frequencies Skeletal part and taxa frequencies are used in combination with modiflcation marks to determine the agents of accumulation and the general taphonomic history of an assemblage. The following measures of abundance were used in this study: Number of Identifled Specimens (NISP) This is the total number of bones identifled to taxon (Grayson, 1984; Klein and Cruz-Uribe, 1984). NISP thus include post-cranial bone fragments and cranio-dental remains identifled to skeletal element, family, subfamily, genus, species or mammalian size class (Lyman, 1994). White (1992) notes that the value of NISP of an assemblage depends greatly on the ability of a scientist to identify bone specimens to skeletal elements and to taxa from the most subtle features. My identiflcations were aided by the comparative materials named earlier in the materials section of this thesis, together with consultation with colleagues. I have tried to be as speciflc as possible with cranial specimen identiflcation to the tribe, genus and/or species. Most post-cranial specimens 33 have been identifled to mammalian size class for bovid specimens following (Brain, 1974, 1981) and to genus or species for non-bovid taxa such as primates and carnivores. Minimum Number of Elements (MNE) Minimum number of elements is the smallest number of skeletal elements nec- essary to account for the bone fragments identifled. The minimum number of elements (MNE) was calculated on each skeletal element category for each taxon according to the method described by Bunn (1986), Bunn and Kroll (1986) and Pickering (1999). Using this method, all specimens assigned to one skeletal element category were matched and compared for overlapping re- gions of the bone, difierences in thickness, and side before attributing them to difierent or single elements. Comprehensive Minimum Number of Individuals (cMNI) The comprehensive minimum number of individuals (cMNI) was calculated for each skeletal part category per taxon as done by Pickering (1999). In this method, all specimens belonging to a single taxon were compared to establish if further identiflcation of individuals represented by the difierent elements is possible (Binford, 1978, 1981, 1984a; Bunn and Kroll, 1986). The cMNI values were estimated by visual examination among and between elements of the same taxa. These are compared to difierentiate them by side (left or right), relative sizes, and ages (fused epiphyses for adults versus unfused for juveniles) of the individuals they represent where possible (Pickering, 1999). This estimate is substituted for the traditional Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) in this study as the methods described for deriving MNI estimates do not take into account difierences in individuals that can be deciphered from the difierences in size and age of individuals observable on difierent specimens. This estimate derives the highest minimum number of individuals as described by Pickering (1999). It takes into account all the factors observed on specimens that difier- entiate specimens and individuals. By not assuming that two proximal femora (right and left) in an assemblage would always derive from a single individual, 34 this estimate difiers from White (1953)?s MNI, cited in Lyman (1994) and Bin- ford?s Minimum Number of Animal Units (MAU) (Binford, 1978, 1981, 1984a). Instead cMNI estimation involves comparing such specimens and determining if they can be difierentiated by relative age and size (Pickering, 1999). Minimum Number of Animal Units (MAU) and percentage Minimum An- imal Units (%MAU) MAU and %MAU are estimated in order to derive the number of animal units transported to the accumulation site from the butchery site (Binford, 1981, 1984a,b). Binford developed this method on the realisation that accumulators do not necessarily transport whole carcasses, and where whole carcasses are transported, dispersal may be by secondary predators or scavengers. MAU of an element is estimated using MNE values, which are divided by the number of times that element occurs in a skeleton. Percentage MAU values are derived by dividing all MAU values by the highest MAU value of the taxon (Binford, 1981, 1984a,b; Lyman, 1994). 2.3.8 Fracture attribute analysis Fractured edges of bones have been examined to determine if bone breakage occurred while the bone was fresh or dry (Johnson, 1985; Agenbroad, 1989; Villa and Mahieu, 1991; Lyman, 1994). Fresh bone fractures result when bones are relatively green, producing smooth-textured edges forming acute and obtuse angles with the outer cortical surface of bone (Johnson, 1985, 1989; Villa and Mahieu, 1991). These fractures have edge colours similar to those of the surface due to their similar antiquity (Johnson, 1985; Agenbroad, 1989; Lyman, 1994). Dry bone breaks, on the other hand, occur after bones have lost their moisture and some of their organic content due to degreasing, drying and mineralization. Dry bone breaks result from horizontal tension failure leading to a fracture that cuts across the diaphysis to produce perpendicular and parallel or diagonal breaks. These breaks normally have a difierent colour from that of the bone?s outer surface, are rough-textured and are at right 35 angles to the outer cortical surface of bone (Johnson, 1985, 1989; Agenbroad, 1989; Villa and Mahieu, 1991; Lyman, 1994). Carnivores and hominids break bone for marrow extraction shortly after the animals? death when bone is still fresh, while post-depositional factors tend to break dry bone, but they may also break fresh bones if burial occurs soon af- ter death of animals (Agenbroad, 1989). Therefore bone breakage pattern can be used together with modiflcation marks to determine at what stage in the taphonomic history of the bone the breakage occurred, and what could have caused breakage. Bone fracture surface attributes such as fracture outline, an- gle and edge are adopted from Villa and Mahieu (1991) for this purpose. Villa and Mahieu developed these fracture surface characteristics for establishing the timing of breakage of bones. These attributes include: angle, outline and edge length/breadth ratio of splinters, shaft circumference and fragmentation (Johnson, 1985; Villa and Mahieu, 1991). These attributes were recorded for long bone shafts and shaft fragments with fresh breakage on one or both ends. These fracture attributes, however, were not recorded for fracture surfaces exhibiting porcupine or small rodent gnawing. Also excluded from fracture analysis were specimens with breakages through cancellous bone, or breakages at or near the epiphysis, as these re- gions of bone break irregularly and unpredictably, making them difierent from the hard compact bone shaft. In addition, their pattern of breakage is un- predictable (Villa and Mahieu, 1991). These authors noted that flve of the fracture attributes they developed are useful in assessing the timing and cause of bone breakage in an assemblage. These have been adopted for this study to assess the timing of breakage of bones in this assemblage as occurring either soon after an animals death, thus fresh/green bone or dry bone break, and are discussed below: Fracture angle is the angle formed by the fracture surface and the bone cor- tical surface. Fracture angles can be right angle, oblique or variable/intermediate (oblique and right angled). Fresh broken bone assemblages show a predomi- nance of oblique angled fractures as opposed to right-angled fractures of dry 36 broken bone assemblages (Johnson, 1985; Villa and Mahieu, 1991). Fracture outline refers to the shape of the fracture surface. This can be: 1) Transverse, straight fractures that are perpendicular to the long bone axis, or 2) Curved or portions of combined curved fracture and V-shaped or pointed fractures, representing complex multidirectional morphologies not similar to transverse, rectilinear morphologies, or 3) Intermediate fractures, which are straight in morphology but diagonal, or which have stepped outline. A fresh broken bone assemblage has a high fre- quency of curved fractures, while a dry broken bone assemblage has a higher frequency of transverse fractures (Villa and Mahieu, 1991). Fracture edge is the texture of the fracture margin (Villa and Mahieu, 1991). These can be smooth or jagged. Breaks that occur when bones is still fresh (green bone breaks) result in smooth margins and surfaces, and dry bone breaks result in jagged edges. Johnson (1985) and Villa and Mahieu (1991), however, believe that this attribute does not strongly discriminate on the state of the bone at the time of break, but rather it is more likely to depend on whether the force applied to break the bone was dynamic or static loading. Shaft circumference, according to Bunn (1983a,b), difierentiates between bones accumulated by hyaenas, the majority of which have complete circum- ferences, and those accumulated by human hunter-gatherers, the majority of which are splinters. Attributes for circumference completeness used in this study include: 1) shaft circumference less than 50% 2) shaft circumference greater than 50% and 3) complete shaft circumference (100%), see Villa and Mahieu (1991). Post- depositionally broken bone assemblages are characterised by a high frequency of full circumference bone specimens, while carnivore and hominid-produced freshly broken bone assemblages produce predominantly full circumference bone specimens (Binford, 1981; Bunn, 1981; Todd and Rapson, 1988). This attribute cannot therefore be used on its own as an indication of the agent or 37 Table 2.1: Fracture attribute values for the French Neolithic sites from Villa and Mahieu (1991) . Fracture Attributes Sarrians Bezouse Fontebregoua Fracture Angle Oblique 22 27 144 Right 176 174 47 Intermediate 71 52 13 Total 269 253 204 Fracture Outline Curved 106 82 134 Transverse 193 144 92 Intermediate 59 61 35 Total 358 287 261 Circumference 1 (100%) 200 60 13 2 (>50%) 10 0 23 3 (<50%) 16 33 115 Total 226 93 151 condition of breakage. It must be used with other attributes such as bone sur- face modiflcation in order to determine fracture agents (Blumenschine, 1988; Todd and Rapson, 1988). Breadth/Length ratio is calculated for long bone shaft fragments with widths smaller than their original shaft diameters (Villa and Mahieu, 1991). There- fore, specimens with complete circumferences are not included in the calcula- tion of breadth/length ratio. Freshly broken bone assemblages are expected to have lower breadth/length ratios compared to dry broken assemblages. Ta- ble 2.1 provides absolute values for the fracture attributes of the three French Neolithic sites analysed by Villa and Mahieu (1991) and used to study the fracture attributes in this assemblage. 2.3.9 Bone fragments Refltting of bone shaft fragments conducted in this study after the pioneer works of Bunn (1983a,b, 1986) and Bunn and Kroll (1986) helped put together some previously unidentiflable bone fragments and increased their identiflabil- ity. This has also raised the skeletal element representation by altering the 38 Minimum Number of Elements (MNE) and reducing bias from fragmentation. Some broken edges permitted this kind of refltting of even some old breaks with adhering soil and breccia. Chapter 3 Stratigraphy of the western breccias 3.1 Introduction This chapter outlines the flndings of the stratigraphic investigations of the western younger breccias at Sterkfontein. One of the aims of this study was to clarify the stratigraphy of the western area breccias, including Member 5 West, Member 6 and the Post-Member 6 Inflll. This research focused on determining the extent of the Member 5 West deposit and establishing the relationship with Member 6 in both the excavated and unexcavated areas of the deposit. This has been done by increasing the excavated area to the West in the calcifled breccia of Member 5 West. These excavations were conducted by University of the Witwatersand stafi stationed at the site, under the directorship of Professor R. J. Clarke. The Sterkfontein excavations have exposed at least eight breccias with dis- tinct faunal and artefactual properties. These have been classifled in ascending order, Members 1 to 6, in the Sterkfontein Formation (Partridge, 1978). In addition, two separate infllls, the StW 53 Inflll and and the Post-Member 6 Inflll have recently been identifled by Kuman and Clarke (2000). The area at the western end of the current excavations was stratigraphically investigated during this study. This includes the area initially known as the Extension Site (Robinson, 1962), but today named Member 5 West. This area also includes 39 40 Member 6 and the Post-Member 6 Inflll. The current stratigraphic study of the western breccias involved excavations for the further recovery of fauna for biostratigraphic and biochronological age estimation. Also intended for this study was the recovery of artefacts for cul- tural chronology of the strata. Faunal analysis of material from these younger Member 6 and Post-Member 6 deposits reveals a mid to upper Pleistocene resulting from accumulation by multiple agents and impacted on by difierent modiflcation agents. Detailed results of studies of faunal and artefact assem- blages studied from these sediments are provided in Chapters four, flve, six and seven of this thesis. 3.2 Earlier stratigraphic interpretations Early research on the stratigraphy of the Sterkfontein Caves has been pub- lished by Robinson (1962), Partridge (1978) and Partridge and Watt (1991). Robinson postulated the existence of one large chamber in the area of the current excavations in which material accumulated in difierent phases of the caves? development. In this respect, Robinson (1962) observed that breccia of the Type Site (now Member 4) accumulated in a large underground cavern that may have extended east-west in the entire area now open to the sur- face by weathering of the dolomite roof. Clarke (1994) and Kuman and Clarke (2000), however, observed a later phase of Member 4 accumulation in the west. The deposition of Member 4 was followed by the deposition of the Oldowan Inflll through a vertical shaft in the central area (Kuman, 1994a; Pickering, 1999; Kuman and Clarke, 2000). An instability of the dolomite oor below the Oldowan in the central area of the cavern may have led to the collapse of the Oldowan Inflll, and probably the underlying Member 4 breccia into a lower cavern, the Name Chamber (Kuman and Clarke, 2000). Member 5 was once thought to have accumulated as a single underground cavern deposit possibly overlying Member 4 breccia. It has, however, recently been subdivided into three distinct deposits: the StW 53 Inflll, the Oldowan 41 Inflll and the early Acheulean breccia (Member 5 East and West), leading to a revision of the deposition sequence of the Member 5 breccia (Kuman and Clarke, 2000). The StW 53 Inflll deposit, originally thought to be part of the Member 5 breccia, is now considered to be intermediate in age between Member 4 and Member 5 as it has some earlier taxa (Pickering, 1999) and also lacks stone tools which are present in the adjacent Acheulean breccia. The hominid specimen, StW 53, assigned to the taxon early Homo by Hughes and Tobias (1977), has been re-assigned to a later phase of Australopithecus by Clarke (1994) and Kuman and Clarke (2000). The current study has also conflrmed that the StW 53 Inflll is a late phase of the Member 4 deposit [Figure 3.1, (Clarke, 2006)], as detailed in the sequence of infllls. Further excavations in the Member 5 deposits in the 1990?s revealed difierent phases of deposition following the StW 53 Inflll. The Oldowan tool-bearing sediments are at a lower level underlying decalcifled Member 5 early Acheulean deposits. Calcifled Member 5 early Acheulean is found in good context to the west (Clarke, 1994; Kuman and Clarke, 2000). 42 Figure 3.1: The southern proflle in the western area showing the Member 4 hanging remnant. The person at the left is pointing to the remnant of a stalagmite curtain (outlined in black) which separates the StW 53 Inflll (in the upper part of the photo) from the early Acheulean deposits. Grid squares are 3 feet by 3 feet. Photo courtesy R. J. Clarke. 43 Figur e3.2 :Profll eo fth ew ester n sectio n sh owin gth ecurre nt lay ou to fsom eMe mb er 5brecci at yp es an d Me mb er 6. 44 The Member 5 West area also contains Middle Stone Age period deposits of Member 6 and the intrusive Post-Member 6 Inflll. Member 6 is preserved as a small remnant of the original deposit overlying a owstone capping Member 5 West (Robinson, 1962; Brain, 1981; Kuman and Clarke, 2000). The Member 6 deposit may have fllled only a limited space between the dolomite roof and the underlying Member 5 breccia, prior to erosion of a channel in the northern area between Member 5 East and West. This channel was subsequently infllled with the Post-Member 6 deposit (Kuman and Clarke, 2000). The erosion channel fllled by Post-Member 6 had minimally dissolved the undersurface of Member 6, leaving this portion of Member 6 breccia as a hang- ing remnant. This later inflll occupies a large area, which probably once con- tained Acheulean breccia linking Member 5 West and Member 5 East (Chapter One, Figures 2 and 3). The sediments of Member 5 East and West may have been decalcifled and mixed with the younger incoming Post-Member 6 Inflll sediments (Clarke, 1994; Kuman, 1994a,b, 1998; Kuman and Clarke, 2000; Reynolds, 2000; Reynolds et al., 2003, 2007). The Post-Member 6 Inflll thus appears to have incorporated some elements eroded from the Member 5 West Acheulean breccia and possibly Member 6, as well as broken blocks of the Mem- ber 5 West capping owstone (Reynolds, 2000; Reynolds et al., 2003, 2007). The decalciflcation and mixing of these sediments is suggested by the work of Reynolds (2000) on fauna and artefacts from the adjacent Lincoln Cave. Reynolds suggests similarity between the Post-Member 6 Inflll, Lincoln Cave South assemblages and Member 5 West assemblage. These indicate possible erosion or collapse of the older Member 5 West deposits and the incorporation of some Acheulean artefacts and early Homo teeth into the younger Lincoln Cave and Post-Member 6 Inflll deposits. The Member 5 West area was exca- vated for the present study to clarify the stratigraphy of the sediments. This excavation also increased the sample sizes for fauna and artefacts for the better understanding of the the Post-Member 6 Inflll breccia contents. Following are the current interpretations for the stratigraphy in this area. 45 3.3 Revised stratigraphy of the western breccias Recent excavations at the western end of the Sterkfontein surface exca- vation site have revealed a more complex stratigraphic sequence than previ- ously recognised. Robinson (1962) identifled blocks of the Lower Breccia (now Member 4) in the Middle Breccia (now Member 5) of the Extension Site, and postulated that the chamber flrst fllled with Lower Breccia which would have extended west to the Extension Site, before a subsidence that allowed room for accumulation of the later breccias. The accumulation of Member 4 in the region of the Extension Site was conflrmed by Kuman and Clarke (2000) when they identifled inter-flngering of Member 4 breccia in the western area (Figure 3.3). This area was, until then, known to contain only Member 5 breccia. This study has determined that older, possibly Member 4 breccia may still lie fur- ther west of the Member 5 West early Acheulean, even beyond where Member 4 breccia had previously been identifled by Kuman and Clarke (2000), Figure 1.2. 46 Figure 3.3: Planview of the southwest corner showing the complexity of the Member 4-Member 5 interface. Note the interflngering of the Member 4 (stony greyish, marked ?4?) and Member 5 (sandy orange, marked ?5?) in the fore- ground and hanging remnant of Member 4 left of stalagmite (white owstone) curtain to the left (outlined in black). West is at the top of the picture and the dark oval pits running East-West are excavated decalcifled pockets. Grid squares are 3 feet by 3 feet. Photo courtesy of R. J. Clarke. 47 The Member 4 hanging remnant on the southern wall of the cavern is sepa- rated from the Member 5 inflll to the north by a stalagmite curtain that formed against the hanging remnant. This stalagmite curtain is continuous with the ?flnger-like? stalagmite curtain that is sectioned through on the western face of the excavation and which is formed against an older breccia to the west. Extensive excavation of this older breccia is required in order to determine whether it is Member 4 or even older. Thus, the collapse that later afiected the Oldowan Inflll of Member 5 East, resulting in deposition of some of its breccia in the underground Name Cham- ber, would also have afiected any underlying Member 4 deposit in that area. The westward extent of Member 4 breccia is demonstrated by the presence of Member 4 hanging remnants at the western end of the southern dolomite wall (Figure 3.2), the apparent Member 4 breccia exposed in the western proflle and the owstone that curtains that breccia. It is noted that the Oldowan Inflll did not accumulate as far west as the current western proflle, as it has been shown to have accumulated in a horizontally restricted area in the Member 5 East via a narrow vertical shaft (Pickering, 1999; Kuman and Clarke, 2000). This deposition scenario has been conflrmed by concentrations of artefacts in a small area (Kuman, 1994a; Kuman and Clarke, 2000) and the representa- tion of animals, identifled from bones in the deposit, by nearly all skeletal elements, indicating a death-trap situation where animals fell to their death down a vertical shaft concealed by vegetation (Pickering, 1999). The current excavations have also provided a clean proflle for the observa- tion of Member 5 West sediments on the western excavation face. This has resulted in the identiflcation of four distinct sediments on the western face (Figures 3.2 and 3.4). These sediments include a flne orange-brown, stone tool-bearing Member 5 West breccia with small dolomite rock pieces, a coarse pinkish stone tool-bearing Member 5 West breccia, a stone tool bearing yel- lowish microfauna breccia, and a flne chocolate brown Member 6. The flne, orange-brown, stone-tool-bearing Member 5 West breccia may be a variant of the pink Member 5 West breccia, with colour and possible texture difierences 48 Figur e3.4 :Vie w of th esouther n en d of th ecurre nt wester n profll esh owin gth eexte nt of rece nt exc av ation san d th ebrecci at yp es represe nted .Notic eth elarg eA cheulea n to ols (in whit ecircles )an d th e?flnger-li ke ?stalactite sa tth eto p whi ch forme d agains ta brecci aolde rtha n Me mb er 5. Se eFigur e3. 2fo ra n explanatio n of th eproflle . 49 due to ancient water flltration from the overlying microfauna breccia which was originally an organically rich owl pellet accumulation (Clarke personal com- munication 2006). These Member 5 West variants in the western face were previously regarded as a single homogenous deposit representing the Member 5 West early Acheulean. At the base of the current west face, a flne brown breccia containing small dolomite pieces and stone tools is exposed. This is possibly the earliest sed- iment of Member 5, resting against a owstone that has formed a curtain against Member 4 hanging remnants in the southern and western faces. This brown breccia is overlain by the coarse pinkish breccia in which stone tools can be seen (Figures 3.3 and 3.4), and which was previously described as Mem- ber 5 West early Acheulean breccia (Kuman, 1994a,b, 1996, 1998; Kuman and Clarke, 2000). In the north, this pinkish coarse breccia is capped by a ow- stone that thins out southward and is not visible in the southwestern corner. In the south, this pinkish breccia has been overlain by the yellowish micro- fauna breccia which has fllled spaces between stalactite strands curtaining the probable breccia of Member 4 in this area (Figures 3.2 and 3.4). This sta- lactite is continuous with a owstone curtaining Member 4 on the southern proflle and is not the same as the Member 5 West capping owstone. Member 5 West is thus sandwiched between these two owstones. A flne chocolate brown breccia initially described as the Upper Breccia (Robinson, 1962) and later termed Member 6 (Partridge, 1978) overlies the capping owstone in a small pocket at the northern end of the current western proflle. Although this area is close to the northern proflle where Member 6 has been identifled, Member 6 has not been identifled elsewhere in the western proflle, especially in the more southerly parts of the proflle. The Member 5 West (pinkish breccia) capping owstone was laid down over the breccia. In contrast, the curtain of owstone stalactites (Figure 3.4) appears to have formed prior to the deposition of Member 5 West itself, with the microfauna breccia fllling spaces between the stalactites (rather than the stalactites fllling cracks within the microfauna breccia if the breccia had been 50 deposited before the owstone). In addition the stalactites are continuous with the southwestern owstone curtain over the Member 4 hanging remnant against which Member 5 West breccia has been deposited. Thus, the Member 5 West breccias must have been deposited after the formation of the southern owstone curtain and the ?flnger-like? stalactites. The layout of the breccias in the west proflle supports the deposition se- quence suggested by Robinson (1962) and Clarke (1994). They argued that Member 4 breccia collapsed into an underlying cavern after fllling most of the upper chamber. This collapse created a cavity in the western area of the chamber, leaving Member 4 hanging remnants to the south and to the west (Figure 3.1). The cavern entrance was choked and a owstone was formed over the Member 4 hanging remnants, dripping to form ?flnger-like? stalactites in the western area. This owstone thins towards the north and completely disappears halfway towards the northern excavation face. After the formation of the owstone, a vertical shaft entrance opened at the centre of the site and the Oldowan Inflll was deposited, followed by the early Acheulean deposits after enlargement of this entrance (Kuman and Clarke, 2000). These Acheulean deposits fllled the cavity in which ?flnger-like? stalac- tites had earlier been formed during difierent sediment and climate regimes, resulting in the multiple types of Member 5 breccias. The larger opening for the accumulation of Member 5 was choked and another opening was later cre- ated in the western face area. This opening with a possible fallen roof block as a ledge allowed the roosting of owls, resulting in the accumulation of the microfauna breccia up to the base of the fallen roof block and fllling the spaces between the ?flnger-like? stalactites. This has left the ?flnger-like? stalactites previously hanging from the dolomite roof/ledge now as ?flnger-like? strands of owstone in the microfauna breccia (Figures 3.2 and 3.4). The current face now exposed consists of stalactites, and it has a owstone capping yellowish microfauna breccia. This breccia overlies a dark brown flne sediment with small dolomite blocks and stone tools, underlain by a coarse pinkish Member 5 West breccia. 51 3.4 Conclusion Thus, the apparent deposition sequence of deposits at the western end of the current Sterkfontein excavation is as follows: Member 4 breccia fllled at least part of the western end of the cavern. Some of this breccia collapsed into a lower cave, leaving Member 4 hanging remnants (including StW 53 breccia) against the southern cave wall. Extensions of Member 4 breccia were left jut- ting westward in the central part of the cavern. A stalagmite curtain formed against the western and southern remnants of Member 4. The space left by collapse was fllled with a succession of Member 5 breccias that also banked against the stalagmite curtain. Owls roosted in the cave during the flnal Mem- ber 5 accumulation, resulting in a rodent breccia that fllls interstices of the western stalagmite curtain. A capping owstone formed over the northwest- ern portion of Member 5. Member 6 breccia formed on top of this capping owstone and beneath the cave roof. Parts of the Member 5 and Member 6 breccias were eroded away and fllled with Post-Member 6 deposit in the north- ern part of the cavern, and probably extending into the Lincoln Cave to the north. This is the probable sequence of events as interpreted by this study based on the breccia remaining in situ after excavations by A. R. Hughes and R. J. Clarke and further clarifled by excavations for this study. The occurrence of relatively recently formed deep decalciflcation pockets within the breccias has added to the complexity visually but not stratigraphically as their contents are a match for the surrounding breccia. For example, it was found during Alun Hughes? excavations of the StW 53 solution pocket that portions of the StW 53 hominid cranium within the decalcifled breccia conjoined with a cranium portion in the solid breccia forming the wall of the pocket (Hughes and Tobias, 1977). Hence one can conclude that these pockets are of the same material as their surrounding breccia and have not been fllled with more recent material. Chapter 4 Member 6 Fauna 4.1 Introduction Excavations in the Extension Site at Sterkfontein Cave by Robinson (1962) in the 1950s identifled the chocolate brown Upper Breccia; a small infllling un- der the roof overlying Member 5. It was later named Member 6 by Partridge (1978). Faunal material from this deposit was initially analysed by Brain (1981), who noted that this sample was small and not very informative. Fur- ther excavations were thus conducted during this study to increase the sample size of the fauna and to possibly recover artefacts from this deposit, but un- fortunately they did not yield any further material. This chapter, therefore, provides a re-analysis of the fauna from earlier excavations of the Member 6 deposit to provide a more up-to-date identiflcation and interpretation of the assemblage. In the new excavations, Member 6 sediments were identifled as a small pocket of sediment in the western proflle where only Member 5 West early Acheulean was previously identifled (Figure 3.2). A hanging remnant of Mem- ber 6 breccia is identifled in the northern proflle (see Figure 1.4), but further excavation in the norther proflle was not possible here due to instability of the overlying roof blocks. However, some Member 6 faunal material not previ- ously analysed was found in boxes with the flne dark brown breccia in storage at the NFI (Transvaal Museum), and these specimens were included in this study (Appendix B.1). On the other hand, some published specimens from 52 53 Robinson?s collection could not be identifled as a result of breakage of some of the specimens in storage, and illegible catalogue numbers, or parts of cat- alogue numbers which had deteriorated in storage (Appendix B.2). Since no artefacts have been recovered from this and earlier excavations of the Member 6 deposits, only fauna has been analysed for this study to provide a new and more accurate interpretation of the deposit. 4.2 Taxonomy Representatives of two bovid tribes Antilopini and Alcelaphini have been iden- tifled in the Member 6 assemblage. Three carnivore families (Hyaenidae, Feli- dae and Canidae) and one family each for the Orders Primates, Peryssodactyla, Lagomorpha, Rodentia and Hyracoidea have also been identifled among the Member 6 faunal assemblage. Table 4.1 gives details of family, subfamily and/or tribe, genus and species of the specimens identifled. A list of all iden- tifled specimens from this assemblage can be found in Appendix B.2. At least one species of primate, Papio ursinus, is identifled in Member 6. One canid species (Canis cf mesomelas) and an indeterminate canid rep- resent the Carnivora. Size Class 1 bovids were only identifled to size category. Size Class 2 bovids include Antidorcas and Damaliscus, while Size Class 3-4 include Connochaetes. The Equidae are represented by Burchell?s zebra, Equus burchelli. Hyrax, Procavia capensis, hare, Lepus capensis, and porcupine, Hystrix africaeaustralis have also been identifled in this assemblage. 4.3 Skeletal part and taxa representation The assemblage consists of 465 specimens, 52 (11.2%) of which are identifled to skeletal element and/or family. 410 (88%) are identifled to skeletal element and size class. At least 34 individuals are present in the Member 6 assemblage. Table 4.2 gives details of the element representation in this assemblage by 54 Tabl e4.1 :Me mb er 6fauna lasse mblag etax areprese ntatio n Orde r Famil y= Tri be Ge nu s= Sp ecie s Commo n Nam e Primat e Cercopithecida e Papi oursinu s Ba bo on Carni vor a Felida e indet .smal lfeli d indet .mediu m feli d Hy aenida e Pa rahyaen abrunn ea Br ow n hy aen a Canida e Cani scf .mesomela s Ja ck al indet .Cani d indet .smal lcarni vor e indet .mediu m carni vor e Arti odac tyl a Bo vida e Siz eClas s1 Siz eClas s2 An tilopin i Antido rca smarsupiali s Spring bo k Alcelaphin i Damaliscu sc fdo rca s Bles bo k Siz eClas s3- 4 Conn ochaete sc fgno u Wilde bees t Periss odac tyl a Equida e Equu sbu rche lli Bur chell? szebr a Hyracoide a Pr oc aviida e Pr ocavi ac ap ensi s Hyra x Ro de nti a Hystricida e Hystri xafri ca eaust rali s Porcupin e Lagomorph a Le porida e Lepu sc fc ap ensi s Ca pe har e 55 taxon. 4.3.1 Primates The primate NISP is two, with an MNI of 1. The specimens are SE-2046, a proximal right humerus shaft fragment and SE-731, a flrst left phalanx. Neither of these specimens was previously identifled as primate and the taxon primate was not listed by Brain (1981) as being present in Member 6. Table 4.2: Member 6 faunal assemblage element and taxa representation (NISP/MNE/cMNI). Element Primate Carnivore Equid Size Class 1 Size Class 2 Size Class 3-4 HORN 1/1/1 1/2 MAX 1/1/1 1/2 MAND 1/1/1 1/1/1 I 1/1/1 C 2/2/2 P 1/1/1 M3 1/1/1 M 5/3/2 VERT 1/1/1 3/3/1 1/1/1 SCAP 2/2/2 2/2/2 HUM 1/1/1 1/1/1 3/3/3 7/6/6 2/2/2 RAD 1/1/1 1/1/1 1/1/1 ULN 1/1/1 MTC 2/2/2 5/5/5 3/3/3 PHAL 1 1/1/1 5/5/5 3/3/3 PHAL 2 1/1/1 1/2 PEL 1/1/1 3/3/3 FEM 3/3/3 8/6/6 TIB 1/1/1 3/3/3 8/6/6 4/3/3 MTT 2/2/1 13/9/9 8/4/4 MTP 1/1/1 2/1/1 CALC 1/1/1 2/2/2 SES 1/1/1 RIB 10/10/2 5/5/1 56 4.3.2 Carnivora Twelve specimens have been identifled as carnivores in the Member 6 assem- blage. Table 4.2 gives details of specimens representing the carnivores. Two hyaenid individuals are represented by an upper right third incisor, SE-2299, and an upper right canine, SE-2329, of one brown hyaena (Parahyaena brun- nea) and an M3 of a sub-adult hyaena individual. Two canid specimens are SE-1423, which is a right proximal ulna fragment, and SE-2109, which is a dis- tal metapodial fragment of Canis mesomelas. Felid individuals are represented by SE-864 and SE-2062, which are a distal left humerus and a proximal right fourth metacarpal of a medium-sized cat respectively. SE-2095 is a proximal right fourth metacarpal of a small-sized felid. 4.3.3 Perissodactyla Equus A total of flve equid specimens has been identifled in the Member 6 faunal assemblage. These specimens represent at least two individuals, a juvenile and an adult. SE-686 is a lower molar of a juvenile individual, SE-795 is a lower molar of an old individual, while SE-693, SE-704, and SE-818 are teeth fragments of adult equid individuals. The rest of the teeth are too fragmented to be assigned to any tooth category, side or age. 4.3.4 Bovidae The bovid sub-assemblage is represented by an NISP of 415. Size Class 1 has an NISP of 28, Size Class 2 an NISP of 342, and Size Class 3-4 an NISP of 40. The bovid MNI is 20 (51.5% of tMNI). Table 4.2 gives details of bovid representation by skeletal element. The %MAU by size classes is presented in Figures 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3. Size Class 1 Size Class 1 is best represented by tibiae, humerii, metapodia and femora 57 0 20 40 60 80 10 0 12 0 VE RT HU M RA D PH AL 2 1/2 PE L FE M TI B MT P CA LC Skeletal Element % MA U Figur e4.1 :Me mb er 6asse mblag eSiz eClas s1 bo vid %M AU 58 (Figure 4.1). These elements indicate at least three individuals based on three humeri (two right distal and a single shaft fragment of difierent sized- individuals) and three tibia shaft fragments representing three individuals. The other specimens belonging to Size Class 1 include one each of calcaneum, vertebra, innominate fragment, flrst phalanx, radius and premolar fragment. These specimens could have derived from three individuals already identifled. Size Class 2 This size class is well represented by the metapodia (metatarsals, metacarpals and indeterminate metapodia), humerii, femora and tibiae (Figure 4.2). At least nine individuals are represented by nine metatarsal elements identifled from 13 specimens. All the other 319 specimens of at least 47 elements of Size Class 2 could belong to some of the nine individuals already identifled as present in the assemblage from the enumerated elements. The small to medium-sized bovids are also represented in the Member 6 deposit by Anti- dorcas and Damaliscus. The Antidorcas individual is indicated by the three specimens SE-690, SE-691 and SE-692. SE-690 is a right mandible fragment with second and third molars. Damaliscus is identifled from one specimen (SE-)1318, a right maxilla fragment with all premolars and the M1 and M2. The Antidorcas and Damaliscus MNI of 2 form part of the Size Class 2 tMNI of nine, the highest element MNI derived from 13 metatarsal fragments. Size Class 3-4 Size Class 3-4 is best represented by four metatarsal elements (see Figure 4.3) with the metacarpals and tibiae being moderately represented. The MNI of Size Class 3-4 is four, derived from two right proximal, one left proximal and two metatarsal shaft fragments of difierent sizes. Size Class 3 is also repre- sented by a Connochaetes identifled from SE-1444, an upper molar fragment. The single Connochaetes individual forms part of the MNI of 4 derived for Size Class 3-4 bovids. Other taxa There are at least two Procavia capensis (hyrax) individuals identifled from 59 0 20 40 60 80 10 0 12 0 H O RN 1/ 2 M A X 1/ 2 M A N D M O LA R V ER T SC A P H U M RA D M TC PH A L 1 1/ 2 PE L FE M TI B M TT CA LC Skeletal Element % M A U Figur e4.2 :Me mb er 6asse mblag eSiz eClas s2 bo vid %M AU 60 0 20 40 60 80 10 0 12 0 M O LA R VE RT SC AP H UM RA D M TC TI B M TT M TP Skeletal Element % M A U Figur e4.3 :Me mb er 6asse mblag eSiz eClas s3- 4b ovi d %M AU 61 a left premolar and a left mandible with all teeth present (SE-703 and SE- 1050 respectively). A proximal right radius shaft fragment and a right femur (SE-806 and SE-995) also represent Procavia. There is one tooth fragment (SE- 707) belonging to the Leporidae (Lepus capensis), while Hystricidae (Hystrix africaeaustralis) is identifled from an incisor, an incisor fragment and a molar (SE-994, SE-921 and SE-928 respectively). 4.4 Taphonomy The Member 6 faunal assemblage preserves various types of modiflcations (Ta- ble 4.3). These include modiflcations from biotic and abiotic agents. Biotic agents such as carnivores and hominids acted on the carcasses soon after death to produce carnivore gnaw marks and stone tool modiflcation marks. Por- cupines and small rodents gnaw on dry bones, but they can also gnaw on fresh bones after they have been de eshed by other agents. Other agents of modiflcation, the results of which have been observed in this assemblage, include weathering, post-depositional modiflcation (abrasion, trampling, sedi- ment overburden pressure and soil acid), as well as excavation and preparation modiflcation. Table 4.3: Member 6 identifled bone modiflcations Modiflcation Number Percentage modiflcation Cutmarks 6 1.29 Hammerstone percussion 4 0.86 Carnivore gnawing 16 3.44 Stomach acid etching 4 0.84 Porcupine gnawing 25 5.37 Small rodent gnawing 20 4.29 Weathering 377 80.90 post-deposition modiflcation 65 13.95 Excavation and preparation modiflcation 325 69.74 62 4.4.1 Stone tool modiflcation Brain (1981) observed stone tool cutmarks on a mandible of Antidorcas bondi (SE 690). Following this current analysis, there are now 10 specimens (2.15%, N=465) which show signs of butchery in the form of cutmarks (1.29%) and hammerstone percussion notches (0.86%). Three of the hammerstone percussion- marked specimens also have impact created notches. 4.4.2 Mammalian modiflcation Sixty one specimens (13.12 %) of this assemblage show marks from gnawing by various animals. Carnivore gnawing is observed on 3.44%, while 5.37% and 4.29% are porcupine and small rodent gnawed respectively. Gnawing also occurs in various combinations in this assemblage. A few of the carnivore gnawed bones also have tooth puncture notches and stomach acid etching (three and four bones respectively). In addition, three other specimens are stomach acid etched. 4.4.3 Weathering A total of 377 specimens (80.90%) is weathered in various stages (Table 4.4). The rest of the Member 6 assemblage (19.10%) are teeth and teeth fragment specimens, breccia-covered bones and bone fragments, and therefore their sur- faces were either inappropriate or too small and could not be analysed for these weathering stages. Even though there are no entirely fresh bones in the assemblage, weathering occurs mainly in mild stages ( 1, 2, and 3), indicating that the assemblage was not exposed for long periods prior to deposition in the cave. The extent of weathering, coupled with minimal abrasion, indicates initial accumulation of the bones close to the cave or cave entrance. 63 4.4.4 Post-depositional modiflcations Sixty flve specimens (13.95%) show signs of modiflcation that occurred after deposition, either before, during or after fossilisation. These occur as crushing, resulting in cracked or deformed specimens. Other post-depositional modifl- cation also occurs in the form of trampling (1.6%), abrading (0.2%), corrosion (0.7%) and insect modiflcation (0.5%). 4.4.5 Excavation and preparation modiflcations Nearly three quarters (69.74%) of the assemblage has borne the brunt of ex- cavation and preparation modiflcation. This occurs in the form of breakage, chipping, hacking, slicing and even scratching of specimens. These marks are easily distinguished from the stone tool cut marks and hammerstone percus- sion marks based on the fresh coloured nature of their surfaces indicating the modern or recent occurrence, lack of breccia matric adhering to the fracture edges as well their broad U-shaped form. 4.5 Fracture attribute analysis 4.5.1 Fracture surface analysis Fracture attributes used for this analysis include angle, outline, edge, circum- ference and breadth/length ratio. Figure 4.4 illustrates the distribution of sur- face morphologies and circumference completeness (angle, outline, edge and circumference), while Figures 4.5 provides details for breadth/length ratios. Two hundred and eighty-four ancient fracture surfaces were available for fracture surface analysis. 60% have curved, 21% transverse and 19% inter- mediate outlines. 52% have oblique angles, 26% intermediate and 21% right angles. 67% of the surfaces examined in this sample are smooth, while 33% are jagged-edge breaks. The greater percentage of curved outlines indicates that most of the bones were broken soon after the animals death, hence the 64 010203040506070 Outline Angle Edge Circumference Fr ac tu re At tri bu te Frequency (%) Cu rv ed In te rm ed iat e Tr an sv er se Ob liq ue In te rm ed iat e Ri gh t Ja gg ed Sm oo th 1 ( <5 0% ) 2 ( >5 0% ) 3 ( 10 0% ) Figur e4.4 :Me mb er 6faun afractur eattribute san d circumferenc ecompletenes sfrequencie s 65 predominance of green bone breakages. Table 4.5 provides the absolute fracture attributes for the three French Ne- olithic sites and Member 6, as well as the Member 6 sample X2 values of the various fracture attributes. X2 comparisons were conducted between Member 6 and the three French Neolithic assemblages to check the hypothesis that the Member 6 assemblage fracture attributes are not signiflcantly difierent from those of the French Neolithic assemblages (P<0.05, df=2). The X2 values indicate that Member 6 assemblage fracture attributes are signiflcantly difier- ent from the three French Neolithic samples; one of which was predominantly green-bone-broken while two are dry-bone-broken. Member 6 is thus neither similar to the dry-bone-broken assemblages nor the fresh bone broken assem- blage French Neolithic samples, indicating possible mixture of green and dry bone breakages in the assemblage. The inconsistency can also be attributed to difierent sources of bones in the deposit, depositional environments for the French and the member 6 assemblage, sample sizes and post-depositional mod- iflcation. 4.5.2 Circumference analysis Two hundred sixty nine specimens have been used in circumference complete- ness analysis in this assemblage. As seen in Figure 4.4, a majority (65%) of the sample has less than 50% circumferences. 18% and 17% of the sam- ple have >50% and 100% circumference respectively. The high frequency of the less than 50% circumference category is consistent with the circumference completeness frequencies expected in fresh-bone-broken assemblages (Villa and Mahieu, 1991). Member 6 is signiflcantly difierent from the dry broken French Neolithic assemblages by circumference, but it is not signiflcantly difierent from the green broken sample of Fontebregoua. This similarity implies a green-bone- broken assemblage like that of Fontebregoua. 66 Table 4.4: Member 6 faunal assemblage weathering stages Weathering Stage Number weathered % weathered Stage 1 52 11.66 Stage 2 278 59.66 Stage 3 47 10.09 Total 377 80.90 Table 4.5: X2 analysis of Member 6 fauna fracture attributes in comparison to the French Neolithic sites studied by Villa and Mahieu (1991) . Fracture Attributes Sarrians Bezouse Fonterbregoua Member 6 Fracture Angle Oblique 22 27 144 148 Right 176 174 47 62 Intermediate 71 52 13 75 Total 269 253 204 285 X2 149 140 33.3 Difierence signiflcant signiflcant signiflcant Fracture Outline Curved 106 82 134 170 Transverse 193 144 92 61 Intermediate 59 61 35 53 Total 358 287 261 284 X2 77.36 65.86 13.82 Difierence signiflcant signiflcant signiflcant Circumference 1 (100%) 200 60 13 17 2 (>50%) 10 0 23 18 3 (<50%) 16 33 115 174 Total 226 93 151 209 X2 287.78 109.68 3.95 Difierence signiflcant signiflcant not signiflcant 67 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1 Breadth/Length Ratio F r e qu e n c y (% ) Figure 4.5: Member 6 fauna Breadth/Length ratio distribution 4.5.3 Breadth/length ratio Figure 4.5 shows the frequencies of the breadth/length ratios derived for this faunal assemblage. A total of 220 specimens have been used in the calculation of breadth/length ratio. 87% of these fall in the breadth/length ratio categories between 0.2 and 0.6., indicating a less fragmented collection, similar to that expected from a fresh bone broken assemblage. Carnivore gnawing leaves more bone cylinders as carnivores chew away the articular ends to reach the mar- row, while hominid exploitation of bone for marrow leaves mainly splinters (Johnson, 1985). Thus, such less fragmented accumulations indicate assem- blages indicate minimal or no hominid exploitation and accumulation of the assemblage. 68 4.6 Discussion 4.6.1 Taxa and skeletal part representation There are mainly open grassland savannah taxa such as Papio, Equus, Le- pus, antelopines and alcelaphines. However, water-loving reduncines and Hip- popotamidae found in the Lincoln Cave (Reynolds, 2000) are lacking. These species difier from those of Member 5 West, which has more extinct taxa, and indicate recent fauna of open grassland similar to the modern environment. Several carnivore species of the Hyaenidae and Felidae families are repre- sented, but the larger felids are conspicuously absent, while most of the other carnivore element fragments could not be identifled beyond the family level (Tables 4.1 and 4.2). Bovid size classes are well represented by meat-rich skeletal elements of the hind and fore limbs (Figures 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3). The taxa are identifled by few skeletal elements and portions of elements, especially Size Classes 1 and 2, but also include compact and grease-rich axial elements and epiphyseal ends of long bones (Table 4.2). This indicates an assemblage not severely ravaged by carnivores, especially hyaenas that are more likely to delete most of such grease-rich parts (Marean, 1991). It is noteworthy, how- ever, that some of the compact bones, long bone epiphyseal ends and long bone shaft fragments have carnivore gnaw marks and stomach acid etching, implying that a part of this assemblage is carnivore-accumulated. The stone tool modiflcation marks indicate that hominids played a part in its modiflca- tion and accumulation. It is, however, noted that small sample size may have resulted in the non-representation of some taxa, especially the woodland or water-dependent species, due to possible collection biases or absence of depo- sition. 4.6.2 Bone accumulation This assemblage has been afiected by both biotic and abiotic bone assemblage modiflers. The efiect of the biotic modiflers such as carnivores, rodents and 69 hominids on the assemblage appears to be limited (Table 4.3), with less than 10% modifled by each of the agents. In order to understand the taphonomic history of the fauna, the efiects of the possible bone collecting and modifying agents are assessed. Biotic accumulators Carnivore accumulation This assemblage has a small carnivore sub-assemblage, with only one known bone-accumulating carnivore (hyaena) represented (Table 4.1). Hyaenas are likely to accumulate bones at their denning sites as they bring back car- casses and carcass parts to their dens to feed their cubs (Mills and Mills, 1977; Kruuk, 1972; Brain, 1981; Mills, 1990). In contrast to spotted hyaenas that forage in large competing groups, hunting and transporting carcasses as large as those of Size Class 4 ungulates, brown hyaenas are solitary foragers and hunt small mammals, and they are only capable of transporting small to medium size-bodied animals to their dens (Bunn, 1983b; Lam, 1992; Mills and Mills, 1977). Brown hyaena-accumulated assemblages contain up to 68% chewed bones (Maguire et al., 1980), while spotted hyaena-accumulated assem- blages have between 38% and 100% chewed bones (Bunn, 1983b; Lam, 1992; Maguire et al., 1980; Mills and Mills, 1977; Skinner et al., 1986). It has been observed by Cruz-Uribe (1991) and Stiner (1991) that hyaena-accumulated assemblages contain up to 20% carnivore individuals. Some of these remains result from some of the resident hyaenas, especially cubs, dying in the dens, as well as from hyaenas hunting small carnivores to feed their young (Kruuk, 1972; Mills, 1990). Such assemblages can therefore contain juvenile hyaena and small carnivore remains in addition to those of other ungulate prey. Of the cats, lions are not known to transport and accumulate bones, while leopards and cheetahs transport carcasses to favourite feeding places in trees and on clifis (Brain, 1981; Marean, 1989; Cavallo and Blumenschine, 1989) as well as to dark cave passages (Simons, 1966). This leads to accumulation of 70 bone assemblages around these areas from their food remains and regurgita- tion. Cave roof overhangs and trees growing around the Sterkfontein Cave openings would have been suitable for this purpose, leading to the accumula- tion of bones around the cave entrances, which were later washed or gravitated into the cave. Small carnivores like jackals are not dominant bone accumulators but may also transport some bone, leading to a minor contribution to bone assemblage formation. Among the carnivore taxa represented in Member 6 is a Parahyaena brunnea (brown hyaena) individual. No juvenile hyaena remains or coprolites have been identifled in this sample to suggest hyaena denning (Kruuk, 1972; Mills, 1990; Cruz-Uribe, 1991; Klein et al., 1991; Stiner, 1991; Pickering, 2002), but the presence of 3.44% carnivore gnawed bone specimens indicate hyaena, possibly brown hyaena activity in the cave or cave vicinity. The absence of coprolites and juvenile remains, though not supporting a hypothesis that the cave was used as a den by carnivores, does not rule out the possibility that denning took place in this cave, as has been noted by Pickering (2002) for the Member 5 West assemblage. Carnivore voiding at times happens outside the cave, and coprolites may or may not be washed in, while juvenile remains are fragile and could easily be completely destroyed by post-depositional factors. The proportion of gnawed bone in this assemblage is small compared to that recorded for modern carnivore-accumulated assemblages, but it indicates the activity of carnivores around and possibly inside the cave at the time of bone assemblage accumulation. This assemblage has undergone post-depositional modiflcation such as breakage and excavation and preparation modiflcation which obscure or delete carnivore modiflcation. This makes the sample slightly difierent from the modern accumulations which were studied to establish the ratios of carnivore gnawing in such carnivore-accumulated assemblages. Porcupine and small rodent accumulation Porcupines accumulate and/or gnaw bones already accumulated by other agents. They are however incapable of climbing up and down the steep walls of vertical shafts and thus will only inhabit fairly horizontal caves and shelters (Pickering, 71 1999). For example, Pickering has argued for little or no porcupine involve- ment in the accumulation of the Oldowan Inflll faunal assemblage, due to the inferred vertical shaft nature of the cave opening. However, during Member 6 accumulation, the cave is considered to have been largely fllled and therefore more accessible to porcupines. Porcupine accumulated assemblages can in- clude their skeletal remains, which may also result from predator accumulation (Mitchell et al., 1965; Pienaar, 1969; Kruuk, 1972), death of denning individ- uals in the dens, or gravitation of such remains from surface deposits. These researchers determined that leopard-accumulated porcupine remains consist mainly of cranio-dental elements, while porcupine collections resulting from den deaths will include most of the skeleton if other carnivore scavenging is precluded. Porcupines are represented in this assemblage by three teeth and teeth fragments of at least a single individual. While the three porcupine teeth specimens may have been accumulated through carnivore predation, it is also likely that slope wash led to their accumulation in the cave. Porcupine gnawing occurs on a small proportion (5.37%) of this assemblage, which is much lower than the 22% - 100% incidence of gnawing recorded in porcupine-accumulated assemblages (Maguire et al., 1980; Brain, 1981). Therefore, porcupines were not an important accumulation agent. Small rodents are not known to collect and accumulate bones, especially of the larger mammals such as those identifled in this assemblage, but may bring in small amounts of bones of smaller animals to the cave. Modiflcation marks of such small rodents have also been identifled in this sample (4.29%). Despite this, it is unlikely that small rodents accumulated any of the fauna in this assemblage. It is, however, noted that Member 6 has a small sample which has also undergone abiotic post-depositional modiflcation through sediment overburden pressure modiflcation, which may have deleted delicate porcupine post-cranial remains and some porcupine and small rodent-gnawed bones. Hominid accumulation Apart from hominid bones, the presence of stone tools and stone tool modifled 72 bones are some of the foremost indicators of hominid presence. They do not, however, imply hominid accumulation of stone tools and the modifled bones, but only indicate hominid activity in the vicinity of a site. No hominid bones and artefacts have been recovered from Member 6 except for one foreign un- modifled stone, which Robinson (1962) noted as stolen before it could be lifted from the site. Thus, the only indication of hominid presence and activity in the Sterkfontein valley during Member 6 times is stone tool-modifled bone. While these stone tool modiflcations are signs of hominid exploitation of ani- mal resources in the vicinity of the cave, they do not show to what extent the hominids were involved in the accumulation of Member 6 bone collection. There is 2.15% stone tool modiflcation in Member 6, putting it within the range for hominid modiflcation proportions for Holocene assemblages (Gifiord et al., 1980; Crader, 1981) and for Plio-Pliestocene fossil archaeological as- semblages at FxJj 50 at Koobi Fora, Kenya and FLK Zinjanthropus site at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania (Bunn et al., 1980; Bunn, 1983a), as well as for sim- ulated hominid accumulated samples from hunter=gatherer-accumulated bone assemblages bearing tool modiflcation marks (Bunn, 1983a; Bunn et al., 1988). Modiflcations in this assemblage, however, only show that hominids interacted with the bones, but not that hominids necessarily accumulated the majority of bones in the cave. The skeletal elements with modiflcations and the location of butchery marks on speciflc elements have been used to identify the role of hominids in the acquisition of animal food resources and bone accumulation (Binford, 1981; Bunn, 1983a; Pickering et al., 2004). There are more tooth marks on shafts than there are percussion marks on shafts in Member 6, with only a few tooth-marked epiphyses. In addition, some shafts, some of which are also tooth-marked, have stomach acid etching, indicating possible post-hominid ac- cumulation carnivore ravaging. This is an indication that the carcasses from which the bones in the Member 6 deposit were recovered were probably ex- ploited by carnivores after the incidents of the stone tool marks on them. This is evidenced by the identiflcation of carnivore tooth marks on epiphyseal ends 73 and percussion marks on midshafts. It is, however, noted that this sample is small and some bones with more of each modiflcation may not have been recovered or deposited altogether. Such a limited deposit may have only cap- tured a small component of the original assemblage. The modiflcations in this assemblage and the skeletal element representation as well as location of modiflcations on elements, however, only show that hominids and carnivores interacted with the bones, but not that they accumulated the bones in the cave. Bones modifled by these agents (especially hominids) in the landscape may have been deposited in the cave by other agents, e.g., slopewash and gravitation. The space left under the cave roof for the deposition of Member 6 after the deposition of Member 5 was too low for hominid occupation. Car- nivores could more easily have accessed such a low cave entrance, with bones from their food remains being accumulated therein. These remains were then mixed with fauna modifled by other agents, such as hominids. Abiotic accumulators Death trap Death trap assemblages have been recorded in earlier deposits at Sterkfontein, namely, in the Member 2 deposits and in the Oldowan Inflll (Pickering, 1999; Pickering et al., 2004). These earlier death trap assemblages formed as a result of animals accidentally falling down concealed avens. Due to the vertical shaft- like nature of these cave openings, marks on bones indicating scavenging by carnivores on death trap carcasses are rare or absent in the fauna. Scavenging attempts by carnivores sometimes result in the inclusion of their own carcasses in such deposits where they cannot climb out of the shaft (Lyman, 1994). The few marks that are present were likely made by carnivores above the ground before those marked bones were washed into the shaft. In the absence of scavenging, death trap assemblage bones and body parts 74 are preserved as mostly complete and/or articulated, unless sediment move- ment or compaction causes post-depositional breakage, disarticulation or de- struction of the more fragile elements. Because more agile taxa such as pri- mates and carnivores may become trapped after climbing down avens, such animal classes may be abundantly represented in the assemblages, re ecting the presence of these species on the landscape (Pickering, 1999; Pickering et al., 2004). It has also been argued that such agile animals are more likely to fall to their death down these shafts (Lyman, 1994; Pickering, 1999; Pickering et al., 2004). The Member 6 faunal assemblage is small and has only a few carnivore and primate individuals. The skeletal element representation is also very poor with mostly compact and resistant elements being present. These skeletal el- ements and the associated modiflcations make it unlikely that the bones in the Member 6 assemblage were accumulated as whole carcasses. Moreover, a death trap situation is unlikely as this deposit was laid right under a low roof. Fluvial transport Indications of uvial transport are preserved in faunal assemblages as win- nowed skeletal elements and abraded bones. Fluvial transport associated with skeletal element winnowing has been studied by Voorhies (1969) and Behrens- meyer (1975). According to these studies, structural densities, size and shape of bones in uence the possibility of their transport. A summary of the difier- ent body parts found at difierent stages of uvial transport has been provided by Lyman (1994). This summary shows that light skeletal elements and those with lesser volumes such as ribs, vertebrae and girdle bones are transported further by water than heavier and high volume ones such as long bones, crania and mandibles. Fluvial transported assemblages will thus contain fewer of the heavier elements and more of the lighter elements and vise versa for the lag deposits from uvial winnowed remains. The skeletal element representation of each taxon in this assemblage is poor, but it appears that most Voorhies groups are represented, leaving other causes of biases such as carnivore preda- tion and post-depositional destruction as the possible causes of poor skeletal element representation. 75 Some abraded and trampled specimens have been identifled in this assem- blage. Abrasion marks can result from uvial transport, movements in sedi- ments and trampling. Those in this assemblage are more likely attributed to movement in sediments, as there is no direct evidence of uvial transport. The minimal amount of abrasion in this assemblage indicates that the bones have not been transported long distances prior to deposition in the cave, and that movement above the surface of the cave and within the cave was also minimal. From such marks, however, it is not possible to difierentiate abrasion from colluvial versus uvial transport. Both would have involved sediments as the major abrasive agent, producing similar abrasion results on bones, if all other factors determining extent of abrasion deflned by Shipman and Rose (1988) and Lyman (1994) are held constant. 4.6.3 Post-depositional modiflcation and destruction Post-depositional destruction and/or modiflcation have been observed in the Member 6 assemblage to include trampling, crushing, surface erosion and plas- tic deformation. The assemblage has a poor representation of structurally less dense and fragile axial elements such as ribs and vertebrae. This may have resulted from post-depositional destruction or other fragile bone deleting pro- cesses such as carnivore gnawing. However, extreme forms of post-depositional modiflcation evident in plastic deformation of specimens are not recorded in this assemblage, leaving carnivore gnawing and collection as possible elimina- tors of some of the fragile elements from this assemblage. Hominid process- ing leaves little meat and probably no marrow resources to be exploited by carnivores, resulting in carnivores relying on the fragile, but grease-rich epi- physes, ribs and vertebrae for their feeding, in efiect deleting these elements and element portions from the assemblage. Thus, irregular spongy and non- identiflable bone fragments such as these are accumulated under such circum- stances circumstances. The efiect of possible sampling bias is apparent in this 76 assemblage in the seemingly selected nature of the specimens that were recov- ered and that were available for this study. The Member 6 assemblage, though small, has a very high percentage of identiflable bones and bone fragments, including those of small mammals, compared to non-identiflable specimens. 4.7 Conclusions The previous study of Member 6 fauna by Brain (1981) indicated possible porcupine and carnivore accumulation and noted some possible hominid in- volvement as a bovid mandible showed cutmarks made by tools. He also noted that the high percentage of bone akes was similar to that of Stone Age human food remains. With the percentages of carnivore and stone tool modiflcations discussed above, it is clear that hominids modifled the assem- blage, with minor modiflcation of the resultant assemblage by carnivores and rodents. These modiflcations not only imply an important role of hominids in the accumulation of the assemblage, but also a role of other biotic accumu- lators in the catchment of the cave. These modiflcations, together with the faunal taxa represented, suggest the contribution to the accumulation of the assemblage by all these agents. Slopewash of some of bones, including those modifled by other agents in the vicinity of the cave, is demonstrated by the presence and intensity of abrasion marks; even though minimal, they indicate some movement of material. This sample is small but may be a good representation of the material in the limited area under the dolomite roof in which it was deposited. With this in mind, it is possible that the fauna it contains provides a good representation of the taxa in the cave environment at the time. Stratigraphically, this assemblage seems to directly overlie the Member 5 West capping owstone, but it was deposited relatively much later than the Member 5 West as extinct forms are absent indicating a time gap between the Acheulean infllls and this younger deposit. The relatively thick Member 5 West capping owstone, which is beyond the range of Thorium-Uranium dating represents the time when the 77 cave was closed to infllling. Thus the Member 6 deposit is thus considerably younger than the Member 5 West Acheulean of about 1.6 mya, but it is older than the MSA breccia that fllled the eroded area between Member 5 West and East and entered the Lincoln Cave. As Lincoln Cave North has produced a maximum date of 252,000 ? 37,000 years, the Member 6 deposit should be at least that age or older. The absence of stone tools in this deposit is attributed to the limited deposition of sediment, which is in turn related to the small available space under the dolomite roof. Incomplete excavation of the deposit could also be a factor. Chapter 5 Post-Member 6 Inflll Fauna 5.1 Introduction In this chapter, I provide results of the analysis of fauna from the Post-Member 6 Inflll. Finds from earlier and present excavations have been combined for this analysis, providing a larger sample of fauna from the deposit. The excavated sample includes material from 35 squares, including previously analysed faunal material from the L63 square (Appendices A.1 and A.2). This analysis provides a more complete depiction of the faunal assemblage of this deposit. Results of analysis of Post-Member 6 Inflll lithic artefacts from these squares is provided in Chapter seven. 5.2 Taxonomy Tables 5.1 and 5.2 provide a summary of taxa identifled to family, subfamily and=or tribe, genus and species. A complete list of identifled specimens for this assemblage is available in Appendix C.1. Three primate species, Homo sapiens, Cercopithecus aethiops and Papio ursinus are identifled in the Post-Member 6 Inflll assemblage by dental and cranial remains. Both Cercopithecus and Papio are represented by post-cranial remains in addition to the cranio-dental remains. Carnivores have the highest number of taxa in the assemblage. Some of the taxa identifled here have also previously been identifled by Turner (1997), but 78 79 Tabl e5.1 :P ost-Me mb er 6faun amammalia n tax areprese ntatio n Orde r Famil y Subfamil y= Tri be Ge nu s= Sp ecie s Commo n Nam e Primat e Hominida e Hom osapien s Hom osapien s Cercopithecida e Cercopithecina e Papi oursinu s Ba bo on Ce rcopith ecu saethiop s Ver ve tmon ke y Carni vor a Felida e Acinony xju batu s Cheeta h Panthe ra leo Lio n Panthe ra pa rdu s Leopar d Ca ra ca lc ar ac al Caraca l Felis .c flybi ca Africa n wil d ca t Leptailuru sserva l Ser va lca t Hy aenida e Hy aenina e Cr ocut ac rocut a Sp otte d hy aen a Pa rahyaen abrunn ea Br ow n hy aen a Pr otele scristatu s Aard wol f Canida e Canina e Cani smesomela s Bla ck-ba ck ed jac ka l indet .cani s Vul pe scham a Ca pe fox Ot oc yonina e Ot ocyo n me galoti s Bat-eare d fox Sim oc yonina e Ly cao n pictu s Wil d do g indet .cani d indet .larg ecarni vor e indet .mediu m carni vor e inde tsmal lcarni vor e Vi verrida e Her pestina e Her peste sichneumo n Larg egre ymong oos e cf Her peste s indet .Mong oos e Vi verrina e Genett agenett a Gene t Ci vetticti s Civetticti scivett a Ci ve t indet .Vi verrid e Periss odac tyl a Equida e Equina e Equu ss p Zebr a 80 Tabl e5.2 :T ax areprese nte d in th eP ost-Me mb er 6Infll lfauna lasse mblag eContinu ed . Orde r Famil y Subfamil y= Tri be Ge nu s= Sp ecie s Commo n Nam e Arti odac tyl a Suida e Potam och oeru sp or cu s Bushpi g Pha co ch oeru saethiopicu s W artho g Bo vida e Hip potragina e Hip potragin i Hip pot ragu se quinu s Roa n an telo pe Ae pycerotina e Aepy ce ro smelampu s Impal a Ae pycerotin i An tilopina e Antido rca smarsupiali s Spring bo k An tilopin i Neotragin i Ou rebi aou reb i Orib i Raphi ceru ssp . Grys bo k Caprina e Ammot ragu slervi a sp . Barbar yshee p Alcelaphina e Conn ochaete ssp . Wilde bees t Conn oc haetin i Alcelaphin i Damaliscu slunatu s Tsesse be Damaliscu sdo rca s Bles bo k Reduncina e Kobu se llipsiprymnu s W aterbu ck Reduncin i Kobu sl ech e Le ch we Re dun ca arundinu m Commo n reedbu ck Re dun ca fulvoruful a Mou ntai n reedbu ck Re dun ca sp . Cephalophina e Cephalophu ssp . Dui ke r Cephalophin i Hyracoide a Pr oc aviida e Pr oc avi ac ap ensi s Hyra x Ro de nti a Hystricida e Hystri xafri ca eaust rali s Porcupin e Pedetida e Pe dete sc ap ensi s Springhar e Lagomorph a Le porida e Lepu sc ap ensi s Ca pe har e 81 this study has provided a larger sample and the following carnivore taxa list is now provided. The Felidae are represented by six species (Acinonyx jubatus, Panthera leo, Panthera pardus, Caracal caracal, Leptailurus serval and Felis cf. lybica). Three species each have been identifled for the hyaenids, the canids and the viverrids. The Artiodactyla are represented by the Suidae and the Bovidae. The Suidae Potamochoerus porcus and Phacochoerus aethiopicus have been iden- tifled. Size Class 1 bovids present are Raphicerus, Oreotragus, Ourebia and Cephalophus. Size Class 2 bovids include Damaliscus, Redunca, Aepyceros, Ammotragus and Antidorcas. Size Class 3 bovids are Hippotragus, Connochaetes and two Kobus species. All these species assignments are based on cranio- dental remains. Bovid post-cranial remains were assigned size classes alone. An equid Equus sp. is present in the assemblage. A hyrax, Procavia capensis, porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis and hare Lepus capensis, as well as springhare Pedetes capensis are also present. 5.3 Skeletal part and taxa representation There are 14,025 specimens in this assemblage, 27.15% (N=3808) of which are identiflable to skeletal element and family, and/or size class. At least 124 individuals are present in the Post-Member 6 Inflll assemblage. Tables 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7 and 5.8 give details of the element representation by difierent taxa. 5.3.1 Primates There is a total of 29 specimens belonging to three genera, Homo, Cercopithecus and Papio (Table 5.3). Homo A single specimen (StW 585), a right upper canine, represents a hominid indi- vidual, perhaps archaic Homo sapiens identifled by Kuman and Clarke (2000), 82 Table 5.3: Post-Member 6 Inflll primate representation by skeletal element. Element Homo Papio Cercopithecus NISP/MNE/cMNI NISP/MNE/cMNI NISP/MNE/cMNI 1/2 MAND 3/3/3 1/1/1 CRAN 1/1/1 I1 1/1/1 I1 1/1/1 C 1/1/1 1/1/1 1/1/1 P4 2/2/2 M1 1/1/1 M1 2/2/1 M2 1/1/1 M3 1/1/1 CERV 1/1/1 THOR 1/1/1 HUM 1/1/1 1/1/1 ULN 2/2/2 1/2 PEL 1/1/1 TIB 3/3/3 CALC 3/3/3 ASTRAG 1/1/1 Reynolds (2000) and Reynolds et al. (2007). Papio Eighteen specimens of at least three individuals have been identifled as Papio (Table 5.3, column 3). These identiflcations are based on a left mandible fragment with the flrst and second molars in place (SWP-2145), as well as an isolated fourth premolar crown (SWP-2146), seemingly of a young adult, in addition to a mandibular process of a smaller individual. Three calcanei, two left and a right, all of difierent sizes, may also belong to the three individuals already identifled from the cranial remains. Cercopithecus Eleven specimens have been identifled as Cercopithecus, belonging to at least three individuals based on three tibia shaft fragments. Two of these fragments belong to two tibiae, a right and a left, deriving from two adult individuals difierentiated by size and state of epiphyseal fusion. The third tibia derives from a juvenile individual. Cercopithecus is also represented by other elements, 83 which may derive from the same individuals identifled from the tibiae (Table 5.3). 5.3.2 Carnivora At least fourteen carnivore genera of four families (Felidae, Hyaenidae, Canidae and Viverridae) have been identifled in the Post-Member 6 Inflll faunal assem- blage (Table 5.1). Tables 5.4, 5.5, 5.6 and 5.7 provide details of carnivore element representation by taxa. A complete list of identifled carnivore speci- mens is available in Appendix C.1. Felidae The cats are represented by the genera Acinonyx, Panthera (two species), Caracal and Felis. One indeterminate felid has also been identifled. Seven lion (Panthera leo) specimens of at least two individuals have been identifled. The MNI is based on a left M1 and a left M1 crown (Table 5.4). The additional specimens, including the navicular cuboid identifled by Turner (1997) do not raise the MNI of the lion as they could not be difierentiated by size or age from the teeth specimens identifled (Tables 5.4 and 5.6). Five leopard (Panthera pardus) specimens of at least one individual have been iden- tifled, based on the dental remains - a left I3 and a right P3, that could not be separated by size or age. The radii specimens belonging to two elements of a single individual do not raise this MNI. The cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus, is identifled from a single specimen, a left canine. Two caracal (Caracal caracal) individuals are represented by three speci- mens: two right lower canines and a P3. The premolar may belong to any of the individuals represented by the identifled right canines. Five African wild cat (Felis cf lybica) specimens with an MNI of 2 are present. These include: a right capitate, a right distal humerus, a left hind foot (with all the metatarsals in articulation), a mandible fragment with the P3 and M1 and an isolated I1. Hyaenidae The Hyaenids are represented by 17 specimens. Seven specimens are of Parahyaena 84 Tabl e5.4 :P ost-Me mb er 6Infll lcarni vor ereprese ntatio n by cranio-de nta lremain s(NSIP/MNE/cMNI) . Eleme nt A. jub atu s P. leo P. pa rdu s C. cro cut a P.brunn ea P. cristatu s L. pictu s C. mesomela s V. cham a C. ca ra ca l CRA N 2= 2= 2 1= 1= 1 1= 1= 1 1= 2MAN D 2= 2= 2 I 1 1= 1= 1 I 2 1= 1= 1 C 1= 1= 1 C 1= 1= 1 1= 1= 1 1= 1= 1 1= 1= 1 2= 2= 2 2= 2= 2 D p 1= 1= 1 1= 1= 1 D p 1= 1= 1 Dp 2 1= 1= 1 Dp 4 1= 1= 1 P1 1= 1= 1 P2 2= 2= 2 P 2 1= 1= 1 P3 4= 4= 4 P 3 1= 1= 1 1= 1= 1 1= 1= 1 P4 1= 1= 1 M 1 1= 1= 1 M 1 2= 2= 2 1= 1= 1 1= 1= 1 2= 2= 2 M 2 1= 1= 1 P 1= 1= 1 85 Tabl e5.5 :Carni vor ereprese ntatio n by cranio-de nta lremain s(NSIP/MNE/cMNI) . Eleme nt F.lybi ca C. civett a G. genett a indet . inde tsmal l inde tsmal l inde tMe d Indet . Cani d Feli d Carni vor e Carni vor e Vi verri d CRA N 1= 1= 1 1= 2MAN D 1= 1= 1 1= 1= 1 1= 1= 1 1= 1= 1 2= 2= 2 I1 1= 1= 1 I 3 1= 1= 1 C =1 =1 3= 3= 3 3= 3= 3 P1 1= 1= 1 P 1 1= 1= 1 P3 1= 1= 1 P 4 1= 1= 1 P 1= 1= 1 M 1 1= 1= 1 1= 1= 1 M 1 1= 1= 1 P 1= 1= 1 TOOT H 2= 2= 2 86 bruunea, two of which (a left P2 and a left M1) are of at least one adult indi- vidual. Another three adults are represented by two half mandibles and three specimens (lower right C. A lower right DP and a left upper DP) indicate at least a juvenile individual. The listed specimens represent at least three Parahyaena brunnea individuals. Seven specimens, four adult (left P3, a right second metacarpal, a right fourth metacarpal and distal metapodial) and three juvenile (a right DP2, DP4 and an upper canine) come from at least 2 Crocuta crocuta individuals. At least one juvenile indeterminate Hyaenid individual is also present, as shown by six specimens consisting of deciduous teeth. Four specimens (a cranium with some teeth and teeth roots; see Figure 5.1, a complete right mandible with teeth, a right mandible fragment and a left P1), belong to an aardwolf (Proteles cristatus), with an MNI of 3. The MNI is based on the difierences in size of both mandibles relative to the cranium which is relatively larger. Figure 5.1: Proteles cranium from the Post-Member 6 Inflll. Photo by courtesy of R. J. Clarke. Canidae There are four Canid genera from three subfamilies. These include Canis 87 Table 5.6: Carnivore representation by post-cranial remains in the Post- Member 6 Inflll assemblage (NISP/MNE/cMNI). Element P. leo P. pardus C. crocuta P. brunnea C.mesomelas V. chama ATLAS 1=1=1 CERV 1=1=1 HUM 1=1=1 RAD 3=2=1 1=1=1 MCP II 1/1/1 MCP V 1=1=1 FEM 1=1=1 1=1=1 TIB 1=1=1 CALC 1=1=1 ASTRAG 1=1=1 NAV 1=1=1 MTT III 1=1=1 MTT IV 1=1=1 MTP 1=1=1 PHAL II 1=1=1 and Vulpes for the Caninae, Otocyon for the Otocyoninae and Lycaon for the Symocyoninae. At least three black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas individuals are indicated from 21 specimens. One sub-adult individual is identifled from three specimens, a left M1 fragment, a left P3 and a right P2. Two adult individuals are identifled on the basis of two upper right P3s. Ten specimens, all of which are post-cranial remains, belong to an indeterminate Canis with an MNI of at least one. There are four specimens including an atlas, a right calcaneum, a right distal tibia fragment and a lower left canine of at least two Vulpes chama (Cape fox) individuals. The wild dog (Lycaon pictus) is identifled from three specimens with an MNI of two. The individuals represented include a juvenile individual identifled from a deciduous premolar and an adult represented by a lower left canine and a M1. Another sixteen specimens represent at least two other indeterminate canid individuals. Viverridae 88 Nine specimens have been identifled as viverrids from two subfamilies (Her- pestinae and Viverridae) and three genera (Herpestes, Genetta and Civettic- tis). There is also one indeterminate viverrid. A single Herpestes ichneumon (large grey mongoose) individual is identifled from a right ilium fragment, while a right upper canine identifled by Turner (1997) represents an indeterminate Herpestes sp. individual. A genet Genetta genetta individual is from a right mandible fragment (BP=3=34648). One civet Civettictis civetta is represented by a right mandible fragment (BP=3=17891). Four specimens (two canines, a right third metatarsal and a flrst phalanx) have been identifled as viverrids indet. 5.3.3 Perissodactyla Equus There are 88 equid specimens in this assemblage, with an MNI of at least nine. These MNI values are based on four left M3 and three sub-adult right M3. Another two juvenile individuals are indicated by two left deciduous upper third premolars. Equids in this assemblage are well accounted for by dental remains (65 specimens), with nearly all equid tooth classes (incisors, canines, premolars and molars) being identifled. Twenty three post-cranial elements have been recovered (Tables 5.8 and 5.9). 5.3.4 Artiodactyla The Artiodactyla identifled in the assemblage include two genera of the Suidae and eleven genera of the Bovidae (Tables 5.1). Suidae Two suid individuals are identifled from three tooth specimens: a single indi- vidual of P. porcus is identifled based on two dental specimens, an I1 and a right M1, while P. aethiopicus is identifled from a maxilla fragment. Bovidae The bovids in this assemblage are indicated by a total of 3,463 specimens. One 89 Tabl e5.7 :Carni vor ereprese ntatio n by post-crania lremain s(NISP/MNE/cMNI) . Eleme nt F.lybi ca H. icheumo n indet . indet . indet . inde tsmal l inde tMediu m Indet . Cani s Cani d Feli d Carni vor e Carni vor e Vi verri d ATLA S 1= 1= 1 AXI S 1= 1= 1 THO R 1= 1= 1 CA UD 3= 1= 1 VE RT 1= 1= 1 1= 2PE L 1= 1= 1 RI B 2= 2= 2 2= 2= 2 SCA P 1= 1= 1 HU M 1= 1= 1 1= 1= 1 RA D 1= 1= 1 1= 1= 1 1= 1= 1 UL N 1= 1= 1 1= 1= 1 CAR P 1= 1= 1 FOO T 1= 1= 1 MC P II 1= 1= 1 MT C II 1= 1= 1 1= 1= 1 MP C 3= 3= 1 FE M 1= 1= 1 TI B 4= 4= 2 MT T II 1= 1= 1 MT T III 4= 2= 2 1= 1= 1 MT T IV 1= 1= 1 MT T 1= 1= 1 MT P 1= 1= 1 1= 1= 1 2= 2= 2 PHA L I 1= 1= 1 4= 4= 2 1= 1= 1 PHA L II 1= 1= 1 1= 1= 1 90 hundred and forty two specimens are identifled to skeletal element, tribe, genus and species, while 3,321 specimens are identifled to long bone shaft fragment and to mammalian size class. Tables 5.1, 5.8 and 5.9 provide details of bovid taxa and skeletal elements represented by size class. Details of Percentage Minimum Number of Animal Units (%MAU) are provided in Figures 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5. A complete listing of bovid representation by specimens is available in Appendix C.1. Five hundred and flve specimens of Size Class 1 are identifled, a major- ity (>80%) of which are post-cranial remains. Two thousand, four hundred fourteen Size Class 2 specimens have been identifled in the Post-Member 6 Inflll assemblage. Size Class 2 is also best represented by post-cranial material (>90%), consisting mainly of the upper hind and fore limbs. Size Class 2 foot bones are better represented than cranio-dental remains. Size Classes 3-4 have been identifled from 412 specimens, a majority of which is also post-cranial remains. The upper fore and hind limbs are also the regions that best repre- sent Size Classes 3-4. Elements of the appendicular skeleton, particularly the vertebrae, are moderately represented in all the three size classes. The taxa Ourebi, Raphicerus and Cephalophus represent Size Class 1 bovids in this assemblage. The Ourebi is identifled from a single maxilla fragment with P3 to M2. A right mandible fragment with M1 and M2, a right maxilla fragment with all molars and a left maxilla fragment with P4 and M1 represent Cephalophus, with an MNI of 3. The Raphicerus has an MNI of 2 identifled on the basis of a left M3 and a mandible with premolar roots and all molars, as well as a right maxilla fragment with M1 and M2. Size Class 2 bovids identifled in this assemblage include the taxa Anti- dorcas, Aepyceros, Ammotragus and Redunca. Springbok (Antidorcas) was identifled from 56 teeth and cranial specimens belonging to at least four indi- viduals identifled from four left flrst incisors and four left M2. Three impala (Aepyceros melampus) individuals are indicated by six specimens: three right M3, two M2 (a left and a right), and a right M3. A caprine individual similar to the barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) is represented by a pair of contiguous 91 Table 5.8: Post-Member 6 Inflll Bovid and Equid cranio-dental skeletal part representation. Skeletal Part Size Class 1 Size Class 2 Size Class 3 Equid NISP=MNE NISP=MNE NISP=MNE NISP=MNE = cMNI = cMNI = cMNI = cMNI HORN 4=4=4 11=11=8 5=5=5 CRAN 10=4=4 8=8=7 3=3=3 1/2 MAX 4=4=4 16=16=14 1=1=1 1=1=1 1/2 MAND 21=17=12 41=41=23 2=2=2 1=1=1 I1 14=14=11 3=3=3 I1 1=1=1 5=5=5 1=1=1 I2 1=1=1 8=8=7 I3 4=4=3 P2 1=1=1 3=3=3 6=6=5 P2 1=1=1 4=4=3 2=2=1 P3 1=1=1 4=4=3 4=4=4 P3 1=1=1 5=5=5 4=4=4 P4 1=1=1 5=5=5 1=1= 1=1=1 P4 2=2=2 8=8=8 M1 3=3=3 11=11=11 1=1=1 4=4=3 M1 1=1=1 7=7=7 M2 2=2=2 8=8=8 2=2=2 5=5=5 M2 25=25=16 3=3=3 M3 1=1=1 10=10=9 3=3=3 8=8=7 M3 1=1=1 20=20=17 1=1=1 6=5=5 DP2 7=7=7 DP2 3=3=3 DP3 4=4=2 DP3 1=1=1 DP4 4=4=4 2=2=2 M 1=1=1 TOOTH 6=6=6 92 Table 5.9: Bovid and Equid post-cranial skeletal part representation. Skeletal Part Size Class 1 Size Class 2 Size Class 3-4 Equid NISP=MNE NISP=MNE NISP=MNE NISP=MNE =cMNI =cMNI =cMNI =cMNI ATLAS 3=3=3 1=1=1 AXIS 4=4=4 CERV 1=1=1 15=12=8 20=15=8 1=1=1 THOR 9=9=6 27=17=13 4=3=2 LUMB 3=3=3 1=1=1 2=2=2 CAUD 1=1=1 SAC 3=3=2 1/2 PEL 3=3=3 68=63=22 9=9=9 1=1=1 RIB 17=3=3 17=10=4 HYO 1=1=1 SCAP 12=5=3 98=37=23 12=7=7 1=1=1 HUM 37=21=15 109=70=57 16=12=12 RAD 9=8=7 84=23=23 13=12=12 2=2=2 ULN 2=2=2 16=10=10 2=2=2 MAG 8=7=7 1=1=1 UNCI 3=3=3 SCAPH 1=1=1 8=8=7 LUN 1=1=1 6=6=6 1=1=1 CUN 1=1=1 3=3=2 1=1=1 MTC 8=6=6 62=39=24 6=4=4 5=5=3 FEM 35=20=17 164=53=33 11=11=8 TIB 20=19=16 202=49=33 17=13=11 LATMEL 1=1=1 6=6=6 CALC 3=3=3 28=22=19 4=4=4 ASTRAG 3=3=3 23=23=17 1=1=1 1=1=1 NAVCUB 6=6=5 10=10=9 EXCUN 2=2=2 4=4=4 MTT 36=25=14 71=33=27 19=15=15 2=2=2 MTP 7=5=5 8=2=2 PHAL 1 17=14=9 74=60=17 5=5=4 PHAL 2 20=8=8 58=44=11 4=4=4 PHAL 3 11=11=4 29=29=14 2=2=2 3=3=3 PAT 3=3=3 SES 11=11=1 93 Figure 5.2: Caprine horncores from the Post-Member 6 Inflll. These horncores are similar to those of the Barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia. Photos courtesy by R. J. Clarke. horncores (Figure 5.2). This species is now only found in northern Africa and it inhabits mountainous and rock terrain. The mountain reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufora) and common reedbuck (Redunca arundinum) are both present. One specimen (a right maxilla fragment with the M2 and M3) belong to the mountain reedbuck, while at least two individuals identifled from four speci- mens (two lower P4 and two left M2) are common reedbuck. Two specimens representing an indeterminate Redunca sp. have also been identifled. Size Classes 3-4 is indicated by the taxa Connochaetes, Damaliscus, Hip- potragus and Kobus. There are six specimens of Connochaetes with an MNI of two (one adult and one juvenile). An upper left P4, right I1 and molar, an upper molar and tooth fragment could be from one adult individual. The juvenile individual is identifled from a left DP3. There are 17 teeth specimens of blesbok (D. dorcas), indicating at least flve individuals identifled from flve left M2. Tsessebe (Damaliscus lunatus,) is identifled from a single specimen (a maxilla fragment with the M1 and M2). 94 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 0 11 0 CR AN 1/ 2 CE RV TH OR LU M B SA C 1/2 PE L SC AP HU M RA D UL N SC AP H LU N CU N M TC FE M TI B LA TM EL CA LC AS TR AG NA VC UB EX CU N M TT PH AL 1 PH AL 2 PH AL 3 Skeletal Element % M AU Figur e5.3 :P ost-Me mb er 6Infll lSiz eClas s1 bo vid %M AU 95 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 0 11 0 H O RN CR A N 1/ 2 M A N D 1/ 2 M A X A TL A S A X IS CE RV TH O R LU M B SA C H YO 1/ 2 PE L SC A P H U M RA D U LN M A G U N IC SC A PH LU N CU N M TC FE M TI B LA TM EL CA LC A ST RA G N A VC U B EX CU N M TT PA T PH A L 1 PH A L 2 PH A L 3 Skeletal Element % M AU Figur e5.4 :P ost-Me mb er 6Infll lSiz eClas s2 bo vid %M AU 96 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 0 11 0 H O RN CR A N 1/ 2 M A N D 1/ 2 M A X A T LA S CE R V T H O R LU M B CA U D 1/ 2 PE L SC A P H U M R A D U LN M A G LU N CU N M T C FE M T IB CA LC A ST RA G M T T M TP PH A L 1 PH A L 2 PH A L 3 Skeletal Element % M A U Figur e5.5 :P ost-Me mb er 6Infll lSiz eClas s3- 4b ovi d %M AU 97 One Hippotragus individual has been identifled from a left P1. Kobus is represented by waterbuck (Kobus ellipsyprimnus) and lechwe (Kobus leche). At least one individual of K. leche is identifled from three specimens: a left M1, a right M1 and right M2. The waterbuck is identifled from two specimens with an MNI of 2 for two sub-adult right M1 specimens. The total MNI of Size Classes 3-4 bovids based on these taxa is 15 from 19 metatarsal specimens. 5.3.5 Other taxa There are 23 specimens of porcupine, Hystrix africaeaustralis, only two of which are post-cranial elements (an ischium fragment and a distal scapula fragment). These specimens represent at least four individuals, two adults identifled from two right M4 two upper M3, and a juvenile, as well as a subadult. Cape hare (Lepus capensis) is indicated by seven specimens with an MNI of 3. These identiflcations are based on three left tibiae shaft fragments. A left distal radius shaft fragment, proximal humerus, femur shaft fragments and incisor are also present, but they do not raise the estimated number of individuals represented. There are three specimens of hyrax (Procavia capensis), BP=3=34560 BP=3=34561 and BP=3=32271, possibly of one individual. Spring hare (Pedetes capensis) is represented by two specimens, a proximal right humerus shaft fragment and a proximal left tibia shaft fragment with an MNI of 1. 5.4 Taphonomy This assemblage was examined for various types of modiflcations and the action of modifying and accumulating agents. The modiflcations observed indicate the action of both biotic and abiotic agents of modiflcation and accumulation on the assemblage during its taphonomic history (Table 5.10). 98 5.4.1 Stone tool modiflcation Butchery marks have been observed on 1.24% of the assemblage. The flrst three rows of Table 5.10 give a breakdown of the types of butchery marks and Figures 5.6, 5.7, 5.8 and 5.9 are pictures of some of the butchery modiflcations. Over one third (36%) of the hammerstone percussion marks are also accompanied by impact notches. The presence of notches indicates that hominids were involved not just in dismembering the carcasses, but also in marrow extraction from these bones. Figure 5.6: Hammerstone percussion marked bones from the Post-Member 6 Inflll at Sterkfontein. Note the curved breaks and the percussion notches on the two bone fragments in the left of the flgure. Figure 5.7: Chop marks on a bovid Size Class 2 distal femur shaft fragment from the Post-Member 6 Inflll assemblage. 99 Table 5.10: Post-Member 6 Inflll assemblage bone modiflcations Modiflcation Number of modifled % modifled Cutmarks 16 0.42 Hammerstone percussion 25 0.74 Scrape marks 3 0.08 Carnivore gnawing 219 5.75 Stomach acid etching 24 0.63 Porcupine gnawing 281 7.38 Small rodent gnawing 159 4.08 Weathering 2838 74.53 Post-depositional modiflcation 571 15 Excavation and preparation modiflcation 2687 70.56 Figure 5.8: Scrape marked bone from the Post-Member 6 Inflll. The scrape marks appear as flne striations in the encircled area. Figure 5.9: Cut marked bones from the Post-Member 6 Inflll at Sterkfontein. 100 5.4.2 Mammalian modiflcation Two hundred and nineteen specimens (5.75 %) are carnivore gnawed, 281 (7.39%) porcupine gnawed and 159 (4.08%) small rodent gnawed. These marks also occur in combinations, e.g. carnivore and porcupine gnawed (0.16%), car- nivore and small rodent gnawing (0.26%), porcupine and small rodent gnawing (1.16%) and a combination of all the above listed gnawing agents (0.05%). Fig- ures 5.10 and 5.11 show some of the carnivore and porcupine gnawed bones from this assemblage. Some hyaena coprolites and coprolite fragments have also been identifled, in addition to 24 stomach acid etched bone fragments, all of which have tooth marks. Figure 5.10: Carnivore gnawed bones from the Post-Member 6 Inflll at Sterkfontein. Most of these have tooth notches, which are difierentiated from percussion notches by their small, semi-circular and more arcuate nature. The gnawing marks show that carnivores exploited some carcasses, parts of which were later accumulated in the cave, while the presence of stomach acid etched bone and coprolites indicates that carnivores were residing in the cave or nearby, resulting in the accumulation of their scat. 5.4.3 Weathering A total of 2838 specimens (74.5%) in this assemblage has been weathered in various stages. Table 5.11 gives a breakdown of the weathering stages to which 101 bones have been assigned. A component of the assemblage was deemed inap- propriate for weathering condition analysis, as it consists of tooth specimens, breccia covered bones and bone fragments or recently broken bones, and there- fore surfaces could not be examined for weathering stages. Weathering in this assemblage is minimal indicating deposition and burial without extensive ex- posure to sunshine, heat and uctuating moisture regimes that cause extensive weathering. This in turn indicates fast burial with deposition of the bones in the cave or near the cave entrance. Table 5.11: Post-Member 6 Inflll assemblage weathering stages Weathering Stage Number of weathered % weathered Stage 0 1 0.03 Stage 1 562 14.76 Stage 2 2105 55.28 Stage 3 161 4.23 Stage 4 9 0.24 Total 2838 74.53 5.4.4 Post-depositional modiflcation A total of 571 specimens (15%) of this assemblage has been post-depositionally modifled, before, during or after fossilisation. These modiflcations occur as crushing, cracking and displacement of portions of specimens as well as exfo- liation, trampling, abrading, corrosion, soil acid and root etching and insect modiflcation. The proportions of the assemblage afiected by each of these modes of post-depositional modiflcation can be seen in Table 5.12. In Figure 5.12 are some of the abraded bones. 102 Figure 5.11: Porcupine gnawed bones from the Post-Member 6 Inflll at Sterkfontein. Table 5.12: Post-Member 6 Inflll post-depositional modiflcation post-depositional Number modifled %modifled modiflcation Abrasion 22 0.58 Corrosion 14 0.37 Trampling 16 0.42 Sediment overburden pressure 451 11.84 Soil acid etching 29 0.76 Root etching 7 0.18 Insect action 5 0.13 Exfoliation 27 0.71 103 Figure 5.12: Some of the more abraded bone specimens from the Post-Member 6 Inflll at Sterkfontein. Note the rounding and sharpening of the tips of the bones. 104 5.4.5 Excavation and preparation modiflcation Most of the specimens (70.1%) in this assemblage have undergone post exca- vation modiflcation as is clear from the clean modern breakage surfaces on the bone edges. While some of these would have occurred as a result of the mini- mal preparation carried out on some these bones after excavation, it is possible that some of the modiflcation occurred in storage. Many of the breakages on specimens in this assemblage are a result of excavation of friable bones in the soft decalcifled deposits (Table 5.10). The modiflcation on these specimens oc- curs as breakage, chipping, hacking, slicing and even scratching of specimens. Some broken specimens have been refltted during analysis, aiding in their identiflcation but, many breakages are not refltted. Most of the non-identifled specimens are broken. 5.5 Fracture attribute analysis 5.5.1 Fracture surface analysis Fracture angle, outline, edge and circumference completeness values derived for this assemblage are provided in Tables 5.13 and Figure 5.13. Breadth/length ratio details are provided on Figure 5.14. One thousand flve hundred sixty flve fracture surfaces were available for fracture outline, angle and edge analysis in this assemblage. Sixty flve percent of these are curved, 12% are transverse, while 23% are intermediate outlines. Fifty two percent have oblique angles, 12% are interme- diate and 36% are right angles. High frequencies of oblique outlines are indica- tive of fresh bone broken assemblages (Villa and Mahieu, 1991). Fifty eight percent of breakage surfaces in this sample have fresh bone broken smooth edges, while 42% are jagged edged. Forty three percent of the bones have >50%, and 22% have >50% of the original circumference remaining respec- tively (Figure 5.13). The greater percentage of curved outlines, oblique angles and smooth edges indicates a green-bone-broken assemblage. Complete and 105 Tabl e5.13 :X 2 analysi so fMe mb er 6fractur eattribute si n compariso n wit h th eF ren ch Neolithi csites . Fractur e Attribute s Sarrian s Bezous e Fo ntebregou a Post-Me m be r6 Infll l Fractur e Angl e Obliqu e 22 27 14 4 81 1 Rig ht 17 6 17 4 47 18 5 In termediat e 71 52 13 56 9 Tota l 26 9 25 3 20 4 156 5 X2 43 7 453.6 8 78.4 1 Difierenc e signiflca nt Signiflca nt signiflca nt Fractur e Outlin e Cur ve d 10 6 82 13 4 101 7 Trans vers e 19 3 14 4 92 19 0 In termediat e 59 61 35 35 8 Tota l 35 8 28 7 26 1 156 5 X2 323.1 6 24 9 93.2 7 Difierenc e signiflca nt Signiflca nt signiflca nt Circumferenc e 1(100% ) 20 0 60 13 56 5 2( >50% ) 10 0 23 28 9 3( <50% ) 16 33 11 5 45 0 Tota l 22 6 93 15 1 130 4 X2 157.1 8 29.3 5 178.0 8 Difierenc e signiflca nt Signiflca nt signiflca nt 106 010203040506070 Curved Transverse Intermediate Oblique Right Intermediate Jagged Smooth 1 (<50%) 2 (>50%) 3 (100%) Frequency (%) Ou tlin e An gle Ed ge Ci rc um fer en ce Figur e5.13 :P ost-Me mb er 6Infll lfaun afractur eattribute san d circumferenc ecompletenes sfrequencies . 107 nearly complete (>50%) circumferences indicate a carnivore broken assem- blage, but hominid breakage of some bones in the assemblage is also indicated by the hammerstone percussion marks and notches. Table 5.13 provide X2 val- ues of the various fracture attributes of the Post-Member 6 Inflll assemblage compared to the French Neolithic assemblages. Although the Post-Member 6 Inflll appears similar to the green broken Fontebregoua assemblage by cir- cumference, it is signiflcantly difierent from all of the French Neolithic sites fracture attributes. This implies that Post-Member 6 Inflll is similar to nei- ther the dry-bone-broken assemblages nor the fresh bone assemblages. This dissimilarity with all the control assemblages in all the fracture attributes can be explained by difierent depositional environments, sample size difierences between the French Neolithic assemblages and the Post Member 6 Inflll as well as post-depositional modiflcation to the Sterkfontein sample. 5.5.2 Breadth/length ratio Figure 5.14 shows frequencies of the breadth/length ratios derived for the Post-Member 6 Inflll faunal assemblage. One thousand three hundred one specimens were analysed for breadth/length ratios. Of these, 88% are within the breadth/length ratio categories between 0.2 and 0.6. This kind of distri- bution indicates a less fragmented assemblage expected from an assemblage of fresh broken bone, not predominantly broken by hominids. 5.6 Discussion 5.6.1 Taxa and skeletal part representation This assemblage has a taxonomically diverse and rich faunal composition, with at least seven orders, 11 families and 35 genera represented. These include 3 primate, 23 carnivore, 100 ungulate, flve rodent, a hyrax and three lagomorph individuals. The species diversity of this assemblage indicates environmental 108 1 V B/L % Frequency 2 V V 0.1 1.5 1 BRECCIA 0.2 13.5 2 V 0.3 28.6 2 V V I I J 0.4 25.7 2 V EPIPHYSEAL 0.5 12.9 2 V 0.6 7.5 3 V BRECCIA CC OO JJ 0.7 5.1 2 V V CC OO SS 0.8 2.5 2 V T R S 0.9 2.4 2 V C O S 1 0.4 8.1476 13.451 25.4 27.05611068 14.0661 1.7679 1 V BRECC 2 V 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 0.1 0.2 .3 .4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Breadth/Length Ratio F r e q u e n c y (% ) Figure 5.14: Post-Member 6 Inflll fauna lreadth/length ratio distribution (N =1304). and climatic diversity in the area during its accumulation. Taxa known to thrive in difierent ecological conditions (e.g the woodland hippotragines, and the grassland species, antilopines and alcelaphines and some water-loving re- duncines, as well as the mountain or rock-loving barbary sheep) have been identifled in this assemblage. These species, when considered together, sug- gest a riverine woodland with adjacent open grassland and some high, rocky hills. This is similar to the open grassland taxa characterised by woodland elements identifled in the older Member 5 West early Acheulean breccia, the Oldowan Inflll, and L63 and Lincoln Cave North (Pickering, 1999; Kuman and Clarke, 2000; Reynolds, 2000). However, this assemblage difiers from the Member 5 West early Acheulean and the Lincoln Cave North assemblages in that it doest not have extinct forms such as Dinofelis barlowi (Pickering, 1999), and the Hippopotamus amphibius from Lincoln Cave North (Reynolds, 2000). Furthermore, Megalotragus found in the Lincoln Cave (Reynolds, 2000), but which apparently derived from Member 5 West, is also not represented in this 109 assemblage. This assemblage, however, has more water-dependent species such as the roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus), waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) and lechwe (Kobus leche). This indicates a more recent savannah mosaic grass- land fauna for the Post-Member 6 Inflll times. The carnivore species in this assemblage include two Panthera leo individu- als not identifled in the assemblage analysed by Reynolds (2000) and Reynolds et al. (2007), due to the limited sample size. The primate individuals iden- tifled in the Post-Member 6 Inflll are represented mainly by dental remains, a characteristic of carnivore-predated primate remains (Brain, 1981). Studies by Brain (1981) and Pickering (2001a,b) indicate that carnivore predation of primate carcasses (e.g., cheetah and leopard) leave intact crania as opposed to the fragmentary crania for hyaena-ravaged primate carcasses, as hyaenas consume most elements of the postcrania. The state in which post-cranial bones are found is, however, dependent on the carnivore species involved, the length of the bones (Carlson and Pickering, 2003), and whether the bones are deposited as scat or refuse assemblages. For instance, phalanges, metapodia, carpals, and tarsals are unlikely to be found within the refuse assemblages but may be found in scat assemblages after being swallowed whole during feeding and later regurgitated or defecated (Marean, 1991; Pickering, 2001a,b). The number of carnivores, and thus competition for the carcasses, as well as how hungry a predator is, will also in uence how much of the carcass is consumed. Eighty nine bovid individuals are present in the Post-Member 6 Inflll, based on post-cranial material only identifled to size classes. Majority (57) of the bovid individuals are Size Class 2. All bovid size classes are best represented by limbs (both meat-rich and non-rich parts), as can be seen in Figures 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5. This assemblage also has a high representation of cranio-dental remains, notably of Size Class 2, as well as the fragile axial and the compact tarsal and carpal elements. In fact, Size Class 2 bovids appear to be represented by complete or near complete skeletons. 110 5.6.2 Bone accumulation This assemblage has been modifled by various agents (Table 5.10). While some of the modiflcations have been in icted during accumulation, others are in icted prior to or after accumulation by difierent modifying agents. The accumulating and modifying agents include biotic agents (carnivores such as leopard, brown and spotted hyaenas, porcupines and small rodents and ho- minids), and abiotic agents ( uvial action and death traps, as well as post- depositional destruction and modiflcation). Biotic bone accumulators Carnivore accumulation The number of carnivore individuals in this assemblage is large (17.2% of tMNI) and the diverse elements (Tables 5.4 and 5.6). Of these carnivore taxa, lions are not known to transport and/or accumulate bones, but leopards and cheetahs transport carcasses to regular feeding grounds (Brain, 1981; Marean, 1989), and in the absence of scavenging by other carnivores, prey remains eventually build up at these feeding points. Leopards carry prey carcasses to speciflc feeding spots, normally to trees away from scavengers (Cavallo and Blumenschine, 1989), but also to clifis formed by cave roof overhangs (Brain, 1981) and to lairs within caves and cave tunnels (Simons, 1966), making them possible contributors to this assemblage, even if to a small degree. Trees at the cavern entrance would also have made attractive leopard feeding locations, from which such bone refuse would drop to the ground, gravitating into the cavern deposit, as postulated for Swartkrans (Brain, 1981). The Post-Member 6 Inflll assemblage consists of a majority of small to medium-sized mammals including mainly bovids, with the majority of carnivore- gnawed bones also being Size Class 2 or smaller bovids. Of the 219 carnivore modifled specimens, only 14 are Size Class 3-4. The size categories of the taxa represented in the assemblage, the number of small carnivore bones, the gnawed bones, and the ratio of gnawing at 5.75% implicate brown hyaena, 111 which is also represented in the assemblage. Brown hyaenas are solitary for- agers but bring back carcasses to the denning sites for feeding their cubs. They thus hunt small-bodied animals, including other small carnivores that can be manageably killed and/or transported by a single hyaena individual (Bunn, 1983b; Lam, 1992; Mills and Mills, 1977). Spotted hyaenas, on the other hand, forage in groups and can transport carcasses as large as those of Size Class 4 un- gulates, with gnawing incidence of between 38% and 100% of the bone (Bunn, 1983b; Lam, 1992; Maguire et al., 1980; Mills and Mills, 1977; Skinner et al., 1986). Thus, both species of hyaena represented in this assemblage could have played a part in the accumulation of the bones. The proportion of gnawed bone in the Post-Member 6 Inflll is, however, relatively small compared to that in documented modern brown and spotted hyaena accumulated assem- blages, but the difierence can be due to the fact that this assemblage has gone through other diverse modiflcations, such as post-depositional modiflcations that delete and/or obscure modiflcations. In addition, juvenile brown hyaena specimens and hyaena coprolites have been recovered from the assemblage, in- dicating that hyaena (possibly both species) used the cave or part of the cave as a den at some point during the accumulation of this deposit (Kruuk, 1972; Mills, 1990). This assemblage, however, consists of most skeletal elements and portions of taxa (especially Size Class 1 and 2 bovids) that include compact bones and fragile grease-rich axial elements (Tables 5.8 and 5.9) and epiphyseal ends of long bones that are more likely to be chewed by carnivores, especially hyaenas during feeding (Marean, 1991). It is noteworthy that some of the compact bones and epiphyseal ends, in addition to long bone shaft fragments, also have gnaw marks and/or stomach acid etching, indicating that they are probably carnivore-accumulated. This kind of scenario is possible in cases of multiple- agent accumulation, where a small part of the assemblage is accumulated by a non-bone-crunching carnivore, such as leopard, with part of it being accu- mulated by other agents like hyaenas, porcupines, hominids and death traps. Multiple accumulation by these agents may at the same time occur through 112 one or more entrances, and at difierent times of the year, but the presence of denning carnivores and the signs of denning by hyaenas in this assemblage seem to argue against hominid accumulation at the same time, unless there was more than one entrance to the cave during Post-Member 6 Inflll times. Alternate occupation and accumulation over brief periods of time are a possi- bility. Porcupine and small rodent accumulation Porcupine bone accumulation in earlier deposits at Sterkfontein has been ar- gued to be restricted by cave form, as porcupines are unable to negotiate verti- cal slopes such as the one that characterised the steep cavern opening through which the Oldowan Inflll accumulated (Pickering, 1999). The Oldowan Inflll assemblage, however, has only three porcupine modifled bones and no porcu- pine remains, setting it apart from the assemblage under current study, which has 23 specimens of at least three porcupine individuals and 7.38% porcupine gnawed bones. Porcupine remains in this assemblage may have been accumu- lated by carnivores, or through natural deaths of porcupines in the cave, or by such remains gravitating in to the cave from the landscape above. Leop- ards and hyaenas have been observed to prey on porcupines (Mitchell et al., 1965; Pienaar, 1969; Kruuk, 1972), depositing their remains in or near the cave. While none of the 23 porcupine specimens identifled in this assemblage bears any carnivore gnaw marks or stomach acid etching, they are almost entirely (91%) cranial remains, which is inconsistent with elements expected from carnivore predated porcupine remains which should bear carnivore tooth marks, or a death trap situation, which should include most porcupine skeletal elements. Thus, the 7.38% porcupine gnawed bones observed in this assemblage may have accumulated outside the cave, gravitating or washing into the cave. Alter- natively, porcupines could could have occupied a cave with a narrow opening or a low roofed cave. Porcupine gnawing in this assemblage is minimal and falls below the range of 22% - 100% of bones accumulated by porcupines in their dens (Maguire et al., 1980; Brain, 1981). However, we should, consider 113 that the Post-Member 6 Inflll assemblage may have been afiected by post- depositional factors that modify, obscure or delete some modiflcations. The result of this deletion and/or modiflcation could be the post-depositional re- moval of the porcupine post-cranial remains, as well as some of the porcupine gnawed bones. It is therefore possible that a component of the Post-Member 6 Inflll faunal assemblage was porcupine-accumulated. Other small rodent gnaw- ing has also been identifled in this sample. Small rodents are also not known to be major bone accumulators but may bring in small amounts of bones. It is therefore considered that if they brought in any bones, the amount is negligible compared to those accumulated by other agents. Hominid accumulation The hominid specimen in this assemblage is not of Australopithecus, Paran- thropus or early Homo and is more like H. sapiens, and indicates that the cave or its environs was suitable for hominid habitation. The presence of por- cupine remains and porcupine gnawed bones in the assemblage implies that porcupines could have used the cave, which suggests a fairly horizontal cave entrance. However, if the cave roof overhang was not too low, it may have been possible for hominids to use this cave or its entrance area, accumulating artefacts and their food refuse. Other evidence of hominid cave habitation, such as the use of flre, have not been found in this deposit. On the other hand, such dolomitic limestone cave deposits are characterised by periods of erosion, reworking and collapse that would hamper the preservation of such evidence, e.g., hearths. This assemblage has 1.24% hominid stone tool modiflcation marks, a pro- portion which is within the range of modiflcations expected from other fossil, as well as simulated hominid accumulated assemblages (Gifiord et al., 1980; Crader, 1981; Bunn et al., 1980; Bunn, 1983b,a). The presence of stone tools indicated hominid stone tool manufacture and/or use in the cave?s vicinity but does not necessarily imply hominid accumulation of the stone tools or the bone assemblage in the cave. Indication of use of the cave by denning carnivores in the form of stomach acid etched bone, coprolites and juvenile individuals 114 argues against the possibility of hominid use of the cave, although they may have been using the cave when carnivores were not denning in it, possibly af- ter using flre to keep away carnivores as has been postulated for Swartkrans Member 3 (Brain, 1981). Abiotic bone accumulators Death trap Common features of the dolomitic limestone landscape in the Sterkfontein valley are clusters of trees around the mouths of concealed avens. Tree and vegetation-concealed avens have created death traps for hominids and animals roaming the landscape since the Plio-Pleistocene, leading to accumulation of bones of victims in the caverns below (Pickering, 1999; Clarke, 1999; Carlson and Pickering, 2003; Pickering et al., 2004). Because of the inaccessibility of the cavern to scavenging carnivores, the accumulated bones are preserved mostly complete and/or articulated if spared the post-depositional destruction and dislocation that is common in these caves due to sediment movement and collapse as the sediments calcify and decalcify, and as the walls and roofs get eroded. Lyman (1994) observed that some death traps have more carnivore or primate remains than other mammalian taxa because carnivores and primates are agile and are more likely to fall into these traps during play or climbing. Carnivores are also likely to be drawn to the carcasses already in the death trap. Pickering (1999) has, however, argued for representation of mammalian taxa in death traps proportional to their abundance in the landscape as the trap would likely trap animals in relation to how abundant or scarce they are on the landscape. It might seem possible that some of the Post-Member 6 Inflll fauna accumu- lated as a death trap assemblage, because of the majority of skeletal parts by which taxa, especially the smaller bovid size classes, are represented. The Size Class 1 and 2 bovids are represented by most skeletal elements, including epi- physes and meat rich bones that are more likely to be destroyed by predators 115 and/or post-depositional destruction (Marean, 1991). This general complete- ness of the bovid skeletons (seen in the identiflcation of most elements) can, however, also be explained by accumulation by some other less destructive mode, like leopard predation coupled with good preservation conditions, with little if any post-depositional destruction of bones. Also, primates and carni- vores that dominate death trap assemblages are scarce in the assemblage, which argues against the death trap scenario for the accumulation of this assemblage. Fluvial transport There are abraded specimens in this assemblage which may also be inter- preted by scratch marks resulting from water transport and movement and compaction in sediments. Abrasion is however minimal in extent and inten- sity, indicating possible short distances of transport in uvial sediments and movement in sediment on the deposit talus. Based on the Voorhies groups pro- flles of various skeletal elements? possible deposition at points along a uvial channel (Voorhies, 1969; Lyman, 1994), it can be said that this assemblage has preserved skeletal elements from all the difierent Voorhies groups, indicating that uvial transport was not a major mode of accumulation, or did not afiect the assemblage much. Thus, most of the abrasion in the assemblage is not a result of uvial transport. It is thus likely that movement and compaction of sediments within the cave was the cause of the minimal abrasion on some of the bones in this assemblage, but both minimal uvial transport and movement within sediments and compaction may have abraded the bones. 5.6.3 Post-depositional modiflcation and destruction Post-depositional destruction and/or modiflcation is visible in this assemblage in the form of crushing, surface erosion and dislocation of parts of bones. These forms of post-depositional destruction may have comminuted the bones fur- ther, thereby destroying or obscuring other modiflcation marks and/or render- ing some skeletal elements unidentiflable. The Post-Member 6 Inflll has a high 116 frequency of both the fragile axial elements and compact bones. This implies that this assemblage was not subjected to intense post-depositional destructive processes that would have deleted these fragile skeletal elements prior to fos- silization and recovery. Neither was carnivore action intense enough to delete these fragile elements that are greasy and thus more nutritionally attractive to bone crunching carnivores. However, this assemblage has a high proportion (9.9%) of fragments of compact long bone shafts and a high frequency of green- bone-broken specimens. Post-depositional modiflcation may have lowered the frequencies of other modiflcation marks by fragmenting modifled pieces and deleting or masking other modiflcations, and leading to inadequate preserva- tion of modiflcations of particular dominant accumulators or modiflers of the assemblage. 5.7 Conclusions This assemblage is an important asset to the understanding of the later periods of deposition and hominid occupation of the Sterkfontein valley. It has proved useful to this end by providing a faunal assemblage more diverse than that of the older and adjacent assemblages and thus providing a proxy for the understanding of the diverse micro-environmental conditions prevailing in the valley at the time of its formation. It is, however, complex in origin and has apparently been accumulated by more than one agent, including carnivores, hominids, porcupines, and possibly slope wash of material from the surface above. The faunal composition of the Post-Member 6 Inflll and the recovery of carnivore tooth marked bone, stomach acid etched bone and coprolites suggest the contribution to the accumulation of the assemblage by carnivores, probably brown or striped hyaena. Porcupine remains and modiflcations also imply the role of porcupines in the assemblage modiflcation and accumulation. One hominid specimen and stone tools indicate a hominid presence and ac- tivity in the vicinity of the cave at the time, while stone tool butchery-modifled bones indicate hominid involvement in its accumulation. Slopewash of some 117 bones (including those with carnivore, stone tool and porcupine as well as small rodent modiflcations from the vicinity) may have occurred, as demonstrated by the presence of abrasion marks on some of the bones. Accumulation of bones in the cave by these agents could have occurred roughly contemporaneously, with difierent agents utilising difierent parts or even difierent entrances to the cave. Assuming that the cave was occupied, this, as well as the accumulation of bone by these agents could also have occurred at difierent times. Chapter 6 Post-Member 6 Inflll stone tools 6.1 Introduction In this Chapter, I provide a classiflcation and interpretation of the stone tool assemblage recovered from the Post-Member 6 Inflll deposit at Sterkfontein Caves. These artefacts derive from squares identifled during excavations as belonging to this younger deposit from an area between the calcifled Member 5 West Acheulean and the decalcifled Member 5 East (Kuman and Clarke, 2000); see Figure 1.4 and Appendices A.1 and A.2. Six hundred and eight specimens are available for this study. This area has produced Middle Stone Age artefacts, and it appears to be continuous with the adjacent Lincoln Cave deposits, as revealed in our excavations which have tunneled under the northern roof to link the two cave systems (Reynolds, 2000; Reynolds et al., 2003, 2007). The Lincoln Cave South, which has diagnostic Middle Stone Age tools, is likely to be of similar age to the Lincoln Cave North deposit, which has been dated to between 252 600 ? 35 600 years and 116 300 ? 7 700 years (Reynolds et al., 2003). Thus the Post-Member 6 Inflll that is continuous with the Lincoln Cave South dates to approximately the same time. The analysis of this assemblage included the typological classiflcation of the artefacts, raw material identiflcation, weathering condition determination, maximum dimension, retouch and degree of platform faceting. This chapter thus provides a typological and technological examination of the Sterkfontein Caves MSA material and contributes to an understanding of the tool making 118 119 Table 6.1: Artefact types of the Post-Member Inflll assemblage Type N % Small aking debris <20mm 330 54.3 Complete akes ?20mm 21 3.5 Incomplete akes ?20mm 73 12.0 Core trimming akes ?20mm 3 0.5 Chunks ?20mm 60 9.9 Retouched pieces ?20mm 10 1.6 Cores 57 9.4 Hammerstone 1 0.2 Manuports 53 8.7 Total 608 100.0 behaviour of the MSA hominids, as well as to an understanding of the site formation processes. 6.2 Artefact typology The assemblage is dominated by small aking debris at 54.3% (see Table 6.1 and Figure 6.1). The small aking debris is mostly of quartz, while many of the larger pieces, including cores and manuports, are in quartzite (Table 6.2). This indicates that quartzite was probably not aked in the vicinity of the cave because the assemblage has not been winnowed of small elements prior to deposition. The import of large quartzite cores is unlikely to have occurred if the small aking debris is absent. Therefore, it is most reasonable to conclude that most of the manuports and quartzite cores have been mixed with the older Acheulean breccia that was decalcifled and redeposited with the younger incoming breccia. 120 Tabl e6.2 :Artefac tt yp es by raw material si n th eP ost-Me mb er 6Infll lasse mblag e( N = 608) . Ty pe Quart z Quartzit e Cher t Othe r Tota l N % N % N % N % N % Smal l akin gdebri s< 20m m 29 0 47. 7 6 1.0 32 5.3 2 0.3 33 0 54. 3 Complet e a ke s? 20m m 10 1.6 6 1.0 2 0.3 3 0.5 21 3.5 Incomplet e a ke s? 20m m 58 9.5 11 1.8 4 0.7 73 12. 0 Cor etrimmin g a ke s? 20m m 2 0.3 1 0.2 3 0.5 Ch unk s? 20m m 47 7.7 10 1.6 2 0.3 1 0.2 60 9.9 Retou che d piece s? 20m m 5 0.8 5 0.8 10 1.6 Core s 17 2.8 18 3.0 1 0.2 1 0.2 37 6.1 Cor efragme nt s 5 0.8 1 0.2 6 1.0 Bi pola rcore s 4 0.7 4 0.7 Bi pola rcor eremain s 9 1.5 1 0.2 10 1.6 Hammerston e 1 0.2 1 0.2 Ma nu port s 12 2.0 31 5.1 1 0.2 9 1.5 53 8.7 Tota l 45 9 75. 5 91 15. 0 42 6. 9 16 2. 6 60 8 100. 0 121 0.02.55.07.510 . 0 12 . 5 15 . 0 17 . 5 20 . 0 22 . 5 25 . 0 27 . 5 30 . 0 32 . 5 35 . 0 37 . 5 40 . 0 42 . 5 0 t o 9 10 to 19 20 to 29 30 to 39 40 to 49 50 to 59 60 to 69 70 to 79 80 to 89 90 to 99 10 0 t o 10 9 11 0 t o 11 9 12 0 t o 12 9 13 0 t o 13 9 14 0 t o 14 9 Siz e Pr ofi le (m m ) Percentage Qu ar tz Qu ar tzi te Ch er t Ot he r Figur e6.1 :P ost-Me mb er 6Infll lartefac tasse mblag esiz eproflle s 122 6.3 Size proflle The proportion of small aking debris of the assemblage is considerably lower than that recovered from the adjacent, but older Oldowan Inflll assemblage with a near-complete size proflle (Kuman et al., 2005; Field, 1999). It has been established that the proportion of small aking debris in experimental assemblages made in local quartz and quartzite is 85% and 79% respectively (Kuman et al., 2005; Field, 1999). Other experiments have produced slightly lower proportions of small aking debris - 60% to 75% (e.g., Schick, 1987), probably due to the difierent raw materials (lava) used in the latter experi- ments. Lava is less brittle than quartz and produces less small aking debris. Also, the Schick experiments were aimed at producing speciflc core types, while the Kuman et al. experiments were aimed at completely reducing cores. The shattering tendency of quartz is noticeable in the abundance of quartz in the smaller-sized artefact categories (Figures 6.1). The proportion of small aking debris in this assemblage is also higher than that of the adjacent Member 5 West early Acheulean deposit, where only 2.71% of the assemblage consists of material <20 mm in size. Quartzite cores, manuports and some heavy-duty tools dominate in the early Acheulean deposit, while quartz light-duty tools are dominant in Post-Member 6 Inflll assemblage. These difierences support the suggestion that some larger artifacts in the MSA assemblage were mixed in from the older Acheulean deposit. This is because the area where the MSA assemblage is recovered once contained Member 5 early Acheulean with artefacts. As the breccia was decalcifled, some Acheulean material appears to have been incorporated through re-working into the Lincoln Cave and the Post-Member 6 MSA Inflll. Some of the large-sized pieces (cores and manuports) in the MSA assemblage are more consistent with the early Acheulean sample at Sterkfontein, as is the predominance of quartzite in that assemblage. 123 6.4 Raw materials Quartz forms the largest portion of the raw materials in the assemblage at 75.5%, and quartzite at 15% is relatively more abundant than chert (at 7%) (Tables 6.2). Quartz also dominates (at 61%) when the small aking debris are excluded from the assemblage (Table 6.3), and also when (73%) larger pieces such as cores and manuports are excluded (Table 6.4). Quartz is also more abundant in the core categories (including cores, core fragments, bipolar cores and bipolar core remains (Table 6.3), while quartzite is more abundant in the manuport sample (Tables 6.2, 6.3 and 6.5). This means that the abundance of small aking debris is not just a result of quartz? tendency to shatter, but that quartz was the preferred material, perhaps for functional reasons. In addition, the cores in this assemblage include choppers and polyhedrons, which are common in the Acheulean deposit. These core types and the prominence of quartzite cores in general further support the argument for mixing with some material from the older Acheulean breccia into the younger MSA inflll. The combination of quartzite cores and manuports with a paucity of small aking debris in quartzite indicates a strong similarity with the early Acheulean assemblage and suggests that the early Acheulean is perhaps the source for some of the quartzite component of the Post-Member 6 Inflll. The abundance of quartz, on the other hand, difierentiates this assemblage from the Member 5 West early Acheulean, where quartz is less abundant than quartzite at 29% and 64% respectively (Kuman et al., 2005). These facts all lead to the conclusion that the component of the Post-Member 6 Inflll MSA that is not reworked or does not derive from the decalcifled early Acheulean is quartz-dominated, while most of the quartzite component may be deriving from the early Acheulean. 6.5 Weathering condition A high proportion of the assemblage (66.8%) is fresh; see Tables 6.6 and 6.7 and Figure 6.2. Quartz is the least weathered and is therefore abundant in 124 Tabl e6.3 :P ost-Me mb er 6Infll lartefac tabundanc ewhe n smal l akin gdebri sar eexclude d fro m th esample . Ty pe Quart z Quartzit e Cher t Othe r Tota l N % N % N % N % N % Complet e a ke s? 20m m 10 3.6 6 2.2 2 0.7 3 1.1 21 7.6 Incomplet e a ke s? 20m m 58 20. 9 11 4.0 4 1.4 73 26. 3 Cor etrimmin g a ke s? 20m m 2 0.7 1 0.4 3 1.1 Ch unk s? 20m m 47 16. 9 10 3.6 2 0.7 1 0.4 60 21. 6 Retou che d piece s? 20m m 5 1.8 5 1.8 10 3.6 Core s 17 6.1 18 6.5 1 0.4 1 0.4 37 13. 3 Cor efragme nt s 5 1.8 1 0.4 6 2.2 Bi pola rcore s 4 1.4 4 1.4 Bi pola rcor eremain s 9 3.2 1 0.4 10 3.6 Hammerston e 1 0.4 1 0.4 Ma nu port s 13 4.3 31 11. 2 1 0.4 9 3.2 53 19. 1 Tota l 16 9 60. 8 85 30. 6 10 3. 6 14 5. 0 27 8 100. 0 125 Tabl e6.4 :P ost-Me mb er 6Infll lartefac tabundanc ewhe n smal l akin gdebris ,core san d ma nu port sar eexclude d fro m th esample . Ty pe Quart z Quartzit e Cher t Othe r Tota l N % N % N % N % N % Complet e a ke s? 20m m 10 6.0 6 3.6 2 1.2 3 1.8 21 12. 6 Incomplet e a ke s? 20m m 58 34. 7 11 6.6 4 2.4 73 43. 7 Cor etrimmin g a ke s? 20m m 2 1.2 1 0.6 3 1.8 Ch unk s? 20m m 47 28. 1 10 6.0 2 1.2 1 0.5 60 35. 9 Retou che d piece s? 20m m 5 3.0 5 3.0 10 6.0 Tota l 12 2 73. 1 33 19. 8 8 4. 8 4 2. 4 16 7 100. 0 126 Tabl e6.5 :P ost-Me mb er 6Infll lcor et yp es by raw material s Ty pe s Quart z Quartzit e Othe r Tota l N % N % N % N % Bi pola rCor e 4 7.8 4 7.8 Bi pola rCor eremai n 9 17. 8 1 2.0 10 19. 6 Casua lCor e 1 2.0 4 7.8 5 9.8 Chop pe rCor e 1 2.0 3 5.9 4 7.8 Discoida lCor e 1 2.0 2 3.9 3 5.9 Cor eo n a ke 1 2.0 1 2.0 Polyhedra lCor e 5 9.8 2 3.9 1 2.0 8 15. 7 Singl eplatfor m cor e 1 2.0 1 2.0 2 4.0 Irregula rcor e 9 17. 8 5 9.8 14 27. 5 Tota l 30 58. 8 19 37. 3 2 4. 0 51 100. 0 127 the fresh category, possibly because it is the dominant raw material in the assemblage. The abundance of quartz in the fresh component of the assemblage may also be due to the fact that quartz is resistant and requires some degree of abrasion for the surface to appear weathered. The presence of weathered and slightly weathered quartz thus indicates that an element of abrasion afiected the sample, probably resulting from the movement of the artefacts in sediment, either during deposition or re-working of sediments. The general freshness of the assemblage, on the other hand, indicates that the artefacts in the assemblage were not transported for long distances prior to deposition. It is also likely that some of the weathered pieces in this assem- blage, especially the large quartzite pieces which dominate the weathered cate- gory, may have derived from the early Acheulean. It appears that the reworked component is small, making the contribution of re-working of weathered ele- ments from the Acheulean relatively small and thus the minimum weathering observed in the entire assemblage. The majority of fresh material thus indicates that most material accumulated around the cave entrance and movement of the artefacts in the sediments, as well as the inclusion of reworked and weathered artefacts from the decalcifled Acheulean, was minor. Weathering condition has been used in the past to difierentiate between the early Acheulean at Sterkfontein and the Oldowan Inflll as well as the later L/63 and Lincoln Cave South artefact assemblages (Field, 1999; Reynolds, 2000). The early Acheulean artefacts are generally more weathered than the Oldowan Inflll and the younger deposits? artefacts assemblages. Although some of the weathered components in the MSA assemblage may have derived from the Member 5 West early Acheulean as a result of re-working of the early Acheulean breccia into the younger deposits, the extent of weathering is low compared to weathering in the early Acheulean, where the majority of artefacts are weathered. This implies that mixing from the Acheulean breccia probably occurred, but it made a relatively minor contribution to the MSA assemblage as a whole. 128 Tabl e6.6 :P erce ntage so fP ost-Me mb er 6Infll lartefac tt yp es by weatherin gcondition . Ty pe Fres h Slig htl y W eathere d Ver y Tota l weathere d W eathere d Smal l akin gdebri s< 20m m 44.5 8 9.5 7 5.4 2 59.5 7 Complet e a ke s? 20m m 1.8 1 1.2 6 0.7 2 3.7 9 Incomplet e a ke s? 20m m 9.5 7 2.5 3 0.9 0 0.1 8 13.1 8 Cor etrimmin g a ke s? 20m m 0.3 6 0.1 8 0.5 4 Ch unk s? 20m m 5.7 8 2.5 3 2.5 3 10.8 3 Retou che d piece s 0.5 4 0.7 2 0.5 4 1.8 1 Core s 1.2 6 1.0 8 3.9 7 0.3 6 6.6 8 Cor efragme nt s 0.9 0 0.1 8 1.0 8 Bi pola rcore s 0.3 6 0.3 6 0.7 2 Bi pola rcor eremain s 1.6 2 0.1 8 1.8 1 Tota l 66.7 9 18.0 5 14.6 2 0.5 4 100. 0 129 0.010 . 0 20 . 0 30 . 0 40 . 0 50 . 0 60 . 0 70 . 0 Fr es h Sl igh tly w ea th er ed We at he re d Ve ry w ea th er ed W ea th er in g C on di tio n % Qu ar tz Qu ar tz ite Ch er t Ot he rs Figur e6.2 :P ost-Me mb er 6Infll lartefac tw eatherin gcondition sb yr aw material . 130 Table 6.7: Percentages of Post-Member 6 Inflll weathering condition by stone tool raw material type. Raw material Fresh Slightly Weathered Very Total weathered weathered Quartz 73.3 17.1 9.6 100.0 Quartzite 32.1 23.2 41.1 3.6 100.0 Chert 61.0 22.0 17.1 100.0 Others 10.0 80.0 10.0 100.0 6.6 Raw material and aking technology Whenever diagnostic features were present, aking technique was recorded as bipolar or freehand. Of the total of 51 cores or core fragments, 27% are bipolar, with 43% of the quartz cores showing bipolar aking. Thus the cores indicate that, regardless of raw material, the majority of aking technology is freehand. For akes and chunks, the flgures for freehand versus bipolar aking are 88 freehand aked, (21 complete akes and 67 of the 73 incomplete akes), and 10 bipolar aked, (six incomplete akes and four chunks), with 56 out of the 60 chunks being indeterminate for technique. Chunks, ake fragments and small aking debris produced by shatter during bipolar aking often do not show diagnostic features. Furthermore, only flve quartz artifacts have clear evidence of freehand aking (e.g., 6.3 a, 6.4 a and b). These observations show that flgures for the percentage of bipolar pieces could well be an underestimation of the technique in an assemblage. The dominance of quartz in the bipolar category is apparent, and it may be due to the ease with which quartz cobbles and pebbles from the nearby gravels are aked with this method. Freehand aking is also relatively easier to identify on akes, particularly with quartzite (e.g., Figures 6.3 b and c; 6.4 d; and 6.5). 131 a b c Figure 6.3: Post-Member 6 Inflll akes: (a) quartz ake, (b) quartzite aked ake and (c) quartzite ake. 132 a b c d Figure 6.4: Selected Post-Member 6 Inflll artefacts from the Post-Member 6 In- flll: (a) quartz bifacially retouched piece, (b) quartz retouched ake fragment, (c) quartzite incomplete ake, possibly a bipolar ake and (d) a quartzite blade-like ake. 133 a b Figure 6.5: Post-Member 6 Inflll artefacts: (a) Quartzite retouched large ake and (b) quartzite discoidal core. 134 a b c Figure 6.6: Post-Member 6 Inflll cores: (a) quartz chopper core, (b) quartz single platform core and (c) quartz radial core. 135 Post-Member 6 Inflll has a large proportion of bipolar pieces (2.3%) when compared to Member 5 West early Acheulean which has only two bipolar artifacts out of 3,245 pieces (Kuman et al., 2005). This indicates that bipolar aking is probably a signiflcant MSA technique at the site. It is also more prominent in the MSA assemblage than in the Oldowan, which has only two bipolar artifacts out of 3,245 pieces. One quartz single platform core appears to have been made on a pebble, initially split by bipolar technique before being aked from one platform (Figure 6.6b). It is thus possible that other quartz pebbles in the collection were also obtained from the river gravels and split by bipolar technique before being freehand-knapped, while larger quartz cobbles were directly freehand knapped, as in the case of the quartzite cores and large ake producing cores (Figure 6.5). The size difierences for freehand knapped quartzite versus bipolar knapped quartz is not clear from the available data. It is, however, evident from the larger sizes of quartzite cobbles, cores and akes that quartzite manuports were generally larger (larger than 60mm, mean = 67.4, median = 67 and standard deviation = 21.7) when collected for knapping, making then easily aked by freehand technique. Quartz manuports, cores and akes on the other hand are generally smaller (mean = 66.3, median = 62 and standard deviation = 18.5), and thus quartz cobbles may have been generally smaller when collected. The proportion of small aking debris for quartz indicates that quartz was knapped at the site, as opposed to quartzite, which could be a mix of material both brought into the site during the MSA and those reworked from the Acheulean breccia. 6.7 Typological classiflcation and the in uence of raw materials The assemblage has a variety of core types, with the majority composed of irregular cores (27.5%) and polyhedral cores (15.7%). It is di?cult to dis- tinguish the MSA from the ESA components from the data available for this 136 study. Even though most of the cores are in quartz, the less extensively worked cores are abundant, but the most worked core types with many ake scars (dis- coids, single platform cores and core on ake) are in quartzite. There are only 10 retouched pieces in the assemblage. As all have miscellaneous (rather than formal) retouch, they do not provide any detail on formal tool types for this industry. Manuports and cores are better represented, but it is not certain how many of these may belong to the MSA or may derive from the Acheulean due to mixing of the younger incoming breccia with the older Acheulean breccia. Overall, the assemblage is informal in nature, but it is not possible to know if this is characteristic of the MSA industry to which it belongs (i.e., to an early MSA phase) or is due to the small size of the sample. 6.8 Conclusions The MSA assemblage has a high percentage of small aking debris, mostly in quartz, but the dominance of quartz is notable even if the small debris is elim- inated from the count. The small aking debris thus indicates that quartz was knapped at the site and is unlikely to have derived from reworked Acheulean breccia, which is winnowed of small material. The Acheulean on the other hand is dominated by large quartzite pieces. The quartzite components of the Post-Member 6 Inflll are comparable to the early Acheulean assemblage in their large size, lack of small aking debris and their more weathered condition of the pieces. The difierence between the quartzite and quartz components of the Post-Member 6 Inflll indicates that the quartzite component does not de- rive from the same source as the quartz component and bolsters the argument for mixing of the younger deposit with the older reworked early Acheulean. It has been noted that this mixing was minor, and hence the small degree of weathering, the lack of small aking debris in quartzite, and the rarity of other quartzite tools. This assemblage consists of a variety of stone tool types, including a variety of core types, many of which are indistinguishable from the Acheulean types. 137 The aking technique is freehand dominated, but the proportion of bipolar aked pieces is relatively larger than that for the older assemblages in the Sterkfontein Formation. This, together with an abundance of quartz as raw material, gives a unique character to the MSA at Sterkfontein that is difierent from the other industries in the Formation. Stone tool raw material has also contributed to the variety of core types in the assemblage, with some of the cores possibly being derived from decalcifled early Acheulean breccia. Chapter 7 Discussion and conclusions New excavations of the western Sterkfontein breccias have provided a clean North-South stratigraphic proflle. They have revealed the probable extension of Member 4 breccia to the far west of the site beyond the Member 5 West breccia, which we suggest formed within collapsed areas of late Member 4. The western proflle preserves part of a small stalagmite boss in the southwestern corner and a owstone in the south. Together, this stalagmite boss and the owstone form a owstone curtain between Member 4 hanging remnant in the South and the southwestern area of Member 5 West (Clarke, 1994). Com- pared to the Member 5 West capping owstone, which directly succeeded the Acheulean breccia in its formation, these owstones are older and appear to have formed after collapse of Member 4 and against the hanging remnant of this early breccia. These stalagmites thus formed prior to both the deposition of the Member 5 West breccia and its subsequent capping owstone. Later, Member 5 was overlain by the flne chocolate brown Member 6 breccia, visi- ble in the northern proflle and in a small remnant at the northern end of the western proflle. The conflrmation of the relative stratigraphic positioning of these two owstones will facilitate possible palaeomagnetic dating of the west- ern area on these owstones, providing more accurate relative age-bracket for Member 5. This kind of age estimate will help the correlation of the western area of the site to the better studied eastern area. This study also revealed that Member 5 West breccia consists of at least three types of deposits, which are, from bottom to top, a coarse pink breccia, 138 139 a flne orange-brown breccia and a yellowish microfauna-rich breccia (Figures 3.2 and 3.4). Large quartzite cores that are characteristic of the Member 5 West early Acheulean are visible in situ in these difierent breccia types, indicating their antiquity and their early Acheulean association. This implies that the Member 5 West early Acheulean was deposited in difierent phases in a manner similar to that suggested for Member 4 (Partridge, 1978). The pinkish coarse Member 5 West breccia is overlain by the flne orange-brown breccia and later by the microfauna breccia. Robinson (1962) postulated that the fossil cavern was completely fllled with Member 4 deposit, while Kuman and Clarke (2000) suggested that the deposition of Member 4 deposits occurred at difierent periods, with an earlier more forested environment fauna and a later deposit of relatively more open grassland fauna (the STW 53 Inflll). The deposition scenario suggested by Partridge (1978) thus provides a model for better understanding of Member 5 sequential infllls. After the fllling of the fossil cavern with Member 4 deposit, collapse oc- curred in the central and western area, leaving a hanging remnant of Member 4 to the southwest and west. Dripstone formed over the Member 4 hanging remnant, which has been called the StW 53 Inflll, forming stalactite curtains over Member 4 breccia in the west and fllling cracks in the Member 4 deposit. Excavations by Clarke (1994) have revealed that the next event was the forma- tion of a relatively narrow, shaft-like entrance over the central area, through which the deposition of the Oldowan Inflll occurred. This later widened to al- low entrance of the early Acheulean deposits (Clarke, 1994; Kuman and Clarke, 2000). At some point, the Acheulean deposits fllled the westernmost area of the cave, resulting in the current western proflle. Here, owls roosted on a ledge below the dolomite roof overhang, and thus there was an accumulation of owl pellets that formed the microfauna breccia. The microfauna breccia later fllled the entire space under the dolomite roof in this area, fllling the spaces between the ?flnger-like? stalactites that curtained the older Member 4 breccia. This entrance was in turn choked and there was deposition of the capping owstone over the early Acheulean breccia under 140 the dolomite roof towards the north, leaving a limited space under the roof, which was later fllled by the Member 6 breccia (Robinson, 1962). Further collapse of these breccias into the lower cave occurred, probably due to wetter conditions, which is correlated with the presence of some water-dependent taxa in the younger deposits (Reynolds et al., 2007). These events led to the decalciflcation of Member 5 early Acheulean breccia in the northwestern area between grid lines 58 and 63, and a channel was formed. This channel was then fllled with Post-Member 6 Inflll, much of which lies in the Lincoln Cave, which connects with the Post-Member 6 area. Some artefacts from the decalcifled Member 5 West early Acheulean breccia were redeposited with these younger incoming deposits in the Post-Member 6 Inflll and the Lincoln Cave during the Middle Stone Age period. The present analysis of the Member 6 fauna from earlier excavations shows that this is a sample of grassland taxa, including medium-sized cat and one baboon previously not identifled in the faunal list given by Brain (1981). The Member 6 faunal assemblage also has signs of both carnivore and hominid modiflcation, indicating both as agents of accumulation, as earlier suggested by Brain. This study has examined the fracture edge morphology of the long bones and long bone shaft fragments in this assemblage to establish the ac- cumulator and the timing of breakage of bones in the assemblage. Results indicate that the assemblage has mainly fresh broken fracture morphology (52% oblique angles and 60% curved outline) and modiflcation marks of both a carnivore and hominid ravaged assemblage. Circumference analysis, how- ever, reveals a non-hyaena broken assemblage (83% less than complete cir- cumferences), suggesting a mostly hominid hammerstone percussion broken assemblage, and therefore implies that hominids were the main accumulat- ing agent. This kind of splintering can also be produced by post-depositional destruction, but the presence of hominid hammerstone percussion marks and notches together with carnivore tooth marks and notches indicates that both agents were involved in the accumulation and modiflcation of at least part of the assemblage. A portion of the sample could also have been accumulated by 141 slopewash and by porcupines. Given the restricted area under the dolomite roof in which Member 6 was deposited, it is unlikely that the bones were deposited directly in the cave by hominids, as this cave area was too vertically restricted for hominid occupa- tion. Hominid stone tool modifled and fractured bones identifled in this as- semblage may have accumulated in the cave from the landscape above through slopewash, uvial action and gravitation. The cave may, however, have been suitable for carnivore denning as hyaenas can occupy low caves and burrows. There is, however, no indication of carnivore denning in the faunal assemblage in the form of juvenile and small carnivore remains or coprolites. Lack of evi- dence for denning carnivore activity in Member 6 does not preclude carnivore denning in the cave, but indicate only that the signs were not preserved. It is, however, more likely that the Member 6 fauna was accumulated by multiple agents, including carnivores, hominids and porcupines outside the cave before material was washed into the cave. The Post-Member Inflll fauna suggests a diverse animal community indica- tive of savannah mosaic environments with savannah-woodland and grassland habitats near permanent water sources, such as swamps or a perennial stream. Such a mosaic is shown by taxa such as bushbuck, springbok, lechwe and waterbuck. This assemblage also exhibits porcupine, carnivore and hominid in uence in its modiflcation and accumulation. Signs of hominid accumula- tion include butchery-modifled bones on at least a portion of the assemblage. Stone tools and hominid-modifled bones may have been deposited in the cave from the landscape above by abiotic forces, such as slopewash and gravita- tion. Some of the hominid-modifled bones may also have been deposited in the cave by carnivores and porcupines. Although the frequencies of stone tool modiflcations are much lower than those established for simulated hominid accumulations and modern hunter/gatherer assemblages (Bunn, 1983a,b; Gif- ford et al., 1980; Crader, 1981; Bunn et al., 1988), they are relatively frequent considering the taphonomic history of this assemblage and the sample size. Stone tool modiflcation in this assemblage is thus considered to fall within the 142 expected range for hominid accumulated assemblages, indicating hominid ac- tivity in accumulation of this assemblage. Most of the carnivore tooth marks are on long bone shaft fragments indicating that carnivores probably acquired the carcasses or parts thereof before hominids broke them open for marrow as carnivores are unlikely to gnaw on bones that have been previously broken by hominids (Marean, 1991). Hominid stone tool cutmarks and hammerstone percussion marks are found on marginal parts such as phalanges, indicating secondary access to these bones. The incidence of butchery marks and carnivore tooth marks on the difierent skeletal parts indicates that they may have been gaining access to each other?s food or food remains. Carnivore occupation is indicated by co- prolites and juvenile carnivore remains, especially juvenile hyaena, and by the carnivore-modifled bones (Mills and Mills, 1977; Brain, 1981; Mills, 1990; Klein et al., 1991; Pickering, 2002). More than half of the bone (56.7%, N=1304) in this assemblage preserves less than 100% of their circumference indicative of accumulation agents other than hyaena. In addition, fracture edge morphol- ogy indicates a mostly fresh broken assemblage in the form of 52% oblique angles and 65% curved outline (Villa and Mahieu, 1991). The presence of porcupine remains and porcupine-modifled bones suggests suitability of the cave for porcupine occupation. The cave had fllled up almost to the roof, thus providing easy access for carnivores and porcupines (Pickering, 2002), but it may have been too low for hominid occupation. It is likely that carnivores and hominids accumulated bones around the cave at difierent times or used difierent entrances to difierent parts of the cave. It is also possible that both carnivores and hominids used areas adjacent to the cave entrance as living and feeding sites, leaving food remains and other signs of activity around the cave entrance in the form modifled bones, coprolites and stone tools, which were later washed into the cave. Alternatively denning areas may have been avail- able for carnivores in the cave, with hominids accumulating modifled bones on the land surface above. It is most likely that the Post-Member 6 Inflll faunal assemblage was accumulated partly by hominids who left bones and tools near 143 the cave entrance and partly by carnivores and porcupines using the cave and areas around the cave. The Post-Member 6 Inflll artefact assemblage has neither MSA nor Acheulean diagnostic pieces, except for the MSA diagnostic artefacts from the adjacent and apparently connected Lincoln Cave South. However, it difiers from the Member 5 West early Acheulean in the high proportion of small aking debris, general freshness of artefacts and the dominance of quartz as the stone tool making raw material. This assemblage is similar to the Lincoln Cave South that has MSA diagnostic artefacts and is dated by proxy to the MSA period in all these respects. Therefore, this assemblage is assigned to the MSA period in age. It is apparent that the connection with Lincoln Cave South through the excavated tunnel area in the northern proflle is further proof that this assem- blage is MSA in age and appears to comprise the upper portion of the Lincoln Cave South breccia. The Lincoln Cave North deposit with the Acheulean-like cores and fauna has Uranium Series dates of between 252,600 ? 35,600kya and 116 ? 7700kya on sandwiching owstones (Reynolds et al., 2003) and this is well within the MSA. 7.1 Conclusion This study has clarifled the stratigraphy of the western breccias and shown that Member 4 breccia exists in the far western parts of the current excavated surface probably beyond the current Member 5 West proflle. The analysis of the Member 6 and Post-Member 6 Inflll faunal assemblages have provided more information on taxa variety and modes of accumulation and the assemblage modiflers. 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A method of calculating the dietary percentage of various food animals untilised by aboriginal people. American Antiquity 17, 337 338. Wilkinson, M. J. (1983). Geomorphic perspective on the Sterkfontein australo- pithecine breccias. Journal of Archaeological Science 10, 515{529. Wilkinson, M. J. (1985). Lower-lying and possibly older fossilferous deposits at Sterkfontein. In P. V. Tobias (Ed), Hominid Evolution: Past, Present and Future, New York, pp. 165{170. Alan R. Liss. Wurz, S. (2002). Variability in the MSA lithic sequence 115,000-60,000 years ago at Klasies River, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 29, 1001{1015. Appendix A Post-Member 6 Inflll Artefact and Fauna provenances A.1 Post-Member 6 Inflll fauna squares A.2 Post-Member 6 Inflll fauna depths A.3 Sterkfontein Middle Stone Age artefact squares A.4 Sterkfontein Middle Stone Age artefact depths 159 160 Table A.1: Post-Member 6 Inflll fauna provenances by squares. Square 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 MIXED Total H 93 7 100 I 74 12 86 J 270 159 429 K 205 342 546 L 3 282 426 32 743 M 103 310 214 242 84 13 966 N 162 129 25 9 71 11 407 O 8 89 42 17 61 217 P 29 108 51 63 13 8 272 Q 45 15 4 64 Total 74 293 372 447 1177 1320 103 45 3831 Table A.2: Post-Member 6 Inflll fauna provenances by depths. Depth in feet (?). Square 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Total Depth 2 - 6 3 3 6 - 8 6 6 8 -10 3 10 4 7 8 69 101 10-12 9 29 88 10 146 45 327 12-14 14 14 77 33 102 433 10 683 14-16 3 62 83 162 277 307 894 16-18 2 31 67 107 456 129 792 18-20 11 64 12 53 182 31 353 20-22 12 99 64 144 22 341 22-24 23 6 27 10 66 24-26 4 3 7 MIXED 46 44 90 Total 74 293 372 447 1177 1320 168 3831 Table A.3: Sterkfontein Middle Stone Age artefact provenances by squares. Square 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Total I 1 1 2 J 1 5 6 K 2 8 2 10 L 2 4 6 M 18 23 7 34 72 N 10 111 15 1 24 161 O 66 119 14 1 190 P 3 8 30 50 2 93 Q 10 1 1 1 13 Total 13 85 279 103 17 76 2 608 161 Table A.4: Sterkfontein Middle Stone Age artefact provenances by depth. Depth in feet (?). Square 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Total Depth 6 - 8 2 1 3 10-12 4 1 5 10-12 1 2 9 15 1 19 47 12-14 3 3 30 52 88 14-16 1 9 9 20 4 16 59 16-18 6 14 7 45 25 8 105) 18-20 5 19 48 12 3 2 89 20-22 9 101 1 111 22-24 24 41 65 24-26 5 5 Total 13 87 222 141 33 96 2 608 Appendix B List of identifled Fauna from Member 6 at Sterkfontein Caves B.1 Member 6 Inflll fauna B.2 Identifled fauna from Member 6 Inflll 162 163 Tabl eB.1 :Me mb er 6Infll lfaun asampl e Taxo n Brain ssampl e Curre nt sampl e Ne w sp ecimen s No tfoun d Primate s 2 Carni vor e 9 13 4 Arti odac tyl a Antido rca s 2 2 Damaliscu s 1 1 Conn ochaete s 1 1 Siz eClas s1 10 20 Siz eClas s2 37 63 16 Siz eClas s3 19 29 10 Periss odac tyl a Equda e 6 5 1 Hyracoide a 5 4 1 Ro de nti a Hystricida e 2 3 1 indet .R ode nt s 9 9 Bon eFla ke s(LBSF ) 1-2c m 17 15 3 2-3c m 11 2 10 9 7 3-4c m 85 77 8 4-5c m 41 34 7 5-6c m 17 10 7 6-7c m 8 8 7-8c m 7 4 3 >8c m 3 5 2 In Brecci a(no tmeasured ) 8 8 Tota l 45 4 46 6 50 37 164 Tabl eB.2 :Ide ntifle d faun afro m Me mb er 6Infll l Catalogu e No . Le ve l Eleme nt Portio n Sid e Taxo n SE 204 6 DECALCIFIE D HU M shaf tfra g R Papi o sp . SE 73 1 DECALCIFIE D PHA L I L Papi o sp . SE 86 4 DECALCIFIE D HU M dist . L Medium-size d Feli d SE 142 3 DECALCIFIE D ULN A pr ox fra g R CANI D SE 210 9 DECALCIFIE D MT P dist . CANI S DECALCIFIE D M 3 R Pa rahyaen abrunn ea SE 232 9 DECALCIFIE D C R Pa rahyaen abrunn ea SE 229 9 DECALCIFIE D I R Pa rahyaen abrunn ea SE 205 9 DECALCIFIE D TI B dist .Shaf tfra g L M.CAR N SE 206 2 DECALCIFIE D MT C pr ox . R M.FELI D SE 114 0 DECALCIFIE D MT T S.CAR N SE 206 5 DECALCIFIE D MT T S.CAR N SE 209 5 DECALCIFIE D MT C R S.FELI D SE 206 4 DECALCIFIE D FE M S.MAM M SE 210 4 DECALCIFIE D 1/ 2MAN D L VIVERRI DA E SE 68 6 DECALCIFIE D MOLA R EQUI D SE 69 3 DECALCIFIE D MOLA R fra g EQUI D SE 79 5 DECALCIFIE D M 3 EQUI D SE 70 4 DECALCIFIE D TOOT H fra g EQUI D SE 81 8 DECALCIFIE D TOOT H fra g EQUI D SE 99 6 DECALCIFIE D CRA N fra g BO V I SE 83 7 DECALCIFIE D CAL C dist .F ra g L BO V I SE 72 3 DECALCIFIE D HU M dist . R BO V I SE 220 2 DECALCIFIE D HU M dist .Cond . R BO V I SE 86 3 DECALCIFIE D MT P dist . BO V I SE 70 2 DECALCIFIE D TI B dis tshaf tfra g L BO V I SE 69 8 DECALCIFIE D FE M shaf tfra g R BO V I SE 70 7 DECALCIFIE D FE M shaf tfra g BO V I SE 84 5 DECALCIFIE D FE M shaf tfra g BO V I SE 206 6 DECALCIFIE D HU M shaf tfra g BO V I SE 13 3 DECALCIFIE D LBS F BO V I 165 Catalogu e No . Le ve l Eleme nt Portio n Sid e Taxo n SE 190 7 DECALCIFIE D LBS F BO V I SE 210 3 DECALCIFIE D LBS F BO V I SE 83 4 DECALCIFIE D LBS F BO V I SE 83 8 DECALCIFIE D LBS F BO V I SE 96 5 DECALCIFIE D MT C R BO V I SE 72 0 DECALCIFIE D 1/ 2PE L BO V I SE 98 4 DECALCIFIE D PHA L II BO V I SE 37 6 DECALCIFIE D RI B fra g BO V I SE 208 0 DECALCIFIE D RA D shaf tfra g BO V I SE 231 2 DECALCIFIE D RA D shaf tfra g BO V I SE 209 3 DECALCIFIE D RI B fra g BO V I SE 71 2 DECALCIFIE D SCA P ridg efra g BO V I SE 87 0 DECALCIFIE D SCA P ridg efra g BO V I SE 85 5 DECALCIFIE D THO R neura lspin e BO V I SE 84 6 DECALCIFIE D FE M shaf tfra g BO V I SE 105 9 DECALCIFIE D LBS F BO V I SE 189 9 DECALCIFIE D LBS F BO V I SE 69 0 DECALCIFIE D MAN D fra g R Antido rca ssp . SE 69 1 DECALCIFIE D TI B pr ox L Antido rca ssp . SE 69 2 DECALCIFIE D MOLA R R Antido rca ssp . SE 131 8 DECALCIFIE D MA X fra g R Damaliscu ssp . SE 141 9 DECALCIFIE D CAL C fra g BO V II SE 92 4 DECALCIFIE D CAL C fra g R BO V II SE 233 6 DECALCIFIE D CAL C fra g L BO V II SE 90 4 DECALCIFIE D CE RV fra g BO V II SE 178 5 DECALCIFIE D HU M dist . L BO V II SE 144 2 DECALCIFIE D HU M dist .Shaf tfra g L BO V II SE 144 6 DECALCIFIE D HU M dist .Shaf tfra g R BO V II SE 203 6 DECALCIFIE D HU M dist .Shaf t R BO V II SE 86 0 UPPE R BRECCI A HU M dist .Shaf t L BO V II 166 Catalogu e No . Le ve l Eleme nt Portio n Sid e Taxo n SE 209 6 DECALCIFIE D HU M dist .Shaf tfra g R BO V II SE 84 8 DECALCIFIE D HU M dist .Shaf tfra g R BO V II SE 86 5 DECALCIFIE D HU M dist .Shaf tfra g R BO V II SE 231 6 DECALCIFIE D MT C dist .Shaf tfra g BO V II SE 168 3 DECALCIFIE D MT P dist . BO V II SE 145 1 DECALCIFIE D MT P dist .Cond . BO V II SE 234 7 DECALCIFIE D MT P dist .Cond . BO V II SE 231 0 DECALCIFIE D MT T dist . BO V II SE 83 6 DECALCIFIE D PHA L I dist . BO V II SE 69 1 DECALCIFIE D TI B dist .Shaf tfra g L BO V II SE 237 0 DECALCIFIE D FE M hea d BO V II SE 82 3 DECALCIFIE D FE M shaf t L BO V II SE 85 8 DECALCIFIE D FE M shaf t R BO V II SE 205 8 DECALCIFIE D FE M shaf tfra g BO V II SE 206 7 DECALCIFIE D FE M shaf tfra g BO V II SE 206 8 DECALCIFIE D FE M shaf tfra g BO V II SE 229 7 DECALCIFIE D FE M shaf tfra g BO V II SE 233 3 DECALCIFIE D FE M shaf tfra g BO V II SE 80 0 DECALCIFIE D FE M shaf tfra g BO V II SE 81 3 DECALCIFIE D FE M shaf tfra g L BO V II SE 82 0 DECALCIFIE D FE M shaf tfra g BO V II SE 114 2 DECALCIFIE D HOR N fra g BO V II SE 208 6 DECALCIFIE D HOR N fra g BO V II SE 230 2 DECALCIFIE D HU M shaf tfra g L BO V II SE 230 9 DECALCIFIE D HU M shaf tfra g L BO V II SE 69 7 DECALCIFIE D 1/ 2PE L fra g L BO V II SE 43 8 DECALCIFIE D 1/ 2MAN D fra g BO V II SE 93 9 DECALCIFIE D 1/ 2MAN D fra g BO V II SE 113 9 DECALCIFIE D MT C shaf tfra g BO V II SE 237 4 DECALCIFIE D MT C shaf tfra g BO V II SE 89 1 DECALCIFIE D MT P shaf t BO V II 167 Catalogu e No . Le ve l Eleme nt Portio n Sid e Taxo n SE 236 3 DECALCIFIE D MT P shaf tfra g BO V II SE 81 9 DECALCIFIE D MT P shaf tfra g BO V II SE 98 0 DECALCIFIE D MT P shaf tfra g BO V II SE 69 2 DECALCIFIE D MT T shaf t BO V II SE 79 2 DECALCIFIE D MT T shaf t BO V II SE 206 5 DECALCIFIE D MT T shaf tfra g BO V II SE 230 7 UPPE R BRECCI A MT T shaf tfra g L BO V II SE 234 3 DECALCIFIE D MT T shaf tfra g BO V II SE 234 4 DECALCIFIE D MT T shaf tfra g BO V II SE 238 1 DECALCIFIE D MT T shaf tfra g BO V II SE 83 4 DECALCIFIE D MT T shaf tfra g BO V II SE 95 6 DECALCIFIE D OC C cond . BO V II SE 238 0 DECALCIFIE D OS PE T BO V II SE 115 0 DECALCIFIE D 1/ 2PE L fra g BO V II SE 153 9 DECALCIFIE D 1/ 2PE L fra g R BO V II SE 179 8 DECALCIFIE D PHA L I BO V II SE 230 3 DECALCIFIE D PHA L I BO V II SE 86 9 DECALCIFIE D PHA L I BO V II SE 90 0 DECALCIFIE D PHA L I BO V II SE 87 8 DECALCIFIE D PHA L I BO V II SE 86 1 DECALCIFIE D PHA L II BO V II SE 98 1 DECALCIFIE D PHA L II BO V II SE 206 2 DECALCIFIE D FE M pr ox .Shaf tfra g BO V II SE 207 6 DECALCIFIE D FE M pr ox .Shaf tfra g BO V II SE 231 1 DECALCIFIE D MT P pr ox . R BO V II SE 229 8 DECALCIFIE D MT T pr ox . R BO V II SE 232 2 DECALCIFIE D MT T pr ox . R BO V II SE 190 7 DECALCIFIE D LBS F BO V I SE 210 3 DECALCIFIE D LBS F BO V I SE 83 4 DECALCIFIE D LBS F BO V I SE 83 8 DECALCIFIE D LBS F BO V I 168 Catalogu e No . Le ve l Eleme nt Portio n Sid e Taxo n SE 96 5 DECALCIFIE D MT C R BO V I SE 72 0 DECALCIFIE D 1/ 2PE L BO V I SE 98 4 DECALCIFIE D PHA L II BO V I SE 37 6 DECALCIFIE D RI B fra g BO V I SE 208 0 DECALCIFIE D RA D shaf tfra g BO V I SE 231 2 DECALCIFIE D RA D shaf tfra g BO V I SE 209 3 DECALCIFIE D RI B fra g BO V I SE 71 2 DECALCIFIE D SCA P ridg efra g BO V I SE 87 0 DECALCIFIE D SCA P ridg efra g BO V I SE 85 5 DECALCIFIE D THO R neura lspin e BO V I SE 84 6 DECALCIFIE D FE M shaf tfra g BO V I SE 105 9 DECALCIFIE D LBS F BO V I SE 189 9 DECALCIFIE D LBS F BO V I SE 235 2 DECALCIFIE D MT T pr ox .Shaf tfra g R BO V II SE 236 2 DECALCIFIE D MT T pr ox .Shaf tfra g R BO V II SE 124 7 DECALCIFIE D PHA L I BO V II SE 189 0 DECALCIFIE D PHA L I BO V II SE 66 8 UPPE R BRECCI A PHA L I BO V II SE 60 5 DECALCIFIE D RI B fra g BO V II SE 90 7 DECALCIFIE D RI B fra g BO V II SE 232 5 DECALCIFIE D TI B shaf tfra g R BO V II SE 68 8 DECALCIFIE D TI B shaf tfra g L BO V II SE 235 1 DECALCIFIE D PU B fra g L BO V II SE 204 8 DECALCIFIE D PU B fra g L BO V II SE 188 7 DECALCIFIE D RA D shaf tfra g L BO V II SE 189 2 DECALCIFIE D RA D shaf tfra g L BO V II SE 94 8 DECALCIFIE D RA D shaf tfra g L BO V II SE 238 6 DECALCIFIE D RI B shaf tfra g BO V II SE 100 2 DECALCIFIE D RI B shaf tfra g BO V II SE 101 4 DECALCIFIE D RI B shaf tfra g BO V II SE 106 2 DECALCIFIE D RI B shaf tfra g BO V II SE 206 9 DECALCIFIE D RI B shaf tfra g BO V II 169 Catalogu e No . Le ve l Eleme nt Portio n Sid e Taxo n SE 207 8 DECALCIFIE D RI B shaf tfra g BO V II SE 43 3 DECALCIFIE D RI B shaf tfra g BO V II SE 81 9 DECALCIFIE D RI B shaf tfra g BO V II SE 84 3 DECALCIFIE D RI B shaf tfra g BO V II SE 86 8 DECALCIFIE D RI B shaf tfra g BO V II SE 87 5 DECALCIFIE D RI B shaf tfra g BO V II SE 88 6 DECALCIFIE D RI B shaf tfra g BO V II SE 89 2 DECALCIFIE D RI B shaf tfra g BO V II SE 90 9 DECALCIFIE D RI B shaf tfra g BO V II SE 91 0 DECALCIFIE D RI B shaf tfra g BO V II SE 91 1 DECALCIFIE D RI B shaf tfra g BO V II SE 91 3 DECALCIFIE D RI B shaf tfra g BO V II SE 233 1 DECALCIFIE D SCA P blad efra g BO V II SE 83 3 DECALCIFIE D SCA P blad efra g BO V II SE 83 8 DECALCIFIE D SCA P blad efra g L BO V II SE 188 9 DECALCIFIE D SCA P glenoi d R BO V II SE 166 3 DECALCIFIE D SCA P blad efra g BO V II SE 92 7 DECALCIFIE D SE S BO V II SE 116 2 DECALCIFIE D TI B shaf tfra g R BO V II SE 206 3 DECALCIFIE D TI B shaf tfra g R BO V II SE 207 3 DECALCIFIE D TI B shaf tfra g BO V II SE 86 5 DECALCIFIE D TI B shaf tfra g R BO V II SE 95 3 DECALCIFIE D TI B shaf tfra g L BO V II SE 95 3 DECALCIFIE D TI B shaf tfra g BO V II SE 235 7 DECALCIFIE D TOOT H fra g BO V II SE 237 8 DECALCIFIE D TOOT H fra g BO V II SE 237 9 DECALCIFIE D TOOT H fra g BO V II SE 71 8 DECALCIFIE D TOOT H fra g BO V II SE 94 4 DECALCIFIE D TOOT H fra g BO V II SE 85 0 DECALCIFIE D ULN A fra g L BO V II 170 Catalogu e No . Le ve l Eleme nt Portio n Sid e Taxo n SE 87 5 DECALCIFIE D MOLA R fra g BO V II SE 84 2 DECALCIFIE D VE RT fra g BO V II SE 230 5 DECALCIFIE D VE RT fra g BO V II SE 239 2 DECALCIFIE D VE RT fra g BO V II SE 20 8 DECALCIFIE D BO V II SE 234 6 DECALCIFIE D MT T shaf tfra g BO V II SE 144 4 DECALCIFIE D MOLA R fra g Conn ochaete ssp . SE 232 3 DECALCIFIE D MT P dist . BO V III SE 113 3 DECALCIFIE D FE M shaf tfra g BO V III SE 81 6 DECALCIFIE D HU M shaf tfra g R BO V III SE 73 7 DECALCIFIE D MT C shaf t BO V III SE 235 3 DECALCIFIE D MT C shaf tfra g BO V III SE 234 0 DECALCIFIE D MT P shaf tfra g BO V III SE 86 7 DECALCIFIE D MT P shaf tfra g BO V III SE 100 1 DECALCIFIE D MT T shaf tfra g BO V III SE 230 4 DECALCIFIE D MT T shaf tfra g BO V III SE 232 0 DECALCIFIE D MT T shaf tfra g BO V III SE 233 4 DECALCIFIE D MT T shaf tfra g BO V III SE 233 9 DECALCIFIE D MT T shaf tfra g BO V III SE 204 9 DECALCIFIE D VE RT neura lspin e BO V III SE 224 9 DECALCIFIE D MT C pr ox . R BO V III SE 233 0 DECALCIFIE D MT T pr ox . L BO V III SE 23 5 DECALCIFIE D MT T pr ox .fra g BO V III SE 84 7 DECALCIFIE D RI B pr ox . BO V III SE 113 7 DECALCIFIE D RI B pr ox . BO V III SE 205 2 DECALCIFIE D TI B pr ox .Shaf tfra g R BO V III SE 235 5 DECALCIFIE D RI B fra g BO V III SE 216 8 DECALCIFIE D RI B shaf tfra g BO V III 171 Catalogu e No . Le ve l Eleme nt Portio n Sid e Taxo n SE 70 0 DECALCIFIE D RI B shaf tfra g BO V III SE 232 8 DECALCIFIE D SCA P glenoi d R BO V III SE 11 DECALCIFIE D SCA P blad efra g BO V III SE 235 5 DECALCIFIE D TI B shaf tfra g BO V III SE 207 5 DECALCIFIE D VE RT ce ntru m fra g BO V III SE 35 9 DECALCIFIE D MT T pr ox . BO V IV SE 45 8 UPPE R BRECCI A TI B shaf tfra g BO V IV SE 70 7 DECALCIFIE D TOOT H Lepu sc ap ensi s SE 70 3 DECALCIFIE D FE M R Pr oc avi ac ap ensi s SE 105 0 DECALCIFIE D P L Pr oc avi ac ap ensi s SE 80 6 DECALCIFIE D 1/ 2MAN D L Pr oc avi ac ap ensi s SE 99 5 DECALCIFIE D RA D shaf tfra g R Pr oc avi ac ap ensi s SE 99 4 DECALCIFIE D I Hystri xafri ca eaust rali s SE 92 1 DECALCIFIE D I fra g Hystri xafri ca eaust rali s SE 92 8 DECALCIFIE D TOOT H Hystri xafri ca eaust rali s Appendix C List of identifled bones from the Post-Member 6 Inflll at Sterkfontein Caves C.1 Post-Member 6 Inflll Fauna 172 173 Tabl eC.1 :P ost-Me mb er 6Infll lF aun a Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n St W 58 5 L6 3 C R Hom osapie n BP =3 =3378 7 K6 3 1= 2MAN D L Fra g Ce rcopith ecu saethiop s BP =3 =3385 3 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " C R C. aethiop s BP =3 =3417 0 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " HU M L dist . C. aethiop s BP =3 =3345 7 M6 0 15?2 "- 16?2 " IL L R Fra g C. aethiop s BP =3 =3391 5 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " M 1 L C. aethiop s BP =3 =3341 1 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " THO R C. aethiop s BP =3 =3308 2 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " TI B R shaf tfra g C. aethiop s BP =3 =3287 1 N5 9 16?0 "- 17?0 " TI B C. aethiop s BP =3 =3353 7 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " ULN A L shaf tfra g C. aethiop s BP =3 =1800 0 L63+M6 3 MIXE D CAL C Fra g C. aethiop s BP =3 =3360 5 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " ULN A shaf tfra g C. aethiop s SWP-213 9 O6 0 18?0 "- 19?0 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g Papi oursinu s SWP-214 5 P5 8 20?10 "- 21?10 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g P. ursinu s BP =3 =3331 0 P5 9 13?1 "- 14?1 " 1= 2MAN D R Fra g P. ursinu s SWP-214 9 O6 1 18?8 "- 19?1 " ASTR AG L P. ursinu s SWP-279 1 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " C R Fra g P. ursinu s S94-769 4 M6 1 12?8 "- 13?8 " CAL C L Fra g P. ursinu s SWP-274 1 O6 2 17?9 "- 18?9 " CAL C Fra g P. ursinu s S94-829 1 O6 2 17?9 "- 18?9 " CAL C R Fra g P. ursinu s BP =3 =3242 6 J6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " CE RV Fra g P. ursinu s SW P 215 2 O5 9 16?6 "- 17?6 " CRA N Fra g P. ursinu s SWP-215 2 O6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " CRA N R Fra g P. ursinu s S94-1006 4 N6 0 13?9 "- 14?9 " HU M R P. ursinu s BP =3 =1790 2 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " I R P. ursinu s BP =3 =3318 8 N6 0 22?9 "- 23?9 " I1 L P. ursinu s SWP-213 8 O6 3 20?6 "- 21?6 " M+ P P. ursinu s SWP-214 3 O6 3 22?6 "- 23?6 " M 1 R P. ursinu s SWP-214 6 O6 0 17?0 "- 18?0 " P4 L Fra g P. ursinu s BP =3 =1923 6 P5 9 8?1 "- 9?1 " TI B L P. ursinu s 174 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =1807 6 L6 3 14?6 "- 15?6 " C L Fra g Acynoni xJu batu s BP =3 =3232 0 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " C R Pa rahyaen abruun ea BP =3 =3360 3 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " DP R P. bruun ea BP =3 =3360 4 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " DP L P. bruun ea BP =3 =1789 9 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " M 1 L P. bruun ea BP =3 =1790 0 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " P2 L P. bruun ea BP =3 =3416 9 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " ASTR AG R Fra g Cani smesomela s BP =3 =3446 4 K6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " ATLA S C. mesomela s BP =3 =3449 0 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " C L C. mesomela s S94-780 3 Q5 9 15?0 "- 16?0 " CE RV C. mesomela s BP =3 =3412 8 K6 3 FE M R hea d C. mesomela s BP =3 =3234 3 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " I1 R C. mesomela s BP =3 =3455 0 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " M 1 L C. mesomela s BP =3 =3229 9 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " M 1 L Fra g C. mesomela s BP =3 =3385 1 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " M 1 R Fra g C. mesomela s BP =3 =3467 4 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " M 2 L C. mesomela s BP =3 =3447 6 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " MT C III R C. mesomela s BP =3 =3340 6 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " OR B L Fra g C. mesomela s BP =3 =1824 4 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " P R Fra g C. mesomela s BP =3 =3326 2 L6 2 17?5 "- 18?5 " P2 R C. mesomela s S94-1478 3 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " P2 L C. mesomela s BP =3 =3454 2 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " P3 R C. mesomela s BP =3 =3236 2 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " P3 R C. mesomela s BP =3 =3467 3 P3 L C. mesomela s BP =3 =3386 4 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " P4 R Fra g C. mesomela s BP =3 =1789 2 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " RA D R pr ox .shaf tfra g C. mesomela s S94-1478 1 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " C CANI D BP =3 =3378 8 K6 3 CRA N R ZYG M + PAR I CANI D S94-8 8 P5 9 16?2 "- 17?2 " I3 L CANI D BP =3 =3406 4 M6 0 12?5 "- 13?5 " M 1 R Fra g CANI D 175 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3402 7 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " MT C III R Fra g CANI D BP =3 =3402 8 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " MT C III L FRa g CANI D S94-17 1 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " P Fra g CANI D BP =3 =3339 3 L6 2 15?5 "- 16?5 " PHA L pr ox .fra g CANI D BP =3 =3239 1 J6 3 20?10 "- 21?10 " PHA L I pr ox .fra g CANI D S94-1477 0 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " PHA L I CANI D BP =3 =3403 0 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " PHA L I CANI D BP =3 =3379 1 K6 3 RA D R shaf tfra g CANI D BP =3 =3370 7 K6 3 TI B L dista l CANI D BP =3 =3406 3 M6 0 12?5 "- 13?5 " TI B L dista l CANI D BP =3 =1820 1 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " TI B R dista l CANI D BP =3 =1685 5 O6 3 21?6 "- 22?6 " TI B R dist .shaf tfra g CANI D BP =3 =3399 0 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " ULN A L shaf tfra g CANI D BP = 3 = 3434 2 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " AXI S CANI S BP =3 =3400 8 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " MT C III L whol e CANI S BP =3 =1824 3 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " MT T L shaf tfra g CANI S S94-1477 4 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " MT T III dista l CANI S S94-1477 1 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " MT T III sid e pr ox . CANI S BP =3 =1789 4 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " MT T III L pr ox . CANI S BP =3 =3237 9 I62 19?10 "- 20?20 " PHA L I CANI S BP =3 =3375 1 K6 3 RA D R dista l CANI S BP =3 =3384 6 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " SCA P L dista L fra g CANI S BP =3 =3383 1 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " TI B L distal+shaf t CANI S S94-1478 0 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " C R Ca ra ca lc ar ac al BP =3 =3385 2 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " C R C. ca ra ca l S94-840 7 N6 3 13?7 "- 14?7 " P3 R C. ca ra ca l BP =3 =3234 6 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " ENAME L Fra g CAR N BP =3 =3234 0 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " 1= 2MAN D Fra g CAR N BP =3 =3360 9 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " 1= 2MAN D R ascend .ra mu sfra g CAR N 176 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3367 9 L6 3 10?6 "- 11?6 " MT P CAR N BP =3 =3368 0 L6 3 10?6 "- 11?6 " MT P CAR N BP =3 =3239 7 J6 3 20?10 "- 21?10 " RI B Fra g CAR N BP =3 =3264 3 J6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " VE RT neura lspin efra g CAR N BP =3 =3240 7 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " 1= 2MAN D Fra g Feli slybi ca silvestri s BP =3 =3238 9 J6 3 20?10"-21?10 " CAPI TA TE R whol e F. lybi ca silvestri s BP =3 =3467 5 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " FOO T L F. lybi ca silvestri s BP =3 =3234 1 K6 3 15?10"-16?10 " HU M L dist .fra g F. lybi ca silvestri s S94-1473 2 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " I1 R F. lybi ca silvestri s BP =3 =3287 0 N5 9 16?0 "- 17?0 " C HY AEN A BP =3 =1667 9 L6 3 10?6 "- 11?6 " COP ROLIT E HY AEN A S94-1478 4 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " COP ROLIT E HY AEN A BP =3 =1787 8 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " COP ROLIT E HY AEN A BP =3 =1787 9 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " COP ROLIT E HY AEN A BP =3 =1807 3 L6 3 14?6 "- 15?6 " COP ROLIT E HY AEN A BP =3 =1807 4 L6 3 14?6 "- 15?6 " COP ROLIT E HY AEN A BP =3 =1807 5 L6 3 14?6 "- 15?6 " COP ROLIT E HY AEN A BP =3 =1667 8 L6 3 7?6 "- 8?6 " DIS T MT T R HY AEN A BP =3 =3271 2 J6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " DP 2 R HY AEN A BP =3 =3230 5 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " DP 4 R HY AEN A S94-736 0 P6 0 2?9 "- 5?6 " MT T IV R HY AEN A BP =3 =3418 2 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " P3 L HY AEN A BP =3 =1790 5 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " DP Ly coa n pictu s BP =3 =3466 1 J6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " C L whol e L. pictu s BP =3 =3456 7 J6 3 18?10 "- 19?10 " M 1 whol e L. pictu s 177 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3331 1 P5 9 14?1 "- 15?1 " C ro ot M.CAR N BP =3 =1791 0 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " C Fra g M.CAR N BP =3 =1807 7 L6 3 14?6 "- 15?6 " C Fra g M.CAR N BP =3 =1791 1 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " ENAME L Fra g M.CAR N BP =3 =3455 1 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " P 4 R M.CAR N S94-1477 5 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " MT T II pr ox . M.CAR N S94-10 3 M6 1 17?8 "- 18?8 " P L Fra g M.CAR N S94-2 9 O6 0 18?0 "- 19?0 " RA D L dist .Shaf tfra g M.CAR N S94-3 0 O6 0 18?0 "- 19?0 " RA D R dist .Shaf tfra g M.CAR N S94-3 1 O6 0 18?0 "- 19?0 " RA D L shaf tfra g M.CAR N BP =3 =3384 3 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " RI B Fra g M.CAR N BP =3 =3412 7 K6 3 TOOT H Fra g M.CAR N BP =3 =3411 6 K6 3 M 1 R ro ot M.CAR N BP =3 =3429 6 K6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " TI B L dist .+ shaf t P.l eo BP =3 =3438 2 K6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " HU M R dist . P.l eo S94-703 3 N5 9 10?0 "- 11?0 " LO WE R M 1 L P.l eo S94-722 4 N5 9 20?0 "- 21?0 " LO WE R M 1 L cro wn P.l eo S94-11 5 MT C R dist . P.l eo S94-18 3 O6 0 8?3 "- 9?3 " NA VC L L P.l eo BP =3 =1818 0 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " PHA L II R P.l eo S94-172 7 N6 1 11?10 "- 12?10 " FE M R pr ox.+shaf tfra g P.l eo BP =3 =1824 6 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " LO WE R I3 L P. pa rdu s BP =3 =3466 0 J6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " LO WE R P3 R P. pa rdu s BP =3 =3379 0 K6 3 1= 2MAN D R Fra g P. cristatu s S94-723 1 N6 1 14?11 "- 15?11 " 1= 2MAN D R P. cristatu s BP =3 =1790 9 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " UPPE R P1 L P. cristatu s 30/09/199 9 K6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " CRA N whol e P. cristatu s S94-1477 8 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " ATLA S S.CAR N 178 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3264 2 J6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " CA UD S.CAR N BP =3 =3244 2 J6 3 19?10 "- 20?10 " CA UD S.CAR N BP =3 =1789 6 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " CA UD S.CAR N S94-759 0 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " FE M L shaf tfra g S.CAR N S94-1478 2 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " LO WE R P1 R whol e S.CAR N BP =3 =1790 6 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " MT C S.CAR N S94-767 0 M6 2 14?11 "- 15?11 " MT C pr ox .fra g S.CAR N BP =3 =1818 1 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " MT C S.CAR N BP =3 =3440 6 J6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " MT P S.CAR N BP =3 =1789 7 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " MT T S.CAR N S94-1477 6 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " RA D dist . S.CAR N BP =3 =3230 0 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " RI B L pr ox .fra g S.CAR N BP =3 =1789 8 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " RI B pr ox .fra g S.CAR N S94-1477 7 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " THO R whol e S.CAR N S94-1477 2 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " ULN A dist . S.CAR N S94-240 7 N6 3 13?7 "- 14?7 " UPPE R P3 L whol e S.CAR N BP =3 =1817 9 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g S.FELI D S94-753 1 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " HU M dist . S.FELI D BP =3 =1789 3 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " MT C II R pr ox . S.FELI D BP =3 =1789 5 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " MT P dist . S.FELI D S94-1477 9 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " PHA L I whol e S.FELI D BP =3 =1790 7 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " PHA L II whol e S.FELI D BP =3 =1789 1 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " 1= 2MAN D R Fra g Civetticti scivett a BP =3 =3464 8 J6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " 1= 2MAN D R Fra g Genett agenett a BP =3 =3242 5 J6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " IL I R Fra g Her peste sichneumo n BP =3 =1790 8 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " C whol e viv erri d indet . BP =3 =1790 4 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " C ro ot viv erri d indet . S94-840 5 M6 3 13?9 "- 14?9 " C whol e viv erri d indet . BP =3 =1800 1 L63+M6 4 MIXE D LO WE R P1 L whol e viv erri d indet . 179 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =1807 8 L6 3 14?6 "- 15?6 " MT T III R whol e viv erri d indet . BP =3 =1791 2 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " PHA L I whol e viv erri d indet . BP =3 =3449 1 K6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " ATLA S whol e Vul pe scham a BP =3 =3462 2 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " CAL C R whol e V. cham a BP =3 =1824 5 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " LO WE R C L whol e V. cham a BP =3 =3397 1 L6 2 16?5 "- 17?5 " TI B R dist . V. cham a BP =3 =3236 4 J6 3 19?10 "- 20?10 " LO WE R I1 R whol e Pha co ch oeru saethiopicu s BP =3 =3403 6 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " LO WE R M1UPPE R M 1 R whol e P.aethiopicu s BP =3 =3239 5 J6 3 20?10 "- 21?10 " 1= 2MA X Fra g Potam och oeru sp or cu s BP =3 =3420 9 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " 1= 2MAN D R Fra g Equu ssp . S9-37 9 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " 1= 2MAN D Fra g Equu ssp . BP =3 =3306 7 O6 0 19?0 "- 20?0 " 1= 2MAN D Fra g Equu ssp . BP =3 =1667 3 L6 3 10?6 "- 11?6 " 1= 2MA X R Fra g Equu ssp . S94-36 4 M6 1 10?8 "- 11?8 " 1= 2MA X L Fra g Equu s sp . BP =3 =3400 2 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " 1= 2MA X L Fra g Equu ssp . S94-37 3 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " 1= 2MA X L Fra g Equu ssp . S94-36 8 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " 1= 2MA X L Fra g Equu ssp . BP =3 =3444 3 J6 3 17?10 "- 18?10 " ASTR AG Equu ssp . BP =3 =1667 4 L6 3 10?6 "- 11?6 " DI 1 R Equu ssp . S94-1479 3 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " DP Fra g Equu ssp . S94-1479 2 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " DP 3 L Fra g Equu ssp . S94-1479 4 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " DP 3 L Fra g Equu ssp . S94-774 5 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " FE M R Equu ssp . BP =3 =3391 3 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " I1 L Equu ssp . S94-36 6 M6 1 10?8 "- 11?8 " I1 L Equu ssp . BP =3 =1933 0 O6 3 8?6 "- 10?6 " I3 R Equu ssp . BP =3 =3308 5 P6 1 16?10 "- 17?10 " ILIU M Fra g Equu ssp . BP =3 =3438 5 J6 2 14?10 "- 15?10 " M 1 L Equu ssp . BP =3 =3449 6 K6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " M 1 R Equu ssp . 180 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3240 8 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " M 1 L Equu ssp . S94-36 3 M6 1 10?8 "- 11?8 " M 1 L Equu ssp . BP =3 =3315 1 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " M 2 L Equu ssp . BP =3 =1799 9 L6 3 MIXE D M 2 L Equu ssp . S94-1478 9 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " M 2 R Equu ssp . S94-938 4 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " M 2 L Equu ssp . S94-35 6 M6 3 8?9 ?- 99 " M 2 R Fra g Equu ssp . S94-37 4 O6 0 14?3 "- 15?3 " M 2 L Equu ssp . S94-829 6 P6 2 17?0 "- 18?5 " M 2 L Equu ssp . BP =3 =3462 3 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " M 3 L Equu ssp . BP =3 =3266 0 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " M 3 Equu ssp . BP =3 =3453 7 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " M 3 R Equu ssp . BP =3 =3315 0 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " M 3 R Equu ssp . BP = 3 = 1667 6 L6 3 10?6 "- 11?6 " M 3 R Equu s sp . BP =3 =3386 1 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " M 3 R Equu ssp . BP =3 =3386 3 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " M 3 L Equu ssp . S94-35 3 O6 0 19?0 "- 20?0 " M 3 L Equu ssp . S94-35 9 P5 9 21?2 "- 22?2 " M 3 R Equu ssp . BP =3 =3464 0 H6 3 22?10 "- 23?10 " MOLA R Fra g Equu ssp . BP =3 =3266 1 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " MOLA R Equu ssp . BP =3 =3242 1 J6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " MOLA R L Equu ssp . BP =3 =3411 4 K6 3 MOLA R Fra g Equu ssp . BP =3 =3411 5 K6 3 MOLA R Fra g Equu ssp . S94-36 2 M6 1 10?8 "- 11?8 " MOLA R Fra g Equu ssp . S94-36 5 M6 1 10?8 "- 11?8 " MOLA R Fra g Equu ssp . BP =3 =3400 1 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " MOLA R Fra g Equu ssp . S94-35 8 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " MOLA R Fra g Equu ssp . S94-35 5 M6 3 15?9 "- 16?9 " MOLA R Fra g Equu ssp . BP =3 =3382 2 K6 3 MT C dist . Equu ssp . 181 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3314 9 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " MT C L Equu ssp . BP =3 =3422 3 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " MT C II L pr ox .fra g Equu ssp . BP =3 =3300 7 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " MT C IV L Equu ssp . BP =3 =3353 8 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " MT P shaf tfra g Equu ssp . BP =3 =3382 1 K6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " MT P dista l Equu ssp . S94-1479 5 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " MT P dista l Equu ssp . S94-998 8 M6 4 9?8 "- 10?8 " MT P shaf tfra g Equu ssp . S94-32 8 N5 9 22?0 "- 23?0 " MT P dist . Equu ssp . S94-201 5 P6 0 15?4 "- 16?4 " MT P dist .shaf tfra g Equu ssp . S94-201 4 P6 0 15?4 "- 16?4 " MT P shaf tfra g Equu ssp . BP =3 =3236 8 J6 3 19?10 "- 20?10 " MT P II= 1V R Fra g Equu ssp . S94-768 2 M6 2 13?11 "- 14?11 " MT T L pr ox . Equu ssp . BP =3 =3438 4 J6 2 14?10 "- 15?10 " P2 L Equu ssp . BP =3 =3429 3 J6 3 14?10 "- 15?10 " P2 L Equu ssp . S94-1479 0 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " P2 L Equu ssp . S94-1478 8 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " P2 L Fra g Equu ssp . S94-1479 1 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " P2 L Fra g Equu ssp . BP =3 =3421 0 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " P2 R Equu ssp . S9-37 8 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " P2 R Equu ssp . S94-938 3 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " P2 L Equu ssp . S94-178 5 N6 1 16?11 ?? -17?11 " P2 L Equu ssp . S94-37 7 O6 2 10?0 "- 11?0 " P2 L Fra g Equu ssp . BP =3 =1894 4 L6 3 10?6 "- 11?6 " P3 L Equu ssp . BP =3 =3421 1 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " P3 R Equu ssp . BP =3 =3386 2 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " P3 L Fra g Equu ssp . S94-37 6 M6 1 13?8 "- 14?8 " P3 R Equu ssp . BP =3 =3450 6 I63 15?10 "- 16?10 " PHA L III Equu ssp . BP =3 =1667 7 L6 3 10?6 "- 11?6 " PHA L III Equu ssp . S94-763 2 M6 2 15?11 "- 16?11 " RA D L dist .shaf tfra g Equu ssp . BP =3 =3243 5 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " SCA P blad efra g Equu ssp . 182 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n S94-660 4 O6 0 15?3 "- 16?0 " TAR S + MT T Equu ssp . BP =3 =3243 2 J6 219?10 "- 20?10 " THO R ce ntru m Equu ssp . BP =3 =3387 5 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " TI B R dist . Equu ssp . BP =3 =3392 4 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " TOOT H Fra g Equu ssp . BP =3 =1667 5 L6 3 10?6 "- 11?6 " TOOT H Fra g Equu ssp . BP =3 =1894 5 L6 3 10?6 "- 11?6 " TOOT H Fra g Equu ssp . S94-37 1 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " TOOT H Fra g Equu ssp . BP =3 =1820 2 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " TOOT H Fra g Equu ssp . BP =3 =3453 8 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " UPPE R 3 R whol e Equu ssp . BP =3 =3378 0 K6 3 1= 2MAN D L Fra g Ou rebi aou reb i BP =3 =3455 9 J6 3 18?10 "- 19?10 " 1= 2MA X L Fra g O. ou reb i S94-670 4 P6 1 17?10 "- 18?5 " 1= 2MA X R Fra g O. ou reb i BP =3 =3439 0 J6 2 14?10 "- 15?10 " LO WE R M 3 L whol e O. ou reb i S94-683 6 P5 8 27?10 "- 28?10 " 1= 2MAN D R Fra g Cephalophu s sp . BP =3 =3305 0 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " 1= 2MA X L Fra g Cephalophu ssp . BP =3 =3326 7 L6 2 17?5 "- 18?5 " 1= 2MA X R Fra g Cephalophu ssp . BP =3 =3354 1 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " 1= 2MAN D R Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3462 5 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " 1= 2MAN D R Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3237 5 I62 19?10 "- 20?20 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3237 8 I62 19?10 "- 20?20 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3337 9 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " 1= 2MAN D Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3337 6 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " 1= 2MAN D R Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3427 8 J6 3 14?10 "- 15?10 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3444 0 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " 1= 2MAN D R condyl e BO V I BP =3 =3443 7 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " 1= 2MAN D R Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3455 5 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " 1= 2MAN D L ascend .ra mu sfra g BO V I BP =3 =3359 9 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3327 5 L6 2 15?5 "- 16?5 " 1= 2MAN D ascend .ra mu sfra g BO V I BP =3 =3326 5 L6 2 17?5 "- 18?5 " 1= 2MAN D R ascend .ra mu s BO V I 183 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3423 2 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " 1= 2MAN D R ascend .ra mu s BO V I BP =3 =3424 8 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " 1= 2MAN D R Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3421 6 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " 1= 2MAN D Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3404 5 M6 0 10?5 "- 11?5 " 1= 2MAN D L ascend .ra mu s BO V I BP =3 =3292 2 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g BO V I BP =3 =1817 8 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " 1= 2MAN D Fra g BO V I BP =3 =1813 7 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " 1= 2MAN D R Fra g BO V I S94-758 5 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " 1= 2MAN D R ascend .ra mu s BO V I S94-161 3 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g BO V I S94-161 4 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g BO V I S94-672 5 P5 9 22?2"- . 1= 2MAN D R Fra g BO V I S94-725 9 Q5 8 19?3 "- 20?3 " 1= 2MAN D L ascend .ra mu s BO V I BP =3 =3337 8 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " 1= 2MA X L Fra g BO V I BP = 3 = 3455 8 J6 3 18?10 "- 19?10 " 1= 2MA X R Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3378 1 K6 3 1= 2MA X R Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3403 4 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " 1= 2MA X R Fra g BO V I BP =3 =1817 4 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " 1= 2MA X Fra g BO V I BP =3 =1817 5 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " 1= 2MA X Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3412 0 K6 3 1= 2PE L R Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3339 4 L6 2 15?5 "- 16?5 " 1= 2PE L L Fra g BO V I S94-169 5 M6 2 13?11 "- 14?11 " 1= 2PE L Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3366 5 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " 1= 2PE L Fra g BO V I S94-1484 1 M6 3 MIXE D 1= 2PE L Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3413 2 K6 3 ACE T Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3425 8 K6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " ASTR AG L BO V I BP =3 =3417 4 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " ASTR AG L Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3417 5 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " ASTR AG L Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3384 4 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " ASTR AG L Fra g BO V I BP =3 =1818 5 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " ASTR AG R BO V I 184 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n S94-752 9 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " ASTR AG R BO V I S94-753 0 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " ASTR AG R BO V I S94-119 8 N6 3 13?10 "- 14?10 " ASTR AG L BO V I S94-684 4 P5 9 18?2 "- 19?2 " ASTR AG L BO V I BP =3 =3338 0 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " BON E Fra g BO V I S94-1480 0 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " BON E Fra g BO V I S94-758 0 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " CAL C R cauda lfra g BO V I S94-760 2 M6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " CAL C L BO V I BP =3 =3388 5 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " CAL C R cauda lfra g BO V I S94-1479 7 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " CAL C cauda lfra g BO V I S94-752 8 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " CAL C L BO V I BP =3 =3446 2 K6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " CE RV BO V I BP =3 =3396 4 L6 2 16?5 "- 17?5 " CO RO L Fra g BO V I BP = 3 = 3442 1 J6 3 13?10 "- 14?10 " CRA N mastoi d BO V I BP =3 =3444 1 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " CRA N Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3440 1 J6 2 14?10 "- 15?10 " DIASTEM A L Fra g BO V I S94-1480 6 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " DIASTEMA R whol e BO V I S94-160 0 M6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " DIASTEM A L whol e BO V I BP =3 =3456 5 J6 3 18?10 "- 19?10 " DP 1 BO V I BP =3 =3396 5 L6 2 16?5 "- 17?5 " DP 2 BO V I BP =3 =1824 7 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " DP 2 L BO V I BP =3 =3295 5 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " ENAME L Fra g BO V I BP =3 =1816 3 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " ENAME L Fra g BO V I BP =3 =1816 7 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " ENAME L Fra g BO V I S94-837 7 M6 3 13?9 "- 14?9 " ENAME L Fra g BO V I S94-672 9 P5 9 22?2" - ENAME L Fra g BO V I S94-673 0 P5 9 22?2" - ENAME L Fra g BO V I S94-673 1 P5 9 22?2" - ENAME L Fra g BO V I S94-673 2 P5 9 22?2" - ENAME L Fra g BO V I 185 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n S94-673 3 P5 9 22?2" - ENAME L Fra g BO V I S94-683 0 P6 0 16?6 "- 17?6 " ENAME L Fra g BO V I S94-683 1 P6 0 16?6 "- 17?6 " ENAME L Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3435 0 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " EXT+ME D CU N L BO V I BP =3 =3390 6 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " EXT+ME D CU N R BO V I BP =3 =3352 7 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " EXT+ME D CU N R BO V I BP =3 =3357 4 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " FE M L dista lshaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3458 6 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " FE M dist .Condyl e BO V I BP =3 =3458 5 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " FE M L pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3331 7 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " FE M R dista lshaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3332 9 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3333 1 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3358 2 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V I BP = 3 = 3358 1 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " FE M L pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3350 5 J6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3437 5 J6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3437 6 J6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3428 2 J6 3 14?10 "- 15?10 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3445 2 J6 3 17?10 "- 18?10 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3374 9 K6 3 FE M L shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3377 1 K6 3 FE M L shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3358 5 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " FE M L dista lshaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3358 6 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " FE M dista lshaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3349 7 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " FE M L pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3368 2 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " FE M R dist .Shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =1743 7 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " FE M L dista lshaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3422 8 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " FE M L dista lshaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3404 3 M6 0 10?5 "- 11?5 " FE M R hea d BO V I BP =3 =3347 2 M6 1 19?8"-20?8 " FE M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V I 186 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3365 5 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " FE M L dista lshaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3366 1 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " FE M L dista lshaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =1812 4 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =1819 8 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " FE M L pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V I S94-763 1 M6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " FE M L hea d BO V I BP =3 =3329 3 M6 3 13?9 "- 14?9 " FE M L pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V I S94-1000 7 M6 4 10?8 "- 11?8 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3363 1 M6 4 11?4 "- 12?4 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V I S94-772 4 M6 4 8?8 "- 9?8 " FE M L dist .Condyl e BO V I BP =3 =3308 9 O6 0 12?3 "- 13?3 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V I S94-658 7 O6 0 14?3 "- 15?3 " FE M L dist . BO V I S94-646 2 O6 3 10?0 "- 11?0 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V I S94-644 8 O6 3 13?0 "- 14?0 " FE M hea d BO V I BP = 3 = 3422 6 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " FE M L Shaf t BO V I BP =3 =3431 7 J6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " HOR N cor efra g BO V I BP =3 =3390 8 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " HOR N cor efra g BO V I BP =3 =3455 6 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " HOR N cor efra g BO V I BP =3 =3400 7 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " HOR N cor efra g BO V I S94-735 5 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " HOR N cor efra g BO V I S94-764 4 M6 2 15?11 "- 16?11 " HOR N Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3323 6 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " HOR N cor efra g BO V I BP =3 =3452 2 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " HORN+CRA N L cor efra g BO V I BP =3 =3245 3 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " HU M L dist .F ra g BO V I BP =3 =3354 9 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " HU M R dista lshaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3357 8 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " HU M R dista lshaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3460 4 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " HU M L shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3440 2 J6 2 14?10 "- 15?10 " HU M R dist .Shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3320 6 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " HU M R dista lshaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3331 8 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " HU M R dista lshaf tfra g BO V I 187 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3428 0 J6 3 14?10 "- 15?10 " HU M R dista lshaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3427 9 J6 3 14?10 "- 15?10 " HU M R shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3446 8 J6 3 16?10 "- 17?10 " HU M L dista lshaf tfra g BO VI BP =3 =3387 1 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " HU M R dist . BO V I BP =3 =3373 8 K6 3 HU M L dista lshaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3349 5 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " HU M R dista lshaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3350 6 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " HU M R dista lshaf tfra g BO V I S94-1497 9 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " HU M R shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3257 9 M6 0 16?2 "- 17?2 " HU M shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3258 0 M6 0 16?2 "- 17?2 " HU M shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3402 0 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " HU M R shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3290 5 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " HU M shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3290 6 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " HU M L shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3292 5 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " HU M R shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3292 9 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " HU M shaf tfra g BO V I S94-752 5 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " HU M R shaf tfra g BO V I S94-762 2 M6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " HU M dista lshaf tfra g BO V I S94-1000 5 M6 4 10?8 "- 11?8 " HU M R dist .F ra g BO V I S94-770 3 M6 4 8?8 "- 9?8 " HU M L dista lshaf tfra g BO V I S94-770 6 M6 4 8?8 "- 9?8 " HU M L dista lshaf tfra g BO V I S94-997 8 M6 4 9?8 "- 10?8 " HU M R dista lshaf tfra g BO V I S94-658 9 O6 0 14?3 "- 15?3 " HU M R dist . BO V I SWP-214 7 O6 1 18?8 "- 19?1 " HU M L condyle s BO V I SWP-214 8 O6 1 18?8 "- 19?1 " HU M R dista lshaf tfra g BO V I S94-202 2 P6 1 14?10 "- 15?10 " HU M shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3458 3 I6 218?10 "- 19?10 " HU M R shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3323 4 N6 0 21?9 "- 22?9 " I BO V I BP =3 =3319 0 N6 0 22?9 "- 23?9 " I BO V I 188 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3444 5 J6 3 17?10 "- 18?10 " IL I R Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3388 3 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " IL I R Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3327 6 L6 2 15?5 "- 16?5 " IL I R Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3348 5 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " IL I R Fra g BO V I S94-759 8 M6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " IL I R Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3286 1 N5 9 16?0 "- 17?0 " IL I R Fra g BO V I S94-1004 0 N6 0 12?9 "- 13?9 " IL I L Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3389 7 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " ISC H R Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3453 4 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " ISC H R Fra g BO V I S94-755 4 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " ISC H L Fra g BO V I S94-759 9 M6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " ISC H Fra g BO V I S94-760 6 M6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " ISC H R BO V I S94-1003 5 N6 0 12?9 "- 13?9 " ISC H L Fra g BO V I S94-1004 8 N6 0 12?9 "- 13?9 " ISC H R Fra g BO V I BP =3 =1680 2 O6 3 22?6 "- 23?6 " ISC H R Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3373 3 K6 3 LA T MEL L R Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3440 0 J6 2 14?10 "- 15?10 " LUM B BO V I BP =3 =3453 6 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " LUM B neura lar ch + spin e BO V I BP =3 =3425 7 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " LUM B neura lar ch + spin e BO V I BP =3 =3467 2 P6 0 14?10 "- 15?10 " LU N L BO V I BP =3 =3435 8 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " M 1 L BO V I BP =3 =3450 1 J6 3 16?10 "- 17?10 " M 1 L whol e BO V I BP =3 =3392 2 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " M 1 L whol e BO V I BP =3 =3410 0 K6 3 M 1 L whol e BO V I BP =3 =3424 2 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " M 1 R BO V I S94-836 7 M6 3 13?9 "- 14?9 " M 1 L whol e BO V I BP =3 =3463 2 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " M 2 R whol e BO V I BP =3 =3410 3 K6 3 M 2 L BO V I BP =3 =3385 8 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " M 2 L whol e BO V I 189 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =1924 6 Q6 1 10?5 "- 11?9 " M AG L BO V I BP =3 =3371 5 K6 3 MT C dist .Shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3445 3 J6 3 17?10 "- 18?10 " MT C shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3443 5 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " MT C shaf tfra g BO V I S94-725 8 Q5 8 19?3 "- 20?3 " MT C shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3375 8 K6 3 MT P dist .condyl e BO V I BP =3 =3339 6 L6 2 15?5 "- 16?5 " MT P shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3329 2 M6 3 15?9 "- 16?9 " MT P dist . BO V I S94-1125 4 P6 1 17?10 "- 18?5 " MT P Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3375 6 K6 3 MT T dist . BO V I BP =3 =3375 7 K6 3 MT T dist . BO V I BP =3 =3416 0 K6 3 MT T dist .shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3314 3 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " MT T dist .shaf tfra g BO V I BP = 3 = 3382 9 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " MT T dist . BO V I S94-1482 2 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " MT T dist . BO V I S94-997 9 M6 4 9?8 "- 10?8 " MT T R dist .shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3355 1 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3357 3 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3428 6 J6 3 14?10 "- 15?10 " MT T R shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3453 1 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " MT T R shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3371 8 K6 3 MT T R shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3371 9 K6 3 MT T shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3373 9 K6 3 MT T shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3374 0 K6 3 MT T shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3345 3 M6 0 15?2 "- 16?2 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3345 5 M6 0 15?2 "- 16?2 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3330 7 M6 0 19?2 "- 20?2 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3400 6 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3290 1 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " MT T L shaf tfra g BO V I 190 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3290 2 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3348 7 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3349 1 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V I S94-767 9 M6 2 13?11 "- 14?11 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V I S94-774 0 M6 2 9?11 "- 10?11 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V I S94-759 1 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V I S94-660 1 O6 2 14?9 "- 15?9 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3429 8 K6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " NA V-CU B L BO V I BP =3 =3375 4 K6 3 NA V-CU B L BO V I BP =3 =3317 7 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " NA V-CU B L BO V I BP =3 =3417 7 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " NA V-CU B L BO V I BP =3 =3424 7 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " NA V-CU B R BO V I BP =3 =3382 8 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " NA V-CU B R BO V I BP = 3 = 3425 0 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " OC C R condyl e BO V I BP =3 =3348 3 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " OC C R Fra g BO V I S94-758 2 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " OR B Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3453 5 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " OS PE T R BO V I BP =3 =3447 7 K6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " OS PE T L BO V I BP =3 =1817 6 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " OS PE T BO V I S94-175 3 N6 0 12?9 "- 13?9 " OS PE T BO V I S94-1464 4 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " P Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3234 2 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " P3 R BO V I BP =3 =3236 0 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " P3 L whol e BO V I BP =3 =3306 0 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " P3 BO V I BP =3 =3338 8 L6 2 15?5 "- 16?5 " P4 L BO V I BP =3 =3395 2 L6 2 16?5 "- 17?5 " P4 L whol e BO V I BP =3 =3327 1 L6 2 17?5 "- 18?5 " P4 BO V I S94-1468 7 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " P4 L whol e BO V I S94-1470 8 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " P4 whol e BO V I 191 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n S94-160 6 M6 1 15?11 "- 16?11 " P4 L Fra g BO V I S94-644 7 O6 3 13?0 "- 14?0 " PA T Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3322 0 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " PHA L Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3320 3 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " PHA L I BO V I BP =3 =3390 2 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " PHA L I R 2whol e BO V I BP =3 =3430 0 K6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " PHA L I BO V I BP =3 =3430 5 K6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " PHA L I BO V I BP =3 =3374 4 K6 3 PHA L I dist .fra g BO V I BP =3 =3408 5 K6 3 PHA L I BO V I BP =1798 6 L-M6 3 MIXE D PHA L I dist .fra g BO V I BP =3 =3399 1 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " PHA L I 2whol e BO V I BP =3 =1808 4 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " PHA L I dist .fra g BO V I BP =3 =1808 5 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " PHA L I dist .fra g BO V I S94-754 8 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " PHA L I dist .fra g BO V I S94-997 2 M6 4 9?8 "- 10?8 " PHA L I dist .fra g BO V I S94-123 4 N6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " PHA L I dist .fra g BO V I S94-120 3 N6 3 13?10 "- 14?10 " PHA L I dist .fra g BO V I S94-120 5 N6 3 13?10 "- 14?10 " PHA L I BO V I BP =3 =3443 0 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " PHA L I Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3459 1 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " PHA L II BO V I BP =3 =3441 5 J6 3 13?10 "- 14?10 " PHA L II BO V I BP =3 =3441 7 J6 3 13?10 "- 14?10 " PHA L II BO V I BP =3 =3389 0 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " PHA L II BO V I BP =3 =3451 8 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " PHA L II BO V I BP =3 =3447 4 K6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " PHA L II BO V I BP =3 =3408 6 K6 3 PHA L II BO V I BP =3 =3408 7 K6 3 PHA L II BO V I BP =3 =3408 8 K6 3 PHA L II BO V I BP =3 =3408 9 K6 3 PHA L II BO V I 192 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3317 6 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " PHA L II BO V I BP =3 =3352 5 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " PHA L II BO V I BP =3 =3352 6 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " PHA L II BO V I BP =3 =3423 4 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " PHA L II BO V I S94-754 2 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " PHA L II BO V I S94-805 1 N6 3 13?7 "- 14?7 " PHA L II BO V I S94-645 6 O5 9 10?0 "- 11?0 " PHA L II dist .fra g BO V I S94-203 7 P6 0 14?4 "- 15?4 " PHA L II dist .fra g BO V I BP =3 =3399 2 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " PHA L II whol e BO V I BP =3 =3462 1 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " PHA L III BO V I BP =3 =3441 8 J6 3 13?10 "- 14?10 " PHA L III BO V I BP =3 =3428 8 J6 3 14?10 "- 15?10 " PHA L III BO V I BP =3 =3389 1 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " PHA L III BO V I BP = 3 = 3389 2 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " PHA L III BO V I BP =3 =3409 0 K6 3 PHA L III BO V I BP =3 =3415 0 K6 3 PHA L III BO V I S94-122 8 N6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " PHA L III BO V I S94-682 4 P6 0 16?6 "- 17?6 " PHA L III BO V I BP =3 =1822 9 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " PREMOLA R ro ot Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3265 2 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " FE M L pr ox . BO V I S94-996 0 M6 4 9?8 "- 10?8 " FE M R pr ox . BO V I BP =3 =1812 3 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " HU M L pr ox . BO V I S94-839 7 M6 3 13?9 "- 14?9 " HU M L pr ox . BO V I BP =3 =3390 1 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " MT C R pr ox . BO V I S94-1483 3 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " MT C pr ox . BO V I BP =3 =3329 1 M6 3 15?9 "- 16?9 " MT C R pr ox . BO V I S94-1004 6 N6 0 12?9 "- 13?9 " MT C R pr ox . BO V I S94-769 1 M6 1 12?8 "- 13?8 " MT T R pr ox . BO V I S94-1483 0 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " MT T L pr ox . BO V I 193 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n S94-766 7 M6 2 14?11 "- 15?11 " MT T R pr ox . BO V I BP =3 =1818 8 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " MT T R pr ox . BO V I S94-759 7 M6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " MT T L pr ox . BO V I BP =3 =1691 6 L6 3 0?6 "- 11?6 " MT T L pr ox .fra g BO V I BP =3 =3282 4 N5 9 15?0 "- 16?0 " MT T R pr ox .fra g BO V I BP =3 =3373 2 K6 3 MT T pr ox .fra g BO V I BP =3 =1818 9 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " MT T pr ox .shaf t BO V I BP =3 =3458 4 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " MT T L pr ox .+ shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3401 3 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " PHA L pr ox .epip h fra g BO V I BP =3 =3379 2 K6 3 PHA L I pr ox .fra g BO V I S94-119 7 N6 3 13?10 "- 14?10 " PHA L I pr ox .fra g BO V I BP =3 =3296 1 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " PHA L I pr ox .fra g BO V I S94-763 3 M6 2 15?11 "- 16?11 " PHA L I pr ox .fra g BO V I BP = 3 = 1925 6 O6 3 8?6 "- 10?6 " RI B pr ox .fra g BO V I BP =3 =3384 7 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " RI B pr ox .fra g BO V I BP =3 =1926 8 P5 9 12?1 "- 13?8 " SCA P pr ox .fra g BO V I S94-765 1 M6 2 15?11 "- 16?11 " TI B pr ox fra g BO V I BP =3 =3312 8 M6 0 14?2 "- 15?2 " TI B R pr ox .fra g BO V I BP =3 =3357 2 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " TI B R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3281 0 N6 1 18?11 "- 19?11 " TI B R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V I S94-1483 9 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " ULN A L pr ox .fra g BO V I BP =3 =3459 3 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " ULN A L px ox .fra g BO V I S94-762 9 M6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " PU B R fra g BO V I S94-763 0 M6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " PU B R fra g BO V I BP =3 =3444 4 J6 3 17?10 "- 18?10 " PU B R fra g BO V I BP =3 =3281 7 N5 9 15?0 "- 16?0 " PU B R fra g BO V I S94-1003 3 N6 0 12?9 "- 13?9 " PU B L fra g BO V I S94-1481 4 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " RA D L fra g BO V I BP =3 =1812 5 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " RA D L dist .shaf tfra g BO V I 194 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3246 5 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " RA D L shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3375 0 K6 3 RA D R shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3353 2 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " RA D shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3353 3 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " RA D shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3368 9 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " RA D R shaf tfra g BO V I S94-755 8 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " RA D shaf tfra g BO V I S94-759 4 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " RA D shaf tfra g BO V I S94-1006 7 N6 0 13?9 "- 14?9 " RA D L shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3309 3 O6 0 14?3 "- 15?3 " RA D shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =1928 7 P6 0 9?5 "- 10?5 " RA D R shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3338 4 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3234 7 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3234 8 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP = 3 = 3379 7 K6 3 RI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =1791 9 L6 3 11?6 "- 12?6 " RI B fra gfra g BO V I BP =3 =1810 5 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " RI B fra g BO V I BP =3 =1811 3 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " RI B fra g BO V I BP =3 =3295 3 M6 0 15?2 "- 16?2 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3302 8 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3302 9 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3303 0 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3303 1 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3303 2 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3304 3 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I S94-753 2 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I S94-756 3 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I S94-760 5 M6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I S94-760 8 M6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I S94-762 0 M6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I 195 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3328 3 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3281 4 N6 1 18?11 "- 19?11 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =1925 7 O6 3 8?6 "- 10?6 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =1928 1 P6 1 12?1 "- 13?1 " RI B Fra g BO V I S94-200 6 P6 2 16?0 "- 17?0 " RI B Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3416 5 K6 3 SA C Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3405 8 M6 0 10?5 "- 11?5 " SA C Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3442 0 J6 3 13?10 "- 14?10 " SCA P L blad efra g BO V I BP =3 =3388 6 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " SCA P L dista lfra g BO V I BP =3 =3389 8 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " SCA P L ridg efra g BO V I BP =3 =3452 5 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " SCA P L blad efra g BO V I BP =3 =3359 6 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " SCA P R ridg efra g BO V I BP =3 =3381 7 K6 3 SCA P L ne ck BO V I BP = 3 = 3352 2 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " SCA P L ridg efra g BO V I BP =3 =3327 8 L6 2 15?5 "- 16?5 " SCA P R dist . BO V I BP =3 =3341 8 L6 2 17?5 "- 18?5 " SCA P R ridg efra g BO V I BP =3 =3415 1 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " SCA P R ne ck BO V I BP =3 =3405 7 M6 0 10?5 "- 11?5 " SCA P R ridg efra g BO V I BP =3 =3345 8 M6 0 15?2 "- 16?2 " SCA P L dist . BO V I BP =3 =3349 0 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " SCA P blad efra g BO V I S94-1480 2 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " SCA P blad efra g BO V I S94-765 4 M6 2 15?11 "- 16?11 " SCA P R dista lfra g BO V I BP =3 =1819 4 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " SCA P Fra g BO V I S94-1006 0 N6 0 13?9 "- 14?9 " SCA P L blad efra g BO V I S94-657 3 O6 0 12?3 "- 13?3 " SCA P L Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3425 5 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " SCAP H R BO V I BP =3 =3445 6 J6 3 16?10 "- 17?10 " SE S BO V I S94-805 2 N6 3 13?7 "- 14?7 " SE S BO V I BP =3 =3434 3 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " THO R Fra g BO V I 196 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3412 9 K6 3 THO R BO V I BP =3 =3372 2 K6 3 THO R ce ntru m BO V I S94-1474 4 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " THO R neura lar ch + spin e BO V I BP =3 =2809 9 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " THO R Fra g BO V I S94-1473 9 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " THO R neura lspin e BO V I BP =3 =3417 8 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " THO R Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3384 9 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " THO R ce ntru m BO V I BP =3 =3405 3 M6 0 10?5 "- 11?5 " THO R ce ntru m BO V I BP =3 =3291 9 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " THO R ce ntru m BO V I BP =3 =3292 0 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " THO R ce ntru m BO V I S94-1480 1 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " THO R BO V I BP =3 =3357 1 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " TI B R dist .shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3457 8 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " TI B L dist .Shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3440 4 J6 2 14?10 "- 15?10 " TI B L shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3333 9 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " TI B L shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3311 8 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " TI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3352 9 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " TI B L dist .shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =1811 2 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " TI B R shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3346 5 M6 0 15?2 "- 16?2 " TI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3365 2 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " TI B dist .shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3365 0 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " TI B L shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3365 1 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " TI B shaf tfra g BO V I S94-762 1 M6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " TI B shaf tfra g BO V I S94-120 2 N6 3 13?10 "- 14?10 " TI B L dist . BO V I S94-119 3 N6 3 13?10 "- 14?10 " TI B L shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3281 1 N6 1 18?11 "- 19?11 " TI B dist .shaf tfra g BO V I S94-657 6 O6 0 12?3 "- 13?3 " TI B R shaf tfra g BO V I S94-1121 6 P5 8 18?10 "- 19?10 " TI B L shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =1915 1 Q5 8 14?6 "- 15?3 " TI B R dist .F ra g BO V I BP =3 =3301 7 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " TI B R shaf t BO V I 197 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3327 4 L6 2 15?5 "- 16?5 " ULN A L tro chle anot ch BO V I BP =3 =3442 6 J6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " UPPE R M whol e BO V I BP =3 =3376 7 K6 3 VE RT neura lar ch BO V I BP =3 =3376 6 K6 3 VE RT neura lspin efra g BO V I BP =3 =3376 8 K6 3 VE RT ce ntru m BO V I BP =3 =3416 4 K6 3 VE RT Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3341 7 L6 2 17?5 "- 18?5 " VE RT ce ntru m fra g BO V I P= 3= 1701 8 L6 3 11?6 "- 12?6 " VE RT neura lar ch + spin e BO V I BP =3 =1701 6 L6 3 11?6 "- 12?6 " VE RT ce ntru m fra g BO V I BP =3 =2810 0 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " VE RT neura lspin efra g BO V I BP =3 =2810 2 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " VE RT ce ntru m fra g BO V I S94-1474 0 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " VE RT Fra g BO V I BP =3 =1801 2 L6 3 14?6 "- 15?6 " VE RT Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3342 9 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " VE RT neura lspin efra g BO V I BP =3 =3304 2 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " VE RT neura lspin e BO V I BP =3 =3329 4 M6 3 13?9 "- 14?9 " VE RT Fra g BO V I S94-1121 8 P5 8 19?10 "- 20?10 " VE RT ce ntru m fra g BO V I S94-684 5 P5 9 18?2 "- 19?2 " VE RT ce ntru m fra g BO V I S94-682 3 P6 0 16?6 "- 17?6 " VE RT Fra g BO V I S94-779 8 Q5 9 14?0 ?? -15?0 " VE RT ce ntru m fra g BO V I BP =3 =3267 2 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " 1= 2MA X L Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3309 2 O6 0 14?3 "- 15?3 " 1= 2PE L BO V I BP =3 =3253 3 M6 1 19?8 "- 20?9 " CAL C L Fra g BO V I BP =3 =3228 3 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " HU M L dist . BO V I BP =3 =3265 1 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " MT T dist . BO V I BP =3 =3361 3 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " TI B R dist . BO V I BP =3 =3249 8 O6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3251 2 M6 3 15?9 "- 16?9 " HU M shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3263 2 L6 2 17?5 "- 18?5 " HU M L dist .shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3288 3 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " HU M L shaf tfra g BO V I 198 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3294 2 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " HU M L shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3284 8 N5 9 18?0 "- 19?0 " HU M L shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3261 8 M6 3 13?9 "- 14?9 " LBS F BO V I S94-134 0 O6 0 12?3 "- 13?3 " LBS F BO V I S94-682 8 P6 0 16?6 "- 17?6 " M 1 L BO V I BP =3 =3267 7 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " M 3 L BO V I BP =3 =3256 1 M6 3 14?9 "- 15?9 " PHA L I BO V I BP =3 =3248 4 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3240 1 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3299 2 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3311 7 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3302 7 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =1915 0 Q5 8 14?6 "- 15?3 " RI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3257 0 M6 3 14?9 "- 15?9 " TI B R shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3308 7 O6 0 12?3 "- 13?3 " TI B shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3311 1 O6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " TI B R shaf tfra g BO V I BP =3 =3320 0 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " ULN A R tro chle a BO V I BP =3 =3291 8 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " VE RT neura lspin e BO V I BP =3 =3411 2 K6 3 M 2 R Aepy cer os melampu s BP =3 =3328 1 L6 2 15?5 "- 16?5 " I R Fra g A. melampu s S94-1481 7 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " LO WE R MOLA R R whol e A. melampu s BP =3 =3315 5 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " M 2 L A. melampu s BP =3 =3420 4 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " M 2 R Fra g A. melampu s BP =3 =3393 3 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " M 3 R A. melampu s BP =3 =3431 1 K6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " M 3 R A. melampu s BP =3 =3240 9 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " M 3 R A. melampu s BP =3 =3419 1 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " M 3 R A. melampu s NO NUMBE R POST-MEMBE R 6 HOR N L+ R Ammot ragu slervi a S94-687 5 P5 9 15?2 "- 16?2 " DIASTEM A R Antido rca smarsupiali s BP =3 =3418 6 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " DP 2 R A. marsupiali s 199 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3231 8 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " DP 4 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3419 2 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " DP 4 R A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3275 3 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " DP 4 Fra g A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3448 1 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " HOR N cor e+ crania lfra g A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3431 5 J6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " HOR N cor e A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3395 1 L6 2 16?5 "- 17?5 " I R A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3327 3 L6 2 15?5 "- 16?5 " I1 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3395 7 L6 2 16?5 "- 17?5 " I1 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3325 9 L6 2 17?5 "- 18?5 " I1 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3418 3 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " I1 R A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3406 6 M6 0 12?5 "- 13?5 " I1 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3393 1 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " I2 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3409 4 K6 3 I2 R A. marsupiali s S94-683 7 P5 8 27?10 "- 28?10 " I2 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3357 9 M6 3 17?10 "- 18?10 " I3 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3236 9 I62 19?10 "- 20?20 " M 1 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3236 7 J6 3 19?10 "- 20?10 " M 1 R A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3411 1 K6 3 M 1 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3421 3 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " M 1 R A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3385 6 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " M 1 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3403 3 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " M 1 R A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3270 6 J6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " M 2 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3326 0 L6 2 17?5 "- 18?5 " M 2 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3327 0 L6 2 17?5 "- 18?5 " M 2 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3325 6 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " M 2 L A. marsupiali s S94-685 6 P5 8 23?10 "- 24?10 " M 2 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3326 9 L6 2 17?5 "- 18?5 " M2- 3 R A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3449 3 K6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " M 3 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3326 1 L6 2 17?5 "- 18?5 " M 3 L A. marsupiali s 200 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3306 5 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " M 3 L Fra g A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3275 1 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " M 3 R A. marsupiali s S94-680 2 P5 9 18?4 "- 19?4 " M 3 R A. marsupiali s S94-687 1 P5 9 15?2 "- 16?2 " 1= 2MAN D +M1- 2 R Fra g A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3377 9 K6 3 1= 2MAN D +M1+M 2= P4 L Fra g A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3391 9 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " 1= 2MAN D +M 2 R Fra g A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3325 4 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " 1= 2MAN D +M 2 R Fra g A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3392 9 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " 1= 2MAN D +P3-M 3 L Fra g A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3304 4 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " 1= 2MAN D +P3-M 3 R Fra g A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3392 8 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " 1= 2MAN D +P4-M 3 R Fra g A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3304 5 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " 1= 2MAN D +P4-M 3 L Fra g A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3418 8 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " 1= 2MAN D +TEET H R Fra g A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3378 3 K6 3 1= 2MA X P2-M 2 R Fra g A. marsupiali s BP = 3 = 3305 1 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " 1= 2MA X +M S R Fra g A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3326 8 L6 2 17?5 "- 18?5 " 1= 2MA X +P3-M 3 L Fra g A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3304 8 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " 1= 2MA X +P4-M 3 L Fra g A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3304 9 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " 1= 2MA X +P4-M 3 R Fra g A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3418 9 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " 1= 2MA X +TEET H L Fra g A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3270 5 J6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " 1= 2MA X FR AG +P2& 3 L Fra g A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3411 3 K6 3 P A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3409 7 K6 3 P3 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3420 0 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " P3 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3241 0 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " P4 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3420 1 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " P4 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3401 0 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " P4 L A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3229 3 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " PHA L I A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3240 6 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " TI B R dist .shaf tfra g A. marsupiali s BP =3 =3354 2 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " 1= 2MAN D R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3354 3 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g BO V II 201 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3462 4 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3446 5 J6 3 17?10 "- 18?10 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3443 9 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " 1= 2MAN D Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3449 7 K6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " 1= 2MAN D R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3359 1 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3238 2 I62 19?10 "- 20?20 " 1= 2MAN D R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3337 7 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3232 3 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " 1= 2MAN D R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3414 7 K6 3 1= 2MAN D Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3338 9 L6 2 15?5 "- 16?5 " 1= 2MAN D R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3424 3 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " 1= 2MAN D R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3404 6 M6 0 10?5 "- 11?5 " 1= 2MAN D R symph . BO V II BP =3 =3313 4 M6 0 14?2 "- 15?2 " 1= 2MAN D R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3313 5 M6 0 14?2 "- 15?2 " 1= 2MAN D Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3345 6 M6 0 15?2 "- 16?2 " 1= 2MAN D Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3292 1 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3348 2 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g BO V II S94-160 3 M6 2 9?11 "- 10?11 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3256 3 M6 3 14?9 "- 15?9 " 1= 2MAN D Fra g BO V II S94-161 8 N6 1 15?11 "- 16?11 " 1= 2MAN D R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3347 4 O6 0 13?3 "- 14?3 " 1= 2MAN D Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3339 9 P5 8 13?10 "- 14?10 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g BO V II S94-1121 5 P5 8 18?10 "- 19?10 " 1= 2MAN D L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3366 3 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " 1= 2MAND+ ROOT S Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3443 8 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " 1= 2MAN D L ra mu sfra g BO V II BP =3 =3401 1 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " 1= 2MAN D L ra mu sfra g BO V II BP =3 =3465 4 J6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " 1= 2MAND+D P R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =1817 7 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " 1= 2MAND+ M Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3424 1 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " 1= 2MAND+M1- 2 R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3437 0 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " 1= 2MAND+M1- 2 L Fra g BO V II 202 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3421 7 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " 1= 2MAN D +M2- 3 R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3377 8 K6 3 1= 2MAN D +M2F+M 3 R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3377 6 K6 3 1= 2MAN D +M 3 R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3423 9 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " 1= 2MAN D +M 3 L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3421 8 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " 1= 2MAN D +M S R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3377 7 K6 3 1= 2MAN D +P2- 4 R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3400 0 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " 1= 2MAN D +R OOT S Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3418 7 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " 1= 2MAN D +TEET H L Fra g BO V II S94-836 4 M6 3 13?9 "- 14?9 " 1= 2MAN D +TEET H Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3442 5 J6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " 1= 2MAN D +D P R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3437 1 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " 1= 2MAN D +M 2 R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3378 5 K6 3 1= 2MA X +P2+ 3 R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =1812 7 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " 1= 2MA X +M1+ 2 Fra g BO V II BP = 3 = 3392 0 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " 1= 2MA X +M Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3378 2 K6 3 1= 2MA X +M 2 Fra g BO V II BP =3 =1820 5 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " 1= 2MA X +P Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3304 7 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " 1= 2MA X +TEET H Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3358 4 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " 1= 2MA X fra g BO V II BP =3 =3239 8 J6 3 20?10 "- 21?10 " 1= 2MA X L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3359 4 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " 1= 2MA X R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3313 6 M6 0 14?2 "- 15?2 " 1= 2MA X Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3463 7 H6 3 22?10 "- 23?10 " 1= 2MA X +M2- 3 R fra g BO V II BP =3 =3463 6 H6 3 22?10 "- 23?10 " 1= 2MA X +M 3 L fra g BO V II BP =3 =3462 0 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " 1= 2PE L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3390 0 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " 1= 2PE L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3394 0 L6 3 1= 2PE L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3398 9 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " 1= 2PE L R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3400 5 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " 1= 2PE L L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3293 4 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " 1= 2PE L Fra g BO V II 203 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3347 7 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " 1= 2PE L Fra g BO V II S94-768 4 M6 2 13?11 "- 14?11 " 1= 2PE L L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3325 8 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " 1= 2PE L Fra g BO V II S94-1012 5 N6 4 12?8 "- 13?8 " 1= 2PE L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =1689 2 O6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " 1= 2PE L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3340 0 P5 8 13?10 "- 14?10 " 1= 2PE L Fra g BO V II S94-1124 6 P5 9 18?4 "- 19?4 " 1= 2PE L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3464 1 J6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " 1= 2PE L L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3347 1 M6 1 19?8"-20?8 " ACE T R Fra g BO V II S94-116 3 N6 1 11?10 "- 12?10 " ACE T L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3467 1 P6 0 14?10 "- 15?10 " ACE T R Fra g BO V II S94-765 2 M6 2 15?11 "- 16?11 " 1= 2PE L L Fra g BO V II S94-772 9 M6 2 10?11 "- 11?11 " 1= 2PE L L Fra g BO V II S94-774 4 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " 1= 2PE L R Fra g BO V II S94-774 6 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " 1= 2PE L L Fra g BO V II S94-648 1 O6 3 13?0 "- 14?0 " 1= 2PE L R Fra g BO V II S94-773 7 M6 2 9?11 "- 10?11 " 1= 2PE L R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3355 8 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " 1= 2PE L R Fra g BO V II S94-672 3 P5 9 16?2 "- 17?2 " 1= 2PE L R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3434 8 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " ASTR AG R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3442 8 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " ASTR AG L BO V II BP =3 =3407 0 K6 3 ASTR AG L BO V II BP =3 =3407 1 K6 3 ASTR AG R BO V II BP =3 =3407 2 K6 3 ASTR AG L BO V II BP =3 =3407 4 K6 3 ASTR AG R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3416 8 K6 3 ASTR AG Fra g BO V II S94-763 7 M6 2 15?11 "- 16?11 " ASTR AG L BO V II S94-754 4 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " ASTR AG L BO V II S94-755 0 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " ASTR AG R BO V II 204 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3272 8 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " ASTR AG R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3323 7 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " ASTR AG L BO V II S94-954 0 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " ASTR AG L Fra g BO V II S94-657 4 O6 0 12?3 "- 13?3 " ASTR AG R Fra g BO V II S94-680 0 P5 9 18?4 "- 19?4 " ASTR AG L BO V II S94-270 3 Q5 8 18?3 "- 19?3 " ASTR AG R BO V II S94-779 7 Q5 9 14?0 ?? -15?0 " ASTR AG L Fra g BO V II S94-780 8 Q5 9 15?0 "- 16?0 " ASTR AG R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3376 0 K6 3 ATLA S BO V II BP =3 =3382 3 K6 3 ATLA S BO V II S94-760 4 M6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " ATLA S BO V II BP =3 =3446 1 K6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " AXI S Fra g BO V II S94-752 7 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " AXI S Fra g BO V II S94-999 8 M6 4 10?8 "- 11?8 " AXI S Fra g BO V II S94-805 0 N6 3 13?7 "- 14?7 " AXI S Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3265 0 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " CAL C L BO V II BP =3 =3435 1 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " CAL C L BO V II BP =3 =3390 7 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " CAL C R cauda lfra g BO V II BP =3 =3417 6 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " CAL C L cauda lfra g BO V II S94-1499 3 M6 4 11?4 "- 12?4 " CAL C L cauda lfra g BO V II BP =3 =3272 7 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " CAL C L BO V II S94-668 1 P5 8 24?10 "- 25?10 " CAL C L cauda l BO V II BP =3 =1920 8 P6 1 11?11 "- 12?11 " CAL C L hea d BO V II BP =3 =3442 9 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " CAL C L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3300 5 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " CAL C L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3316 1 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " CAL C R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3425 4 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " CAL C L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3404 0 M6 0 10?5 "- 11?5 " CAL C R BO V II BP =3 =3399 4 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " CAL C L Fra g BO V II 205 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3253 0 M6 1 19?8 "- 20?9 " CAL C R Fra g BO V II S94-752 6 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " CAL C L BO V II S94-754 9 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " CAL C L Fra g BO V II S94-758 3 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " CAL C Fra g BO V II S94-1492 3 M6 3 MIXE D CAL C R Fra g BO V II S94-998 6 M6 4 9?8 "- 10?8 " CAL C R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3318 5 N6 0 22?9 "- 23?9 " CAL C R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3254 8 P5 9 14?1 "- 15?1 " CAL C R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3308 0 P6 1 15?10 "- 16?10 " CAL C Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3264 8 L6 2 15?5 "- 16?5 " CAL C L Fra g BO V II S94-1483 2 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " CAR A BO V II BP =3 =3439 6 J6 3 18?10 "- 19?10 " CA UD BO V II BP =3 =3384 1 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " CA UD BO V II BP = 3 = 3355 9 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " CE RV Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3356 0 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " CE RV Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3459 7 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " CE RV Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3271 0 J6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " CE RV BO V II BP =3 =3445 5 J6 3 16?10 "- 17?10 " CE RV BO V II BP =3 =2809 4 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " CE RV Fra g BO V II BP =3 =2809 7 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " CE RV Fra g BO V II S94-1473 7 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " CE RV Fra g BO V II S94-1475 2 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " CE RV Fra g BO V II S94-1475 5 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " CE RV Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3385 0 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " CE RV Fra g BO V II BP =3 =1795 3 L6 3 MIXE D CE RV Fra g BO V II BP =3 =1795 8 L6 3 MIXE D CE RV Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3283 2 N5 9 15?0 "- 16?0 " CE RV ce ntru m BO V II S94-122 7 N6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " CE RV ce ntru m fra g BO V II S94-643 7 O6 3 14?6 "- 15?10 " CE RV Fra g BO V II 206 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n S94-1125 0 P5 9 25?2 "- 26?2 " condyl e fra g BO V II BP =3 =3357 0 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " CRA N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3322 2 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " CRA N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3392 7 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " CRA N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3448 0 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " CRA N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3231 9 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " CRA N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3233 0 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " CRA N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3230 1 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " CRA N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3347 8 O6 0 13?3 "- 14?3 " CRA N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =19204 3 O6 0 8?3 "- 9?3 " CRA N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =19240 5 O6 0 8?3 "- 9?3 " CRA N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =19240 8 O6 0 8?3 "- 9?3 " CRA N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =1913 0 O6 1 11?5 "- 12?5 " CRA N Fra g BO V II BP = 3 = 3329 8 P5 9 14?1 "- 15?1 " CRA N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =1914 0 P6 1 13?1 "- 14?10 " CRA N Fra g BO V II P6 4 10?8 "- 11?8 " OS PE T BO V II BP =3 =3272 3 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " CRAN+HORNCOR E Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3324 8 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " CU N L BO V II BP =3 =3325 1 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " CU N Fra g BO V II S94-679 9 P5 9 18?4 "- 19?4 " CU N L BO V II BP =3 =3388 1 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " DIASTEM A R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3400 3 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " DIASTEM A L Fra g BO V II S94-162 6 M6 2 15?11 "- 16?11 " DIASTEM A R Fra g BO V II S94-162 0 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " DIASTEM A L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3299 9 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " FE M R dist . BO V II S94-752 2 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " FE M L dist . BO V II S94-754 6 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " FE M R dist . BO V II S94-765 6 M6 2 14?11 "- 15?11 " FE M R dist .+ shaf t BO V II BP =3 =3423 1 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " FE M R dist .fra g BO V II 207 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3287 3 N5 9 13?0 "- 14?0 " FE M L dist .fra g BO V II S94-757 9 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " FE M L dist .fra g BO V II BP =3 =3301 8 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " FE M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3364 0 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " FE M dist .shaf t BO V II BP =3 =3322 5 N5 9 22?0 "- 23?0 " FE M R dist .shaf t BO V II S94-1483 4 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " FE M L dist .shaf t BO V II BP =3 =3273 4 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " FE M L dist .shaf t BO V II BP =3 =3268 8 J6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " HU M R dist . BO V II BP =3 =3426 0 K6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " HU M R dist . BO V II BP =3 =3370 6 K6 3 HU M R dist . BO V II BP =3 =1610 2 L6 3 10?6 "- 11?6 " HU M R dist . BO V II S94-1473 3 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " HU M R dist . BO V II BP =3 =1819 5 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " HU M R dist . BO V II BP = 3 = 1819 7 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " HU M L dist . BO V II S94-751 9 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " HU M R dist . BO V II S94-760 0 M6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " HU M R dist . BO V II S94-656 7 O6 0 13?3 "- 14?3 " HU M R dist . BO V II S94-684 7 P5 9 18?2 "- 19?2 " HU M R dist . BO V II BP =3 =3382 6 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " HU M R dist .+shaf t BO V II BP =3 =3439 2 J6 3 18?10 "- 19?10 " HU M dist .condyl efra g BO V II BP =3 =3295 0 M6 0 15?2 "- 16?2 " HU M dist .condyl e BO V II S94-766 5 M6 2 14?11 "- 15?11 " HU M R dist .condyl efra g BO V II S94-1006 8 N6 0 13?9 "- 14?9 " HU M dist .condyl efra g BO V II S94-953 8 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " HU M L dist .condyl efra g BO V II S94-123 6 N6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " HU M L dist .condyl e BO V II BP =3 =1710 1 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " HU M R shaf tfra g BO V II S94-1014 3 N6 4 12?8 "- 13?8 " HU M L dist .fra g BO V II BP =3 =3458 2 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " HU M L dist .+ shaf t BO V II BP =3 =3458 1 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " HU M L dist. + shaf tfra g BO V II 208 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3436 2 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " HU M R dist .+ shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3442 7 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " HU M L dist .+ shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3344 1 M6 1 17?8 "- 18?8 " HU M L dist .lat .condyl e BO V II BP =3 =3243 9 L6 2 18?5 "- 19?5 " MT P dist . BO V II BP =3 =3370 3 K6 3 MT C dist . BO V II BP =3 =3290 0 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " MT C dist . BO V II BP =3 =3290 8 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " MT C dist . BO V II BP =3 =3301 5 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " MT C BO V II S94-1482 1 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " MT C dist . BO V II S94-1482 5 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " MT C dist . BO V II S94-1482 9 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " MT C dist . BO V II S94-755 1 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " MT C dist . BO V II S94-839 3 M6 3 13?9 "- 14?9 " MT C dist . BO V II BP = 3 = 3322 6 N6 0 21?9 "- 22?9 " MT C dist . BO V II S94-804 2 N6 3 13?7 "- 14?7 " MT C dist . BO V II BP =3 =3244 1 L6 2 18?5 "- 19?5 " MT C dist . BO V II BP =3 =3241 9 J6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " MT C dist . BO V II S94-757 1 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " MT C dist.shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3451 3 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " MT C dis t+ shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3264 4 L6 2 15?5 "- 16?5 " MT P dist . BO V II S94-1482 8 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " MT P dis t BO V II BP =3 =3323 8 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " MT P dist . BO V II BP =3 =3324 0 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " MT P dist . BO V II BP =3 =3329 7 P5 9 14?1 "- 15?1 " MT P dist . BO V II S94-672 2 P5 9 16?2 "- 17?2 " MT P dist . BO V II BP =3 =3377 5 K6 3 MT P dist . BO V II BP =3 =3260 2 M6 3 15?9 "- 16?9 " MT P dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3417 2 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " MT P dist . BO V II BP =3 =3388 2 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " MT P dist . BO V II 209 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3398 4 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " MT T R dist . BO V II BP =3 =3289 9 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " MT T dist . BO V II S94-1482 0 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " MT T dist . BO V II S94-755 2 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " MT T dist . BO V II BP =3 =3307 2 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " MT T dist . BO V II S94-687 2 P5 9 15?2 "- 16?2 " MT T dist . BO V II S94-660 9 P5 9 21?2 "- 22?2 " MT T dist . BO V II S94-657 1 O6 0 12?3 "- 13?3 " MT T dist . BO V II BP =3 =3437 7 J6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " RA D R dist . BO V II BP =3 =3441 2 J6 3 13?10 "- 14?10 " RA D L dist . BO V II S94-1483 1 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " RA D R dist . BO V II S94-839 6 M6 3 13?9 "- 14?9 " RA D L dist . BO V II S94-687 3 P5 9 15?2 "- 16?2 " RA D R dist . BO V II S94-838 8 M6 3 13?9 "- 14?9 " RA D R dist . BO V II S94-1004 3 N6 0 12?9 "- 13?9 " RA D R dist . BO V II BP =3 =3413 3 K6 3 RA D R dist . BO V II BP =3 =1819 6 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " RA D R dist .shaf t BO V II BP =3 =3321 8 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " TI B L dist . BO V II BP =3 =3375 3 K6 3 TI B R dist . BO V II BP =3 =3300 1 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " TI B dist . BO V II BP =3 =3288 4 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " TI B L dist . BO V II BP =3 =3301 6 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " TI B L dist . BO V II S94-1498 9 M6 4 11?4 "- 12?4 " TI B L dist . BO V II BP =3 =3308 1 O6 1 18?8 "- 19?1 " TI B R dist . BO V II BP =3 =3284 4 N5 9 18?0 "- 19?0 " TI B L dist . BO V II S94-123 8 N6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " TI B R dist . BO V II BP =3 =3373 4 K6 3 TI B R dist . BO V II BP =3 =3439 3 J6 3 18?10 "- 19?10 " TI B L dist . BO V II BP =3 =3298 0 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " TI B L dist . BO V II 210 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3298 1 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " TI B L dist . BO V II BP =3 =3298 2 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " TI B R dist . BO V II BP =3 =3236 5 J6 3 19?10 "- 20?10 " ULN A dist . BO V II BP =3 =3274 9 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " DISTEM A Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3410 2 K6 3 DP BO V II BP =3 =3419 3 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " DP BO V II BP =3 =3335 6 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " DP Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3462 9 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " DP BO V II BP =3 =3456 4 J6 3 18?10 "- 19?10 " DP 1 BO V II BP =3 =3395 8 L6 2 16?5 "- 17?5 " DP 1 BO V II BP =3 =3465 6 J6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " DP 2 R BO V II BP =3 =3395 9 L6 2 16?5 "- 17?5 " DP 2 BO V II BP =3 =3422 1 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " DP 2 BO V II BP = 3 = 3419 5 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " DP 2 R BO V II BP =3 =3403 2 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " DP 2 R BO V II BP =3 =3462 8 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " DP 3 R BO V II BP =3 =3270 8 J6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " DP 3 Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3239 2 J6 3 20?10 "- 21?10 " DP 3 L BO V II BP =3 =3396 0 L6 2 16?5 "- 17?5 " DP 3 BO V II BP =3 =3422 2 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " DP 3 BO V II BP =3 =3239 3 J6 3 20?10 "- 21?10 " DP 4 L BO V II BP =3 =3240 2 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " DP 4 R BO V II S94-836 5 M6 3 13?9 "- 14?9 " DP 4 BO V II BP =3 =1813 3 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " DP 4 R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3351 6 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " ELB OW JOIN T fra g BO V II BP =3 =3351 7 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " ELB OW JOIN T L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3429 9 K6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " EX T & ME D CU N R BO V II BP =3 =3445 9 K6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " EX T & ME D CU N R BO V II BP =3 =3252 8 M6 1 19?8 "- 20?9 " EXT .CU N R BO V II 211 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3246 7 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3353 9 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3356 4 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3246 6 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3457 9 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3459 2 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3461 7 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " FE M R hea d BO V II BP =3 =3458 0 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3460 5 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3460 6 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3457 1 I63 15?10 "- 16?10 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3439 7 J6 2 14?10 "- 15?10 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3432 0 J6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP = 3 = 3333 0 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3333 2 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " FE M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3269 7 J6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " FE M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3464 2 J6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " FE M R hea d BO V II BP =3 =3442 4 J6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " FE M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3428 1 J6 3 14?10 "- 15?10 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3436 1 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3433 2 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3445 1 J6 3 17?10 "- 18?10 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3239 0 J6 3 20?10 "- 21?10 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3391 0 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3390 9 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3391 8 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " FE M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3453 2 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " FE M dist .condyl efra g BO V II BP =3 =3452 7 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3426 7 K6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II 212 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3446 0 K6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3359 8 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3230 8 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3230 9 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3372 0 K6 3 FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3377 2 K6 3 FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3413 9 K6 3 FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3371 2 K6 3 FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3371 3 K6 3 FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3371 4 K6 3 FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3374 3 K6 3 FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3377 3 K6 3 FE M shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3413 6 K6 3 FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP = 3 = 3413 7 K6 3 FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3414 4 K6 3 FE M shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3370 5 K6 3 FE M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3374 1 K6 3 FE M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3374 2 K6 3 FE M L pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3353 5 L6 1 13?5 "- 14?5 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3353 6 L6 1 13?5 "- 14?5 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3358 7 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3358 8 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3351 5 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3351 4 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3352 1 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3339 2 L6 2 15?5 "- 16?5 " FE M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3342 7 L6 2 17?5 "- 18?5 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3367 0 L6 3 10?6 "- 11?6 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3415 2 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II 213 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3368 7 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3369 9 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V II S94-1496 7 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3368 4 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " FE M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =1801 9 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3424 5 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3383 3 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " FE M L hea d fra g BO V II BP =3 =3382 7 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =1673 6 L6 3 7?6 "- 8?6 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II S94-1487 6 L6 3 MIXE D FE M shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3367 6 L6 3 MIXE D FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3405 1 M6 0 10?5 "- 11?5 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3405 5 M6 0 10?5 "- 11?5 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V II BP = 3 = 3406 0 M6 0 12?5 "- 13?5 " FE M L dista lcondyl e BO V II BP =3 =3406 5 M6 0 12?5 "- 13?5 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3405 9 M6 0 12?5 "- 13?5 " FE M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3330 6 M6 0 18?2 "- 19?2 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3398 2 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II S94-769 0 M6 1 12?8 "- 13?8 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II S94-768 8 M6 1 12?8 "- 13?8 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3293 5 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3294 0 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3301 4 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3302 0 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3302 2 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3305 8 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II S94-1483 6 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3255 1 M6 1 18?8 "- 19?8 " FE M L dista lepiph . BO V II BP =3 =3252 5 M6 1 19?8 "- 20?9 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II 214 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3254 2 M6 1 19?8 "- 20?9 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II S94-774 7 M6 2 12?11 "- 13?11 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II S94-764 9 M6 2 15?11 "- 16?11 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II S94-765 3 M6 2 15?11 "- 16?11 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II S94-765 5 M6 2 15?11 "- 16?11 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II S94-764 7 M6 2 15?11 "- 16?11 " FE M pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3363 8 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3363 4 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3363 5 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =1820 0 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II S94-752 0 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II S94-756 5 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II S94-757 4 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II S94-758 6 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II S94-758 8 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V II S94-759 2 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3262 0 M6 3 13?9 "- 14?9 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II S94-840 4 M6 3 13?9 "- 14?9 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3257 5 M6 3 14?9 "- 15?9 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3250 5 M6 3 15?9 "- 16?9 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3250 6 M6 3 15?9 "- 16?9 " FE M L hea d BO V II BP =3 =3251 3 M6 3 15?9 "- 16?9 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V II S94-770 5 M6 4 8?8 "- 9?8 " FE M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3285 1 N5 9 18?0 "- 19?0 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3348 0 N5 9 22?0 "- 23?0 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II S94-1006 3 N6 0 13?9 "- 14?9 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II S94-953 1 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II S94-954 7 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V II 215 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n S94-953 9 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " FE M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II S94-124 4 N6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " FE M L hea d BO V II S94-124 5 N6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =1680 3 O6 3 22?6 "- 23?6 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3262 6 O5 9 12?6 "- 13?6 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II S94-657 5 O6 0 12?3 "- 13?3 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3347 5 O6 0 13?3 "- 14?3 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II S94-659 3 O6 0 14?3 "- 15?3 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II S94-659 4 O6 0 14?3 "- 15?3 " FE M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =1685 7 O6 0 17?0 "- 18?0 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II S94-646 7 O6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II S94-648 8 O6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V II BP = 3 = 1676 4 O6 1 17?8 "- 18?8 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =1676 5 O6 1 17?8 "- 18?8 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II S94-659 9 O6 2 14?9 "- 15?9 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3310 1 O6 2 14?9 "- 15?9 " FE M L pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II S94-646 1 O6 3 10?0 "- 11?0 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II S94-646 3 O6 3 10?0 "- 11?0 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II S94-644 2 O6 3 13?0 "- 14?0 " FE M L pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3250 1 O6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3250 2 O6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V II S94-672 1 P5 8 25?10 "- 26?10 " FE M R hea d BO V II S94-683 9 P5 8 27?10 "- 28?10 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II S94-684 0 P5 8 27?10 "- 28?10 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II S94-203 5 P6 0 14?4 "- 15?4 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II S94-682 5 P6 0 16?6 "- 17?6 " FE M dist .condyl efra g BO V II S94-661 8 P6 0 17?6 "- 18?6 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II 216 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =1916 1 P6 1 8?6 "- 9?6 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =1916 4 P6 1 8?6 "- 9?6 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =1927 5 Q5 8 13?6 "- 14?6 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =1915 3 Q5 8 14?6 "- 15?3 " FE M R shaf tfra g BO V II S94-726 0 Q5 8 19?3 "- 20?3 " FE M L dist . BO V II S94-725 6 Q5 8 19?3 "- 20?3 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V II S94-1306 5 Q5 8 23?3 ?? -24?3 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V II S94-954 6 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " FE M hea d fra g BO V II BP =3 =3432 4 J6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " FE M R shaf t BO V II BP =3 =3415 9 K6 3 FE M R shaf t BO V II BP =3 =3405 4 M6 0 10?5 "- 11?5 " FR ON T R Fra g BO V II S94-667 5 P5 9 17?2 "- 18?2 " FE M L fra g BO V II BP =3 =3244 4 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " HOR N Fra g BO V II BP = 3 = 3331 5 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " HOR N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3436 8 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " HOR N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3406 9 K6 3 HOR N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3344 4 M6 1 17?8 "- 18?8 " HOR N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3363 9 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " HOR N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3286 3 N5 9 16?0 "- 17?0 " HOR N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3283 3 N5 9 18?0 "- 19?0 " HOR N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3347 9 N5 9 22?0 "- 23?0 " HOR N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3287 7 N6 0 17?9 "- 18?9 " HOR N Fra g BO V II S94-119 4 N6 3 13?10 "- 14?10 " HOR N Fra g BO V II S94-169 8 N6 1 11?10 "- 12?10 " HOR N Fra g BO V II S94-172 4 N6 1 12?10 "- 13?10 " HOR N Fra g BO V II S94-645 1 O6 3 12?6 "- 13?10 " HOR N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3340 3 P5 8 13?10 "- 14?10 " HOR N Fra g BO V II S94-1124 1 P5 9 16?2 "- 17?2 " HOR N Fra g BO V II S94-679 6 P5 9 18?4 "- 19?4 " HOR N Fra g BO V II 217 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n S94-1124 8 P5 9 25?2 "- 26?2 " HOR N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3306 9 P6 1 16?10 "- 17?10 " HOR N Fra g BO V II S94-1009 5 P6 4 10?8 "- 11?8 " HOR N Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3245 8 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " HU M L dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3354 8 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3355 7 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3439 8 J6 2 14?10 "- 15?10 " HU M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3320 7 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3320 8 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3242 9 J6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " HU M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3433 1 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " HU M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3388 0 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " HU M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3452 6 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " HU M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP = 3 = 3233 1 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " HU M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3231 6 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " HU M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3371 7 K6 3 HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3373 7 K6 3 HU M L dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3413 5 K6 3 HU M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3372 3 K6 3 HU M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3349 4 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3351 2 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " HU M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3263 9 L6 2 15?5 "- 16?5 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =1893 6 L6 3 10?6 "- 11?6 " HU M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =1714 3 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3369 0 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II S94-1502 0 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " HU M L dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3403 9 M6 0 10?5 "- 11?5 " HU M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3310 4 M6 0 14?2 "- 15?2 " HU M shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3259 6 M6 0 17?2 "- 18?2 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II 218 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3289 7 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3292 8 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " HU M L dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3289 8 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " HU M R shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3293 6 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " HU M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3255 2 M6 1 18?8 "- 19?8 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3347 3 M6 1 19?8"-20?8 " HU M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II S94-768 1 M6 2 13?11 "- 14?11 " HU M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3364 1 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3364 2 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3364 3 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " HU M L dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3364 4 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " HU M dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3366 2 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " HU M L dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3366 6 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " HU M L dist .shaf tfra g BO V II S94-774 1 M6 2 9?11 "- 10?11 " HU M L dist .shaf tfra g BO V II S94-839 4 M6 3 13?9 "- 14?9 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3260 3 M6 3 13?9 "- 14?9 " HU M L pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II S94-839 5 M6 3 13?9 "- 14?9 " HU M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3251 8 M6 3 15?9 "- 16?9 " HU M shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3361 5 M6 4 11?4 "- 12?4 " HU M L dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3362 6 M6 4 11?4 "- 12?4 " HU M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3361 7 M6 4 11?4 "- 12?4 " HU M L pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3362 5 M6 4 11?4 "- 12?4 " HU M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3362 9 M6 4 11?4 "- 12?4 " HU M L pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3279 6 N5 9 19?0 "- 20?0 " HU M L dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3279 4 N5 9 20?0 "- 21?0 " HU M L dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3273 6 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " HU M R pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II S94-1006 1 N6 0 13?9 "- 14?9 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3287 5 N6 0 17?9 "- 18?9 " HU M L shaf tfra g BO V II S94-123 1 N6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II 219 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n S94-804 9 N6 3 13?7 "- 14?7 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II S94-1014 5 N6 4 12?8 "- 13?8 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =1686 2 O6 0 17?0 "- 18?0 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =1689 5 O6 0 20?0 "- 21?0 " HU M L dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =1689 6 O6 0 20?0 "- 21?0 " HU M L pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =1679 7 O6 0 22?0 "- 23?0 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II S94-646 6 O6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " HU M L shaf tfra g BO V II S94-658 1 O6 2 15?9 "- 16?9 " HU M L dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3249 7 O6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " HU M L dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3338 5 O6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II S94-686 1 P5 8 23?10 "- 24?10 " HU M dist .shaf tfra g BO V II S94-672 0 P5 8 25?10 "- 26?10 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3467 0 P6 0 15?4 "- 16?4 " HU M L pr ox .shaf tfra g BO V II S94-6634 B P6 1 15?10 "- 16?10 " HU M L dist .shaf tfra g BO V II S94-1340 4 Q5 8 15?3 "- 16?3 " HU M R dist .F ra g BO V II S94-780 5 Q5 9 15?0 "- 16?0 " HU M L shaf tfra g BO V II BP =3 =3263 8 L6 2 15?5 "- 16?5 " HU M R BO V II S94-766 6 M6 2 14?11 "- 15?11 " HU M L hea d BO V II BP =3 =3274 8 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " HU M hea d BO V II S94-1004 5 N6 0 12?9 "- 13?9 " HU M L hea d BO V II S94-648 9 O6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " HU M hea d fra g BO V II S94-1010 8 P6 4 10?8 "- 11?8 " HU M R hea d BO V II BP =3 =3308 3 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " HU M L shaf t BO V II BP =3 =3267 0 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " HY O Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3464 6 J6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " HY O Fra g BO V II S94-172 5 M6 3 10?10 "- 11?10 " I L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3323 5 N6 0 21?9 "- 22?9 " I whol e BO V II S94-804 7 N6 3 13?7 "- 14?7 " I R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3456 9 I63 15?10 "- 16?10 " I1 L Fra g BO V II 220 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3267 9 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " I1 R BO V II BP =3 =3268 0 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " I1 R BO V II BP =3 =3465 3 J6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " I1 L BO V II BP =3 =3448 2 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " I1 R BO V II BP =3 =1813 1 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " I1 R BO V II BP =3 =1821 7 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " I1 R BO V II S94-169 0 N6 2 10?10 "- 11?10 " I1 L BO V II BP =3 =3462 7 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " I2 R BO V II BP =3 =3440 8 J6 3 13?10 "- 14?10 " I2 L BO V II BP =3 =3449 9 J6 3 16?10 "- 17?10 " I2 R BO V II BP =3 =3453 9 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " I2 L BO V II BP =3 =3454 0 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " I2 R BO V II BP =3 =3234 9 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " I2 L BO V II BP = 3 = 3418 5 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " I2 L BO V II BP =3 =1813 5 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " I2 L BO V II S94-661 4 P6 1 16?10 "- 17?10 " I2 R BO V II BP =3 =3462 6 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " I3 R BO V II BP =3 =3439 1 J6 2 14?10 "- 15?10 " I3 R BO V II BP =3 =3440 7 J6 3 13?10 "- 14?10 " I3 L BO V II BP =3 =3409 2 K6 3 I3 R whol e BO V II BP =3 =1791 5 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " I3 L BO V II S94-837 6 M6 3 13?9 "- 14?9 " I3 L BO V II BP =3 =3270 1 J6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " IL I R ne ck BO V II BP =3 =3270 3 J6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " IL I L ne ck BO V II BP =3 =3464 3 J6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " IL I L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3310 3 M6 0 14?2 "- 15?2 " IL I blad efra g BO V II BP =3 =3293 3 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " IL I L Fra g BO V II S94-1483 8 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " IL I R ne ck fra g BO V II S94-773 1 M6 2 10?11 "- 11?11 " IL I Fra g BO V II 221 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n S94-773 0 M6 2 10?11 "- 11?11 " IL I L ne ck BO V II BP =3 =1812 2 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " IL I L ne ck fra g BO V II S94-771 2 M6 4 8?8 "- 9?8 " IL I L blad efra g BO V II S94-997 1 M6 4 9?8 "- 10?8 " IL I L ne ck BO V II BP =3 =3287 2 N5 9 13?0 "- 14?0 " IL I L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3282 9 N5 9 15?0 "- 16?0 " IL I R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3282 0 N5 9 15?0 "- 16?0 " IL I R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3282 3 N5 9 15?0 "- 16?0 " IL I R blad efra g BO V II BP =3 =3281 8 N5 9 15?0 "- 16?0 " IL I R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3282 2 N5 9 15?0 "- 16?0 " IL I R ne ck fra g BO V II BP =3 =3286 4 N5 9 16?0 "- 17?0 " IL I R blad efra g BO V II SWP-267 2 N6 0 11?9 "- 12?9 " IL I L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3283 0 N6 1 18?11 "- 19?11 " IL I R Fra g BO V II BP = 3 = 3262 7 O5 9 12?6 "- 13?6 " IL I L ne ck BO V II S94-658 8 O6 0 14?3 "- 15?3 " IL I L ne ck BO V II S94-648 7 O6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " IL I ne ck BO V II BP =3 =1680 4 O6 1 18?8 "- 19?1 " IL I R blad efra g BO V II BP =3 =3306 8 P6 1 16?10 "- 17?10 " IL I Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3306 6 P6 1 17?10 "- 18?5 " IL I L ne ck fra g BO V II BP =3 =3458 7 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " ISC H L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3459 9 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " ISC H R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3436 6 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " ISC H L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3388 4 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " ISC H R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3427 0 K6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " ISC H R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3422 7 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " ISC H R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3425 2 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " ISC H R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3366 4 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " ISC H R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =1812 6 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " ISC H R Fra g BO V II S94-758 1 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " ISC H R Fra g BO V II 222 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3282 1 N5 9 15?0 "- 16?0 " ISC H L Fra g BO V II S94-120 0 N6 3 13?10 "- 14?10 " ISC H L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3307 0 P6 1 16?10 "- 17?10 " ISC H L Fra g BO V II S94-670 7 P6 1 17?10 "- 18?5 " ISC H R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3454 9 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " LA T ME L L BO V II BP =3 =3400 9 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " LA T ME L R BO V II S94-1479 9 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " LA T ME L R BO V II BP =3 =3280 0 N5 9 19?0 "- 20?0 " LA T ME L R BO V II BP =3 =3273 3 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " LA T ME L L BO V II S94-644 1 O6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " LA T ME L R BO V II BP =3 =3461 6 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " LUM B ce ntru m fra g BO V II BP =3 =3457 3 I63 15?10 "- 16?10 " LUM B ce ntru m BO V II BP =3 =3243 3 J6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " LUM B neura lar ch + spin e BO V II BP =3 =3434 1 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " LUM B ce ntru m fra g BO V II BP =3 =3454 5 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " LUM B BO V II BP =3 =3305 7 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " LUM B Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3395 6 L6 2 16?5 "- 17?5 " LUM B ce ntru m fra g BO V II BP =3 =3341 6 L6 2 17?5 "- 18?5 " LUM B Fra g BO V II BP =3 =2809 5 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " LUM B ce ntru m fra g BO V II S94-1476 1 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " LUM B ce ntru m fra g BO V II S94-1475 3 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " LUM B neura lar ch + spin e BO V II BP =3 =3393 9 L6 3 LUM B ce ntru m fra g BO V II BP =3 =3405 2 M6 0 10?5 "- 11?5 " LUM B ce ntru m fra g BO V II BP =3 =3398 1 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " LUM B ce ntru m fra g BO V II S94-1499 0 M6 4 11?4 "- 12?4 " LUM B ce ntru m BO V II BP =3 =3274 0 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " LUM B BO V II S94-645 2 O6 3 16?10 "- 17?10 " LUM B ce ntru m fra g BO V II BP =3 =3388 7 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " LU N L BO V II 223 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3284 1 N5 9 18?0 "- 19?0 " LU N L BO V II BP =3 =3324 6 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " LU N L BO V II S94-953 0 N6 0 21?9 "- 22?9 " LU N L BO V II BP =3 =3463 8 H6 3 22?10 "- 23?10 " M 1 R BO V II BP =3 =3457 4 I63 15?10 "- 16?10 " M 1 L BO V II BP =3 =3465 2 J6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " M 1 L BO V II BP =3 =1893 4 L6 3 10?6 "- 11?6 " M 1 R BO V II BP =3 =1721 7 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " M 1 L BO V II BP =3 =1731 5 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " M 1 R BO V II BP =3 =1722 1 L6 3 13?6 "- 14?6 " M 1 L BO V II BP =3 =3419 6 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " M 1 L BO V II BP =3 =3420 8 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " M 1 Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3421 2 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " M 1 L BO V II BP = 3 = 3420 6 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " M 1 R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3420 7 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " M 1 R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3399 9 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " M 1 BO V II S94-804 5 N6 3 13?7 "- 14?7 " M 1 BO V II S94-686 5 P5 9 15?2 "- 16?2 " M 1 Fra g BO V II S94-661 2 P6 1 16?10 "- 17?10 " M 1 L BO V II BP =3 =3422 5 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " M1+M 2 Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3457 5 I63 15?10 "- 16?10 " M 2 L BO V II BP =3 =3438 7 J6 2 14?10 "- 15?10 " M 2 R BO V II BP =3 =3446 7 J6 3 17?10 "- 18?10 " M 2 L BO V II BP =3 =3456 3 J6 3 18?10 "- 19?10 " M 2 R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3456 8 J6 3 18?10 "- 19?10 " M 2 R BO V II BP =3 =3456 2 J6 3 18?10 "- 19?10 " M 2 L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3448 5 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " M 2 L BO V II BP =3 =3448 7 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " M 2 BO V II BP =3 =3430 9 K6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " M 2 R BO V II 224 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3431 0 K6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " M 2 R BO V II BP =3 =3378 6 K6 3 M 2 L BO V II BP =3 =3409 8 K6 3 M 2 R BO V II BP =3 =3461 6 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " LUM B ce ntru m fra g BO V II BP =3 =3457 3 I63 15?10 "- 16?10 " LUM B ce ntru m BO V II BP =3 =3243 3 J6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " LUM B neura lar ch + spin e BO V II BP =3 =3434 1 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " LUM B ce ntru m fra g BO V II BP =3 =3454 5 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " LUM B BO V II BP =3 =3305 7 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " LUM B Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3395 6 L6 2 16?5 "- 17?5 " LUM B ce ntru m fra g BO V II BP =3 =3341 6 L6 2 17?5 "- 18?5 " LUM B Fra g BO V II BP =3 =2809 5 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " LUM B ce ntru m fra g BO V II S94-1476 1 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " LUM B ce ntru m fra g BO V II S94-1475 3 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " LUM B neura lar ch + spin e BO V II BP =3 =3393 9 L6 3 LUM B ce ntru m fra g BO V II BP =3 =3405 2 M6 0 10?5 "- 11?5 " LUM B ce ntru m fra g BO V II BP =3 =3398 1 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " LUM B ce ntru m fra g BO V II S94-1499 0 M6 4 11?4 "- 12?4 " LUM B ce ntru m BO V II BP =3 =3274 0 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " LUM B BO V II S94-645 2 O6 3 16?10 "- 17?10 " LUM B ce ntru m fra g BO V II BP =3 =3411 0 K6 3 M 2 R BO V II BP =3 =3395 0 L6 2 16?5 "- 17?5 " M 2 L BO V II S94-1470 5 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " M 2 R BO V II BP =3 =3419 4 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " M 2 R BO V II BP =3 =3421 4 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " M 2 R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3399 8 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " M 2 L BO V II BP =3 =1813 9 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " M2 R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3322 7 N6 0 21?9 "- 22?9 " M 2 R BO V II S94-683 4 P6 0 16?6 "- 17?6 " M 2 Fra g BO V II 225 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n S94-670 8 P6 1 17?10 "- 18?5 " M 2 R BO V II S94-804 4 N6 3 13?7 "- 14?7 " M 2 BO V II BP =3 =3463 0 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " M 3 L BO V II BP =3 =3268 1 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " M 3 L BO V II BP =3 =3265 7 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " M 3 L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3392 3 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " M 3 L BO V II BP =3 =3448 6 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " M 3 R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3454 3 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " M 3 R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3409 9 K6 3 M 3 L BO V II BP =3 =3410 6 K6 3 M 3 L BO V II BP =3 =3386 0 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " M 3 L BO V II BP =3 =3404 4 M6 0 10?5 "- 11?5 " M 3 R BO V II BP =3 =3340 9 N6 0 22?9 "- 23?9 " M 3 BO V II BP = 3 = 1919 9 P6 0 10?5 "- 11?5 " M 3 R Fra g BO V II S94-661 1 P6 1 16?10 "- 17?10 " M 3 L BO V II BP =3 =3351 1 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " M AG L BO V II BP =3 =3406 2 M6 0 12?5 "- 13?5 " M AG L Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3402 4 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " M AG R Fra g BO V II BP =3 =3324 7 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " M AG R BO V II S94-119 6 N6 3 13?10 "- 14?10 " M AG R BO V II BP =3 =3233 8 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " 1= 2MAX+M2- 3 R Fra g Re dun ca fulvorufo ra BP =3 =3446 6 J6 3 17?10 "- 18?10 " LO WE R DP 4 R whol e RA edun ca arundinu m BP =3 =3396 1 L6 2 16?5 "- 17?5 " LO WE R M 2 R whol e R. arundinu m BP =3 =3435 7 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " LO WE R P4 R whol e R. arundinu m BP =3 =3410 4 K6 3 LO WE R P4 L whol e R. arundinu m BP =3 =3385 4 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " LO WE R P4 L whol e R. arundinu m BP =3 =3454 1 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " UPPE R DP whol e R. arundinu m BP =3 =3431 4 K6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " UPPE R DP whol e R. arundinu m BP =3 =3465 5 J6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " UPPE R DP 1 R whol e R. arundinu m 226 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3465 0 J6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " UPPE R M 1 R whol e Kobu se llipsyprimnu s BP =3 =3435 9 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " UPPE R M 1 L whol e K. ellipsyprimnu s BP =3 =3410 5 K6 3 UPPE R M 1 L whol e R. arundinu m BP =3 =3419 8 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " UPPE R M 1 L whol e R. arundinu m BP =3 =3464 7 J6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " P1 L Hip pot ragu se quinu s BP =3 =3397 6 L6 2 16?5 "- 17?5 " PHA L pr ox .fra g Damaliscu sdo rca s BP =3 =3229 1 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " I1 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3409 3 K6 3 I1 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3326 3 L6 2 17?5 "- 18?5 " I1 L D. do rca s BP =3 =3247 1 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " I2 L D. do rca s BP =3 =3418 4 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " I2 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3438 6 J6 2 14?10 "- 15?10 " M 1 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3242 3 J6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " M 1 D. do rca s BP = 3 = 3450 0 J6 3 16?10 "- 17?10 " M 1 L D. do rca s BP =3 =3449 4 K6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " M 1 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3449 5 K6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " M 1 L D. do rca s BP =3 =3235 7 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " M 1 L D. do rca s BP =3 =3239 9 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " M 1 L D. do rca s BP =3 =3403 1 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " M 1 Fra g D. do rca s BP =3 =3463 9 H6 3 22?10 "- 23?10 " M 2 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3237 7 I62 19?10 "- 20?20 " M 2 L D. do rca s BP =3 =3267 8 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " M 2 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3236 6 J6 3 19?10 "- 20?10 " M 2 L D. do rca s BP =3 =3393 2 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " M 2 L D. do rca s BP =3 =3393 4 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " M 2 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3315 4 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " M 2 L D. do rca s BP =3 =3419 7 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " M 2 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3306 4 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " M 2 R D. do rca s BP =3 =1820 4 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " M 2 L D. do rca s 227 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3275 0 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " M 2 L D. do rca s BP =3 =3322 9 N6 0 21?9 "- 22?9 " M 2 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3322 8 N6 0 21?9 "- 22?9 " M 2 R D. do rca s S94-663 8 P6 1 15?10 "- 16?10 " M 2 L D. do rca s BP =3 =3237 2 I62 19?10 "- 20?20 " M 3 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3265 9 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " M 3 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3448 8 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " M 3 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3233 3 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " M 3 L D. do rca s BP =3 =3410 8 K6 3 M 3 R Fra g D. do rca s BP =3 =3415 4 K6 3 M 3 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3315 3 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " M 3 L D. do rca s BP =3 =3315 2 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " M 3 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3275 7 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " M 3 R D. do rca s S94-663 7 P6 1 15?10 "- 16?10 " M 3 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3304 6 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " 1= 2MAN D +P4-M 3 R Fra g D. do rca s BP =3 =3228 9 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " 1= 2MA X +DP 4 L Fra g D. do rca s BP =3 =3240 4 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " MT T R pr ox .shaf tfra g D. do rca s BP =3 =3393 6 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " P2 L D. do rca s BP =3 =3429 4 J6 3 14?10 "- 15?10 " P3 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3448 4 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " P3 L D. do rca s BP =3 =3420 2 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " P3 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3438 8 J6 2 14?10 "- 15?10 " P4 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3464 4 J6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " P4 L D. do rca s BP =3 =3235 6 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " P4 L D. do rca s BP =3 =3420 3 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " P4 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3385 5 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " P4 L D. do rca s BP =3 =3275 2 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " P4 R D. do rca s BP =3 =3436 9 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " 1= 2MA X +M1- 2 R Fra g Damaliscu slunatu s BP =3 =3239 4 J6 3 20?10 "- 21?10 " DP 3 L Conn ochaete ssp . 228 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3243 0 J6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " I R Conn ochaete ssp . BP =3 =3325 5 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " M 1 R Conn ochaete ssp . S94-1499 2 M6 4 11?4 "- 12?4 " MOLA R Conn ochaete ssp . BP =3 =3325 7 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " P4 L Conn ochaete ssp . BP =3 =3241 2 J6 3 19?10 "- 20?10 " TOOT H Fra g Conn ochaete ssp . BP =3 =3410 7 K6 3 M 1 L whol e K. lech e BP =3 =3406 7 M6 0 12?5 "- 13?5 " M 1 R whol e K. lech e BP =3 =3429 5 J6 3 14?10 "- 15?10 " M 2 R whol e K. lech e BP =3 =3376 4 K6 3 ATLA S whol e BO V III BP =3 =3243 7 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " BON E Fra g BO V III BP =3 =3311 9 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " BON E fra g BO V III S94-1495 6 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " BON E fra g BO V III BP =3 =1713 7 L6 3 BON E fra g BO V III BP = 3 = 3274 6 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " BON E fra g BO V III BP =3 =3274 7 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " BON E fra g BO V III S94-203 6 P6 0 14?4 "- 15?4 " BON E fra g BO V III BP =3 =3313 9 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " CAL C R Fra g BO V III BP =3 =3314 0 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " CAL C R fra g BO V III BP =3 =3398 7 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " CAL C R cauda lfra g BO V III BP =3 =3382 5 K6 3 CE RV fra g BO V III BP =3 =3304 1 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " CE RV ce ntru m ra g BO V III BP =3 =3459 5 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " CE RV fra g BO V III BP =3 =3387 6 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " CE RV fra g BO V III S94-1475 1 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " CE RV fra g BO V III S94-1475 4 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " CE RV fra g BO V III S94-1476 2 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " CE RV fra g BO V III BP =3 =3393 8 L6 3 CE RV fra g BO V III S94-645 5 O6 3 16?10 "- 17?10 " CE RV fra g BO V III BP =3 =3376 5 K6 3 CE RV trans vers epr oces sfra g BO V III 229 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n S94-1490 2 M6 3 MIXE D MT T shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =3311 5 N6 0 13?9 "- 14?9 " CRA N fra g BO V III BP =3 =3328 7 M6 3 15?9 "- 16?9 " CU N L fra g BO V III BP =3 =1910 4 O6 1 10?0 "- 11?5 " CAL C R dist .fra g BO V III BP =3 =3228 2 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " FE M dist .condyl efra g BO V III BP =3 =3234 4 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " FE M R dist .fra g BO V III BP =3 =3237 1 I62 19?10 "- 20?20 " FE M L dist .shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =3445 7 J6 3 16?10 "- 17?10 " FE M L dist .shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =3372 4 K6 3 FE M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =3366 0 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " FE M L dist .shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =3299 3 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " HU M R dist . BO V III BP =3 =3389 4 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " HU M L dist .condyl e BO V III BP =3 =3373 0 K6 3 HU M dist .condyl efra g BO V III BP = 3 = 3416 1 K6 3 HU M L dist .condyl efra g BO V III S94-767 2 M6 2 14?11 "- 15?11 " HU M R dist .condyl efra g BO V III S94-1491 1 L-M6 3 MIXE D HU M L dist .+ shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =3268 5 J6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " HU M R dist .shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =3377 4 K6 3 HU M dist .shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =3412 2 K6 3 HU M R dist .+ shaf t BO V III BP =3 =3289 4 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " MT C dist . BO V III S94-754 1 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " MT P dist . BO V III BP =3 =3416 2 K6 3 MT P dist .fra g BO V III BP =3 =3416 7 K6 3 MT P dist .condyl efra g BO V III S94-1001 8 M6 4 11?8 "- 12?8 " MT P dist .condyl efra g BO V III BP =3 =3318 2 N6 0 22?9 "- 23?9 " MT P dist .condyl efra g BO V III BP =3 =3318 3 N6 0 22?9 "- 23?9 " MT P dist .condyl efra g BO V III BP =3 =3314 5 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " MT T dist . BO V III S94-1482 7 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " MT T dist . BO V III BP =3 =3252 6 M6 1 19?8 "- 20?9 " MT T dist . BO V III 230 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n S94-645 0 O6 3 12?6 "- 13?10 " MT T dist . BO V III S94-169 2 N6 1 10?10 "- 11?10 " PHA L I dist .fra g BO V III S94-768 0 M6 2 13?11 "- 14?11 " RA D R dist . BO V III BP =3 =3455 4 K6 2 18?10 "- 19?10 " RA D L dist .shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =3314 8 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " RAD-ULN A L dist.fra g BO V III BP =3 =3412 1 K6 3 RAD-ULN A L dist .shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =3314 4 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " TI B L dist . BO V III BP =3 =3289 3 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " TI B dist . BO V III BP =3 =1892 4 L6 3 10?6 "- 11?6 " TI B R dist .+ shaf t BO V III BP =3 =3422 4 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " TI B L dist .fra g BO V III BP =3 =1668 1 L-M6 3 MIXE D TI B R dist .shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =3314 2 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " TI B R dist .+CALC+AST R BO V III BP =3 =3318 6 N6 0 22?9 "- 23?9 " DP whol e BO V III BP = 3 = 3245 7 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " DP 4 R whol e BO V III BP =3 =3247 0 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " DP 4 L whol e BO V III BP =3 =3244 9 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " ENAME L Fra g BO V III BP =3 =3394 4 L6 2 16?5 "- 17?5 " FE M hea d BO V III BP =3 =3433 4 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =3365 8 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " FE M L shaf tfra g BO V III S94-756 9 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V III S94-757 3 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " FE M shaf tfra g BO V III S94-670 5 P6 1 17?10 "- 18?5 " HOR N cor eF ra g BO V III BP =3 =1950 7 P5 9 19?4 "- 20?2 " HOR N cor efra g BO V III BP =3 =3322 3 N5 9 22?0 "- 23?0 " HOR N cor efra g BO V III BP =3 =3431 6 J6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " HOR N cor efra g BO V III BP =3 =3381 8 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " HOR N R cor efra g BO V III BP =3 =3381 9 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " HOR N L cor efra g BO V III BP =3 =3382 0 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " HOR N cor efra g BO V III S94-1499 4 M6 4 11?4 "- 12?4 " HOR N cor efra g BO V III 231 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n S94-727 7 O6 3 15?9 "- 16?9 " HU M L whol e BO V III S94-6636 B P6 1 15?10 "- 16?10 " HU M L dist .E pyph . BO V III BP =3 =3303 9 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " HU M L hea d BO V III BP =3 =1910 8 O6 1 10?0 "- 11? 7 HU M R hea d fra g BO V III BP =3 =3356 2 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " HU M R shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =3458 8 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " HU M R shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =3268 7 J6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " HU M R shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =3433 5 J6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " HU M L shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =3235 8 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " I whol e BO V III BP =3 =3391 4 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " I fra g BO V III BP =3 =3318 7 N6 0 22?9 "- 23?9 " I1 L whol e BO V III BP =3 =1910 9 O6 1 10?0 "- 11? 8 IL I R fra g BO V III BP =3 =3433 0 J6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " 1= 2PE L R fra g BO V III BP = 3 = 1924 2 Q6 1 10?5 "- 11?9 " ISC H R fra g BO V III BP =3 =3459 6 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " ISC H L fra g BO V III BP =3 =3459 8 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " ISC H L fra g BO V III BP =3 =3372 8 K6 3 ISC H L fra g BO V III BP =3 =3372 9 K6 3 ISC H fra g BO V III BP =3 =3333 7 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " LBS F BO V III BP =3 =3409 5 K6 3 DP 2 R whol e BO V III BP =3 =3385 7 L6 3 16?6 "- 17?6 " DP 2 R whol e BO V III BP =3 =3419 9 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " DP 3 whol e BO V III BP =3 =3449 8 J6 3 16?10 "- 17?10 " I 1 L whol e BO V III BP =3 =3275 4 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " I 1 R whol e BO V III BP =3 =3276 7 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " I 1 R whol e BO V III BP =3 =3270 4 J6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " M 3 R whol e BO V III BP =3 =3419 0 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " M 3 R whol e BO V III BP =3 =3376 2 K6 3 LUM B fra g BO V III BP =3 =3444 8 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " LUM B neura lar ch/spin e Fra gB OV III 232 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3242 8 J6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " LUM B whol e BO V III BP =3 =3317 9 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " LU N R whol e BO V III BP =3 =3317 8 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " M AG N R whol e BO V III BP =3 =3457 2 I63 15?10 "- 16?10 " 1= 2MAN D L fra g BO V III BP =3 =3360 1 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " 1= 2MAN D F+M S R fra g BO V III BP =3 =3339 8 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " 1= 2MAN D R fra g BO V III BP =3 =3378 4 K6 3 1= 2MA X F+M S R fra g BO V III BP =3 =3267 1 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " 1= 2MA X L fra g BO V III BP =3 =3360 2 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " 1= 2MA X +M2+ 3 R fra g BO V III BP =3 =1814 0 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " MOLA R fra g BO V III BP =3 =3275 5 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " MOLA R fra g BO V III BP =3 =3275 6 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " MOLA R fra g BO V III BP =3 =3318 9 N6 0 22?9 "- 23?9 " MOLA R fra g BO V III BP = 3 = 3238 6 J6 3 20?10 "- 21?10 " MT C fra g BO V III S94-1005 7 N6 0 13?9 "- 14?9 " MT C shaf tfra g BO V III S94-1125 5 P6 1 17?10 "- 18?5 " MT P dist .Condyl e BO V III S94-202 3 P6 1 14?10 "- 15?10 " MT P shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =3441 0 J6 3 13?10 "- 14?10 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =3238 7 J6 3 20?10 "- 21?10 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =3438 3 K6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =1809 1 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =1819 0 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V III S94-756 8 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V III S94-124 3 N6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " MT T R shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =1923 7 P5 9 8?1 "- 9?1 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V III BP =3 =1819 3 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " VE RT neura lspin efra g BO V III BP =3 =3241 4 J6 3 19?10 "- 20?10 " OS PE T L whol e BO V III BP =3 =3230 4 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " OS PE T whol e BO V III BP =3 =3294 8 M6 0 15?2 "- 16?2 " OS PE T L whol e BO V III 233 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3415 5 K6 3 OS PE T L fra g BO V III BP =3 =3423 7 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " 1= 2PE L fra g BO V III BP =3 =1701 0 L6 3 11?6 "- 12?6 " VE RT fra g BO V III BP =3 =3328 6 M6 3 15?9 "- 16?9 " VE RT fra g BO V III BP =3 =3328 8 M6 3 15?9 "- 16?9 " VE RT fra g BO V III BP =3 =3328 9 M6 3 15?9 "- 16?9 " VE RT fra g BO V III BP =3 =3329 0 M6 3 15?9 "- 16?9 " VE RT fra g BO V III BP =3 =3235 1 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " BO V III BP =3 =3235 3 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " BO V III BP =3 =3450 7 I63 15?10 "- 16?10 " RA D R dist.+shaf tfra g BO V III-I V BP =3 =3427 2 J6 3 14?10 "- 15?10 " SCA P R dist .fra g BO V III-I V BP =3 =3427 5 J6 3 14?10 "- 15?10 " MT C R whol e BO V III-I V BP =3 =3450 8 I63 15?10 "- 16?10 " PHA L I fra g BO V III-I V BP = 3 = 3450 9 I63 15?10 "- 16?10 " PHA L II whol e BO V III-I V BP =3 =3423 5 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " PHA L II whol e BO V III-I V BP =3 =3466 3 J6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " TOOT H Fra g BO V III-I V BP =3 =3262 5 O6 1 11?5 "- 12?5 " BON E Fra g BO V IV BP =3 =3260 1 M6 0 17?2 "- 18?2 " BON E Fra g BO V IV BP =3 =3300 8 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " CAL C L Fra g BO V IV S94-202 1 P6 0 15?4 "- 16?4 " CAL C R Fra g BO V IV BP =3 =1892 6 L6 3 10?6 "- 11?6 " CE RV Fra g BO V IV BP =3 =1701 2 L6 3 11?6 "- 12?6 " CE RV Fra g BO V IV BP =3 =1701 3 L6 3 11?6 "- 12?6 " CE RV fra g BO V IV BP =3 =1701 4 L6 3 11?6 "- 12?6 " CE RV Fra g BO V IV BP =3 =3346 6 M6 1 19?8"-20?8 " CE RV Fra g BO V IV S94-201 7 P6 0 15?4 "- 16?4 " MT T dist . BO V IV S94-1005 6 N6 0 13?9 "- 14?9 " MT C dist . BO V IV S94-773 5 M6 2 9?11 "- 10?11 " MT P dist . BO V IV BP =3 =3294 4 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " MT P MT P BO V IV 234 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =1905 9 P6 0 13?7 "- 14?4 " RA D R dist . BO V IV S94-997 5 M6 4 9?8 "- 10?8 " SCA P L dist .fra g BO V IV S94-767 3 M6 1 13?8 "- 14?8 " SCA P L dist .fra g BO V IV S94-763 1 M6 2 15?11 "- 16?11 " SCA P R dist .fra g BO V IV BP =3 =3271 4 J6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " HU M R shaf tfra g BO V IV S94-1484 2 M6 3 7?9 "- 8?9 " M AG R whol e BO V IV S94-1005 8 N6 0 13?9 "- 14?9 " MT C shaf tfra g BO V IV BP =3 =3290 3 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " MT T shaf tfra g BO V IV S94-123 0 N6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " MT T R shaf tfra g BO V IV S94-124 2 N6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " MT T R shaf tfra g BO V IV BP =3 =3300 4 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " PHA L I whol e BO V IV S94-233 3 P6 0 2?9 "- 5?6 " PHA L I Fra g BO V IV BP =3 =3242 7 J6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " PREMA X Fra g BO V IV BP = 3 = 3268 6 J6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " MT T L pr ox . BO V IV S94-1482 3 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " MT T pr ox . BO V IV S94-996 6 M6 4 9?8 "- 10?8 " MT T L pr ox BO V IV S94-122 4 N6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " MT T R pr ox . BO V IV S94-123 9 N6 3 12?9 "- 13?9 " MT T R pr ox .fra g BO V IV S94-766 2 M6 2 14?11 "- 15?11 " PHA L I pr ox .fra g BO V IV S94-172 6 N6 1 11?10 "- 12?10 " RAD-ULN A R pr ox . BO V IV BP =3 =3290 4 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " RAD-ULN A R pr ox .fra g BO V IV BP =3 =3300 9 M6 1 15?8 "- 16?8 " TI B R pr ox . BO V IV BP =3 =3300 0 L6 2 13?5 "- 14?5 " PU B R Fra g BO V IV S94-780 7 Q5 9 15?0 "- 16?0 " RI B Fra g BO V IV S94-780 6 Q5 9 15?0 "- 16?0 " RI B hea d BO V IV BP =3 =3360 6 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " SCA P R blad efra g BO V IV BP =3 =3360 7 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " SCA P R blad efra g BO V IV BP =3 =3360 8 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " SCA P blad efra g BO V IV S94-661 9 P6 0 17?6 "- 18?6 " SCA P R glenoi d ca vit y BO V IV 235 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =1669 3 L6 3 10?6 "- 11?6 " THO R Fra g BO V IV BP =3 =3230 6 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " TI B L shaf tfra g BO V IV BP =3 =3262 3 P5 9 14?8 "- 15?2 " TI B R shaf tfra g BO V IV S94-682 9 P6 0 16?6 "- 17?6 " TOOT H Fra g BO V IV S94-683 5 P6 0 16?6 "- 17?6 " TOOT H Fra g BO V IV S94-685 7 P5 8 23?10 "- 24?10 " TOOT H Fra g BO V IV S94-680 1 P5 9 18?4 "- 19?4 " UPPE R M 1 L Fra g BO V IV S94-672 7 P5 9 22?2"- . UPPE R P4 R Fra g BO V IV BP =3 =3243 4 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " VE RT Fra g BO V IV BP =3 =3244 3 H6 2 21?10 "- 22?10 " VE RT Fra g BO V IV BP =3 =1665 9 L6 3 10?6 "- 11?6 " VE RT ce ntru m fra g BO V IV BP =3 =1701 5 L6 3 11?6 "- 12?6 " VE RT Fra g BO V IV S94-1474 7 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " VE RT ce ntru m fra g BO V IV S94-1474 6 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " VE RT Fra g BO V IV S94-1474 8 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " VE RT Fra g BO V IV S94-1475 0 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " VE RT Fra g BO V IV S94-1476 4 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " VE RT Fra g BO V IV S94-1476 6 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " VE RT Fra g BO V IV BP =3 =3346 7 M6 1 19?8"-20?8 " VE RT Fra g BO V IV BP =3 =3346 9 M6 1 19?8"-20?8 " VE RT Fra g BO V IV BP =3 =3347 0 M6 1 19?8"-20?8 " VE RT Fra g BO V IV BP =3 =3397 3 L6 2 16?5" -17?5 " RA D L dist.+shaf tfra g LEPU S ca pensi s BP =3 =1916 6 O6 0 9?3 "- 9?11 " FEMU R L. ca pensi s BP =3 =3411 7 K6 3 I whol e L. ca pensi s BP =3 =3401 5 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " HU M R pr ox .shaf tfra g L. ca pensi s BP =3 =3457 7 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " TI B L pr ox .shaf tfra g L. ca pensi s BP =3 =3443 4 K6 2 17?10 "- 18?10 " TI B L shaf tfra g L. ca pensi s BP =3 =3402 1 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " TI B L shaf tfra g L. ca pensi s BP =3 =3456 0 J6 3 18?10 "- 19?10 " 1= 2MAN D Fra g Pr oc avi ac ap ensi s 236 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n BP =3 =3456 1 J6 3 18?10 "- 19?10 " 1= 2MAN D Fra g P. ca pensi s BP =3 =3227 1 K6 3 17?0 "- 18?0 " 1= 2PE L whol e P. ca pensi s BP =3 =3276 5 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " I Fra g Hystri xafri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3276 6 N5 9 21?0 "- 22?0 " I Fra g H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3331 3 P5 9 14?1 "- 15?1 " I Fra g H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3441 9 J6 3 13?10 "- 14?10 " ISC H R Fra g H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3268 3 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " M 1 R H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3409 6 K6 3 M 1 R Fra g H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3421 9 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " M 1 L H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3422 0 L6 3 15?6 "- 16?6 " M 1 L H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3311 3 M6 1 14?8 "- 15?8 " M 1 L H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3449 2 K6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " M 2 R H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3447 9 K6 2 20?10 "- 21?10 " M 2 R H. afri ca eaust rali s BP = 3 = 3262 1 M6 3 7?9 "- 8?9 " M 3 H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3262 2 M6 3 7?9 "- 8?9 " M 3 H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3463 3 I62 18?10 "- 19?10 " M 4 R H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3286 9 N5 9 16?0 "- 17?0 " M 4 R H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3360 0 L6 2 14?5 "- 15?5 " 1= 2MAN D + TEET H L H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3268 2 J6 2 16?10 "- 17?10 " MOLA R H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3456 6 J6 3 18?10 "- 19?10 " MOLA R H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3359 7 K6 3 15?10 "- 16?10 " MOLA R Fra g H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3311 4 M6 0 15?2 "- 16?2 " MOLA R H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3399 6 M6 1 11?3 "- 12?3 " MOLA R H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3466 6 K6 2 19?10 "- 20?10 " SCA P dist .fra g H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =3392 6 K6 2 15?10 "- 16?10 " TOOT H H. afri ca eaust rali s BP =3 =1822 8 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " BON E fra g SMAL L MAMMA L BP =3 =3341 0 N6 0 22?9 "- 23?9 " BON E fra g SMAL L MAMMA L S94-754 0 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " HU M dist . SMAL L MAMMA L S94-755 3 M6 3 11?9 "- 12?9 " HU M dist . SMAL L MAMMA L 237 Catalogu e No . Squar e Le ve l Eleme nt Sid e Portio n Taxo n S94-765 0 M6 2 15?11 "- 16?11 " FE M shaf tfra g SMAL L MAMMA L S94-953 2 N6 0 20?9 "- 21?9 " FE M shaf tfra g SMAL L MAMMA L BP =3 =3263 7 L6 2 15?5 "- 16?5 " LBS F fra g SMAL L MAMMA L S94-1481 6 M6 1 16?8 "- 17?8 " LBS F fra g SMAL L MAMMA L BP =3 =1825 2 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " LBS F Fra g SMAL L MAMMA L BP =3 =1825 3 M6 2 17?11 "- 18?11 " LBS F Fra g SMAL L MAMMA L S94-997 4 M6 4 9?8 "- 10?8 " LBS F Fra g SMAL L MAMMA L S94-1084 5 N6 1 11?10 "- 12?10 " LBS F Fra g SMAL L MAMMA L S94-1014 0 N6 4 12?8 "- 13?8 " LBS F Fra g SMAL L MAMMA L S94-202 8 P6 2 15?0 "- 16?0 " LBS F Fra g SMAL L MAMMA L BP =3 =1818 2 M6 2 16?11 "- 17?11 " PHA L whol e SMAL L MAMMA L S94-690 1 P6 1 16?10 "- 17?10 " PHA L dist .F ra g SMAL L MAMMA L S94-997 3 M6 4 9?8 "- 10?8 " TI B pr ox . SMAL L MAMMA L S94-1477 3 L6 3 12?6 "- 13?6 " ULN A pr ox . SMAL L MAMMA L S94-764 3 M6 2 15?11 "- 16?11 " RA D shaf tfra g SMAL L MAMMA L BP =3 =3255 4 M6 1 18?8 "- 19?8 " VE RT whol e SMAL L MAMMA L Appendix D Post-Member 6 Inflll lithic artefacts D.1 Post-Member 6 Inflll artefacts 238 239 Tabl eD.1 :P ost-Me mb er 6Infll lartefact s No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 19 8 N6 0 17?9"-18?9 " Q SW 22 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 63 3 O6 2 16?9"-17?9 " Q F 21 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 63 8 M6 3 14?10"-15?10 " QZ E 99 MANUPO RT 67 5 O6 0 9?3"-9?11 " QZ E W 10 7 CHOPPE R COR E 67 7 N6 1 17?11"-18?11 " QZ E W 67 MANUPO RT 67 9 P6 0 15?4"-16?4 " Q SW 25 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 68 2 N6 3 13?0"-14?0 " Q SW 24 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 74 0 N6 0 18?9"-19?9 " C SW 42 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 83 7 N6 0 17?9"-18?9 " Q F 47 DENTICUL AT E 84 7 P6 0 9?5"-10?5 " Q F 25 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 85 2 M6 0 18?2"-19?2 " Q F 47 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 85 9 P5 9 14?1"-15?1 " Q F 27 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 86 4 M6 1 17?8"-18?8 " Q W 21 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 87 5 N6 0 18?0"-19?9 " Q F 18 CHI P 88 8 N6 1 14?11"-15?11 " Q W 33 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 92 5 M6 0 16?2"-17?2 " Q F 27 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 94 2 M6 0 16?2"-17?2 " Q F 32 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 97 1 M6 0 19?2"-20?2 " Q F 17 CHI P 97 2 M6 1 17?8"-18?8 " Q SW 11 CHI P 97 3 N5 9 16?0"-17?0 " Q F 15 CHI P 98 1 N6 0 16?9"-17?9 " Q SW 19 CHI P 99 0 M6 1 17?8"-18?8 " Q F 20 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 100 6 N6 0 14?9"-15?9 " Q F 23 CHUN K 100 8 M6 0 17?2"-18?2 " Q W 29 CHUN K 101 6 N6 0 16?9"-17?9 " Q SW 32 CHUN K 102 6 N6 1 16?11"-17?11 " Q F 30 BIPOLA R COR E REMAI N 104 0 N6 0 15?9"-16?9 " Q SW 23 CHUN K 104 9 N6 1 16?11"-17?11 " Q F 33 BIPOLA R COR E REMAI N 106 8 P5 9 12?1"-13?1 " Q W 40 CHUN K 240 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 107 2 M6 0 19?2"-20?2 " Q W 28 CHUN K 108 0 M6 1 13?10"-14?10 " Q F 31 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 108 3 N6 1 16?11"-17?11 " Q SW 27 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 109 0 N6 1 18?11"-19?11 " Q W 10 2 PO LYHED RO N 110 2 M6 0 19?2"-20?2 " Q F 35 COR E 112 6 N6 1 11?10"-12?10 " QZ E F 84 COR E 115 3 N6 0 11?9"-12?9 " Q W 47 CHUN K 117 1 M6 0 15?2"-16?2 " Q W 29 CHUN K 117 2 M6 1 19?8"-20?8 " Q F 32 CHUN K 117 3 M6 1 16?8"-17?8 " Q SW 33 CHUN K 119 3 M6 0 14?8"-15?8 " Q F 35 CHUN K 121 7 M6 1 15?0"-16?0 " Q F 50 BO-POLA R COR E REMAI N 121 8 M6 0 15?2"-16?2 " Q SW 43 PO LYHED RO N 122 6 N6 1 14?11"-15?11 " Q 46 COBBL E 123 2 M6 0 17?2"-18?2 " Q F 46 CHUN K 124 7 M6 2 15?11"-16?11 " Q W 73 PO LYHED RO N 140 3 N6 1 16?11"-17?11 " QZ E W 12 2 COR E 142 0 P6 1 11?11"-12?11 " QZ E W 75 COR E 151 8 N6 3 14?10"-15?10 " QZ E 77 MANUPO RT 156 7 T5 6 Q F 51 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 174 3 N6 3 11?10"-12?10 " QZ E VW 64 PO LYHED RO N 174 4 N6 3 11?10"-12?10 " QZ E 69 MANUPO RT 174 6 M6 1 10?8"-11?8 " QZ E W 10 6 MANUPO RT 174 7 M6 1 10?8"-11?8 " DIA B 79 MANUPO RT 176 3 N6 2 14?0"-15?0 " Q W 48 COR E 178 6 P5 8 16?10"-17?10 " Q 86 COBBL E 180 3 P6 0 9?5"-10?5 " QZ E F 55 COMPLET E FLAK E 181 6 N6 0 11?8"-12?8 " QZ E W 10 8 CHUN K 182 0 N5 9 11?10"-12?10 " QZ E F 36 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 182 4 N6 0 18?9"-19?9 " DIA B 67 MANUPO RT 182 7 P6 1 13?1"-14?10 " QZ E W 49 CHUN K 182 8 M6 1 14?8"-15?8 " QZ E W 76 CHOPPE R COR E 241 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 183 4 N6 1 13?10"-14?10 " QZ E F 52 CHUN K 183 6 P6 1 13?1"-14?10 " QZ E F 42 CHUN K 183 8 N6 0 19?9"-20?9 " QZ E W 11 3 CASUA L COR E 184 3 P6 1 13?1"-14?10 " QZ E F 38 CHUN K 184 9 P5 9 15?2"-16?2 " QZ E 65 MANUPO RT 185 0 M6 1 15?8"-16?8 " QZ E W 60 MANUPO RT 185 1 P5 9 13?0"-14?0 " QZ E W 59 COR E ON FLAK E 191 4 N5 9 14?0"-15?0 " IG ? W 55 NA TURA L 191 6 N6 0 17?9"-18?9 " DIA B W 70 CHUN K 191 9 M6 0 17?2"-18?2 " DIA B 62 MANUPO RT 192 0 N6 0 18?9"-19?9 " DIA B W 30 COMPLET E FLAK E 197 5 N6 1 16?11"-17?11 " Q W 16 NA TURA L 206 4 M6 1 13?8"-14?8 " QZ E SW 99 DISCOI DA L COR E 209 8 M6 2 14?11"-15?11 " Q 66 MANUPO RT 211 1 N6 1 13?10"-14?10 " Q W 88 COR E 211 8 M6 0 11?2"-12?2 " DIA B VW 66 PO LYHED RO N 238 7 P5 9 15?2"-16?2 " QZ E 70 MANUPO RT 278 7 O5 9 17?6"-18?6 " Q F 14 CHI P 278 8 O5 9 17?6"-18?6 " Q F 16 CHI P 425 9 P6 0 16?6"-17?6 " QZ E 10 0 MANUPO RT 426 1 P6 0 16?6"-17?6 " Q F 62 MANUPO RT 426 2 P6 0 16?6"-17?6 " Q 53 NA TURA L 426 3 P6 0 16?6"-17?6 " QZ E F 36 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 426 4 P6 0 16?6"-17?6 " DIA B W 75 COMPLET E FLAK E 426 5 P6 1 16?6"-17?6 " DIA B W 38 COMPLET E FLAK E 426 6 P6 2 16?6"-17?6 " Q SW 32 CHUN K 426 7 P6 3 16?6"-17?6 " Q F 40 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 426 8 P6 4 16?6"-17?6 " Q F 25 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 426 9 P6 5 16?6"-17?6 " Q F 21 CHUN K 427 0 P6 6 16?6"-17?6 " Q F 20 COMPLET E FLAK E 427 1 P6 7 16?6"-17?6 " Q F 10 CHI P 427 2 P6 8 16?6"-17?6 " Q F 7 CHI P 242 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 427 3 P6 9 16?6"-17?6 " Q F 7 CHI P 427 4 O5 9 18?6"-19?6 " QZ E 69 HAMMERSTON E 427 5 O5 9 18?6"-19?6 " Q F 33 CHUN K 427 6 O5 9 18?6"-19?6 " Q F 21 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 427 8 O5 9 18?6"-19?6 " Q F 16 CHI P 427 9 O5 9 18?6"-19?6 " Q SW 10 CHI P 428 0 O5 9 18?6"-19?6 " Q SW 14 CHI P 428 1 O5 9 18?6"-19?6 " Q F 11 CHI P 428 2 O5 9 18?6"-19?6 " Q F 13 CHI P 428 3 O5 9 18?6"-19?6 " Q F 6 CHI P 428 4 P5 9 15?2"-16?2 " QZ E 90 CASUA L COR E 436 7 P6 0 17?6"-18?6 " Q 86 SPLI T COBBL E 436 8 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q F 38 CHUN K 436 9 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q F 28 COR E 437 1 P6 0 17?6"-18?6 " QZ E 78 COBBL E FR AGMEN T 437 2 P6 0 17?6"-18?6 " QZ E W 91 COMPLET E FLAK E X 437 3 P6 0 17?6"-18?6 " C F 10 CHI P 437 4 P6 0 17?6"-18?6 " Q F 13 CHI P 437 5 P6 0 17?6"-18?6 " IG W 15 CHI P 437 6 P6 0 17?6"-18?6 " C F 10 CHI P 437 7 P6 0 17?6"-18?6 " Q SW 17 CHI P 437 8 P6 0 17?6"-18?6 " Q F 16 CHI P 437 9 P6 0 17?6"-18?6 " Q F 10 CHI P 438 0 P6 0 17?6"-18?6 " Q F 9 CHI P 438 1 P6 0 17?6"-18?6 " Q SW 16 CHI P 438 2 P6 0 17?6"-18?6 " QZ E F 22 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 438 3 P6 0 17?6"-18?6 " Q F 9 CHI P 438 4 P6 0 17?6"-18?6 " Q F 15 CHI P 438 5 P6 0 17?6"-18?6 " Q W 10 CHI P 438 6 P6 0 17?6"-18?6 " Q F 17 CHI P 438 7 P6 0 17?6"-18?6 " Q SW 9 CHI P 243 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 453 9 N6 3 11?4 " QZ E W 14 1 PO LYHED RO N 482 6 O6 1 18?8"-19?8 " Q SW 71 BIPOLA R COR E 482 7 O6 1 18?8"-19?8 " Q F 56 BIPOLA R PIEC E 482 8 O6 1 18?8"-19?8 " Q F 68 CHUN K 482 9 O6 1 18?8"-19?1 " C SW 12 CHI P 483 0 O6 1 18?8"-19?1 " Q SW 10 CHI P 483 1 O6 1 18?8"-19?1 " Q F 8 CHI P 483 2 O6 1 18?8"-19?1 " Q F 18 CHI P 483 3 O6 1 18?8"-19?1 " Q F 11 CHI P 483 4 O6 1 18?8"-19?1 " Q F 9 CHI P 483 5 O6 1 18?8"-19?1 " Q F 13 CHI P 485 9 N6 3 12?10"-13?10 " Q F 28 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 486 0 N6 3 12?10"-13?10 " Q F 28 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 486 1 N6 3 12?10"-13?10 " Q F 28 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 486 2 N6 3 12?10"-13?10 " Q F 32 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 493 7 P5 8 18?10"-19?10 " Q 68 COR E 494 6 P5 8 17?10"-18?10 " QZ E 10 2 SINGL E PL AT FOR M COR E 516 4 O5 9 15?6"-16?6 " Q F 17 CHI P 516 5 O5 9 15?6"-16?6 " Q F 13 CHI P 516 6 O5 9 15?6"-16?6 " Q F 9 CHI P 516 7 O5 9 15?6"-16?6 " Q F 61 PO LYHED RO N 516 8 O5 9 15?6"-16?6 " Q F 51 CHUN K 516 9 O5 9 15?6"-16?6 " Q F 19 CHI P 517 0 O5 9 15?6"-16?6 " Q SW 18 CHI P 517 1 O6 0 17?0"-18?0 " Q F 58 CASUA L COR E 517 2 O6 0 17?0"-18?0 " QZ E 12 1 COBBL E 517 3 O6 0 17?0"-18?0 " Q F 22 CHUN K 517 4 O6 0 17?0"-18?0 " Q F 16 CHI P 517 5 O6 0 17?0"-18?0 " Q F 14 CHI P 517 6 O6 0 17?0"-18?0 " Q F 11 CHI P 517 7 O6 0 17?0"-18?0 " Q F 13 CHI P 244 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 517 8 O6 0 17?0"-18?0 " Q F 17 CHI P 517 9 O6 0 17?0"-18?0 " Q F 13 CHI P 523 6 O6 0 16?0"-17?0 " Q F 7 CHI P 523 6 O6 0 16?0"-17?0 " C F 71 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 523 7 O6 0 16?0"-17?0 " Q F 41 CHUN K 523 8 O6 0 16?0"-17?0 " Q F 11 CHI P 523 9 O6 0 16?0"-17?0 " Q F 23 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 524 0 O6 0 16?0"-17?0 " Q F 14 CHI P 524 1 O6 0 16?0"-17?0 " Q F 21 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 524 2 O6 0 16?0"-17?0 " Q F 17 CHI P 524 3 O6 0 16?0"-17?0 " Q SW 12 CHI P 524 4 O6 0 16?0"-17?0 " Q F 20 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 524 5 O6 0 16?0"-17?0 " Q F 23 COMPLET E FLAK E 524 6 O6 0 16?0"-17?0 " Q F 15 CHI P 524 7 O6 0 16?0"-17?0 " Q F 14 CHI P 533 3 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " QZ E 65 MANUPO RT 533 4 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q SW 42 BI FA CIA L RETOUC H PIEC E 533 5 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q SW 34 CHUN K X 533 6 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q F 31 CHUN K 533 7 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q F 23 CHUN K X 533 8 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q F 14 CHI P 533 9 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " QZ E F 15 CHI P 534 0 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q F 19 CHI P 534 1 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q F 17 CHI P 534 2 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q F 14 CHI P 534 3 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q F 14 CHI P 534 4 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q SW 23 CHUN K 534 5 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q SW 14 CHI P 534 6 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q F 16 CHI P 534 7 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q SW 17 CHI P 534 8 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q F 20 CHUN K 245 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 534 9 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q F 16 CHI P 535 0 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q F 10 CHI P 535 1 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q F 12 CHI P 535 2 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q SW 18 CHI P 549 8 P6 1 17?10"-18?10 " Q F 12 CHI P 549 9 P6 1 17?10"-18?10 " Q F 9 CHI P 550 0 P6 1 17?10"-18?10 " Q F 14 CHI P 550 1 P6 1 17?10"-18?10 " Q F 8 CHI P 550 2 P6 1 17?10"-18?10 " Q F 7 CHI P 550 3 P6 1 17?10"-18?10 " Q F 9 CHI P 550 5 P6 1 17?10"-18?10 " Q F 57 COR E FR AGMEN T 550 6 P6 1 17?10"-18?5 " QZ E F 48 CHUN K 550 7 P6 1 17?10"-18?10 " Q F 28 COR E TRIMMIN G FLAK E 550 8 P6 1 17?10"-18?10 " Q F 16 CHI P 550 9 P6 1 17?10"-18?10 " Q SW 15 CHI P 551 0 P6 1 17?10"-18?10 " Q F 12 CHI P 551 1 P6 1 17?10"-18?10 " Q F 10 CHI P 565 8 O6 0 19?0"-20?0 " Q SW 10 CHI P 565 9 O6 0 19?0"-20?0 " Q F 15 CHI P 566 0 O6 0 19?0"-20?0 " Q F 13 CHI P 566 1 O6 0 19?0"-20?0 " Q F 12 CHI P 566 2 O6 0 19?0"-20?0 " Q F 12 CHI P 566 3 O6 0 19?0"-20?0 " Q SW 10 CHI P 566 4 O6 0 19?0"-20?0 " Q F 7 CHI P 566 5 O6 0 19?0"-20?0 " QZ E VW 48 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 566 6 O6 0 19?0"20?0 " QZ E SW 12 0 INCOMPLET E FLAK E X 566 7 O6 0 19?0"20?0 " Q F 64 CHOPPE R COR E 566 8 O6 0 19?0"-20?0 " C W 82 SINGL E PL AT FOR M 566 9 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q F 10 CHI P 567 0 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q SW 8 CHI P 246 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 567 1 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " QZ E SW 75 CHUN K 567 2 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q F 25 CHUN K 567 2 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q F 32 COMPLET E FLAK E 567 3 O6 0 18?0"-19?0 " Q F 20 CHUN K 567 4 O6 0 17?0"-18?0 " Q F 15 CHI P 567 5 O6 0 17?0"-18?0 " Q F 14 CHI P 567 6 O6 0 17?0"-18?0 " Q F 11 CHI P 567 7 O6 0 17?0"-18?0 " Q F 12 CHI P 567 8 O6 0 17?0"-18?0 " Q F 16 CHI P 567 9 O6 0 17?0"-18?0 " Q F 13 CHI P 568 6 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " QZ E F 29 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 568 7 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " QZ E F 31 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 568 8 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q F 15 CHI P 568 9 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q F 14 CHI P 569 0 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q W 13 CHI P 569 1 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q SW 15 CHI P 569 2 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q F 14 CHI P 569 3 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q F 24 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 569 4 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q F 16 CHI P 569 5 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q F 12 CHI P 569 6 O6 0 21?0"-22?0 " Q F 12 CHI P 569 7 O6 0 21?0"-22?0 " Q F 14 CHI P 569 8 O6 0 21?0"-22?0 " Q F 11 CHI P 569 9 O6 0 21?0"-22?0 " Q F 12 CHI P 570 0 O6 0 21?0"-22?0 " Q SW 16 CHI P 570 1 O6 0 21?0"-22?0 " C SW 8 CHI P 570 1 O6 0 21?0"-22?0 " QZ E 82 COBBL E FR AGMEN T 570 2 O6 0 21?0"-22?0 " C SW 11 CHI P 570 5 O6 0 21?0"-22?0 " QZ E SW 49 COMPLET E FLAK E 570 6 O6 0 21?0"-22?0 " QZ E F 18 CHI P 570 7 O6 0 21?0"-22?0 " Q F 17 CHI P 247 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 570 8 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " Q F 16 CHI P 570 8 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " Q F 9 CHI P 570 9 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " Q F 11 CHI P 571 0 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " Q SW 15 CHI P 571 1 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " Q W 13 CHI P 571 2 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " Q W 44 CHUN K 571 3 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " Q F 16 CHI P 571 4 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " Q F 16 CHI P 571 5 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " Q 58 NA TURA L 571 6 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " Q 67 MANUPO RT 574 1 O6 0 22?0"-23?0 " Q F 51 INCOMPLET E FLAK E X 574 2 O6 0 22?0"-23?0 " Q SW 40 CHUN K 574 3 O6 0 22?0"-23?0 " Q W 33 CHUN K 574 4 O6 0 22?0"-23?0 " Q F 18 CHI P 574 5 O6 0 22?0"-23?0 " Q F 25 CHUN K 575 2 P5 9 18?4"-19?4 " QZ E 86 MANUPO RT 575 3 P5 9 18?4"-19?4 " QZ E 13 1 CASUA L COR E 577 8 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " C W 9 CHI P 577 9 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " C F 16 CHI P 578 0 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " C F 16 CHI P 578 1 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " C F 10 CHI P 578 2 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " C F 9 CHI P 578 3 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " Q F 7 CHI P 578 4 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " Q F 8 CHI P 578 5 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " Q SW 10 CHI P 578 6 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " Q SW 9 CHI P 578 7 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " Q W 11 CHI P 578 8 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " Q SW 11 CHI P 578 9 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " Q W 7 CHI P 579 9 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " MSTON E W 5 CHI P 580 0 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " C W 9 CHI P 248 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 580 1 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " C F 6 CHI P 580 2 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " QZ E F 10 CHI P 580 3 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " C SW 10 CHI P 580 4 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q F 6 CHI P 580 5 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q F 13 CHI P 580 6 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q F 12 CHI P 580 7 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q SW 10 CHI P 580 8 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q F 8 CHI P 580 9 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " C F 6 CHI P 581 0 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q SW 9 CHI P 581 1 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q F 13 CHI P 581 2 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q SW 15 CHI P 581 3 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q SW 12 CHI P 581 4 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q SW 10 CHI P 581 5 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q F 12 CHI P 581 6 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q F 16 CHI P 581 7 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q F 8 CHI P 581 8 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " C F 11 CHI P 581 9 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q F 27 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 582 0 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q SW 20 CHUN K 582 1 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q F 26 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 582 2 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q F 16 CHI P 582 3 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q SW 16 CHI P 582 4 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q F 26 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 582 5 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q SW 25 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 582 6 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " QZ E F 32 COMPLET E FLAK E 582 7 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q F 42 BIPOLA R COR E FR AGMEN T 582 8 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q F 33 BIPOLA R COR E FR AGMEN T 582 9 N6 0 21?9"-22?9 " Q F 26 CHUN K 583 0 N6 0 211?9"-22?9 " Q SW 96 COR E 583 1 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q F 20 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 249 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 583 2 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q F 14 CHI P 583 3 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q F 15 CHI P 583 4 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q W 12 CHI P 583 5 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q F 14 CHI P 583 6 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q SW 13 CHI P 583 7 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q F 11 CHI P 583 8 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q F 11 CHI P 583 9 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q F 11 CHI P 584 0 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q F 13 CHI P 584 1 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q F 14 CHI P 584 2 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q F 11 CHI P 584 3 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q F 9 CHI P 584 4 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q F 7 CHI P 584 5 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q F 8 CHI P 584 6 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q F 8 CHI P 584 7 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q F 8 CHI P 584 8 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " Q F 9 CHI P 584 9 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " C F 13 CHI P 585 0 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " C F 10 CHI P 585 1 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " C F 12 CHI P 585 2 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " C F 7 CHI P 585 3 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " C F 11 CHI P 585 4 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " C F 8 CHI P 585 5 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " C F 8 CHI P 585 6 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " C F 12 CHI P 585 7 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " C F 13 CHI P 585 8 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " C F 8 CHI P 585 9 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " C F 8 CHI P 586 0 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " QZ E W 11 5 COMPLET E FLAK E X 586 1 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " QZ E 65 COBBL E 586 2 N6 0 22?9"-23?9 " QZ E 94 CHOPPE R COR E 250 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 625 5 O5 9 23?6"-24?6 " Q F 14 CHI P 625 6 O5 9 23?6"-24?6 " Q F 12 CHI P 626 2 O5 9 25?6"-26?6 " Q 18 CHI P 630 9 O5 9 20?6"-21?6 " Q F 18 CHI P 631 0 O5 9 20?6"-21?6 " Q F 12 CHI P 631 1 O5 9 20?6"-21?6 " Q F 15 CHI P 631 5 O5 9 21?6"-22?6 " Q F 7 CHI P 631 6 O5 9 21?6"-22?6 " Q F 7 CHI P 631 7 O5 9 21?6"-22?6 " C SW 14 CHI P 631 8 O5 9 21?6"-22?6 " QZ E 76 MANUPO RT 631 9 O5 9 21?6"-22?6 " C SW 40 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 635 5 O5 9 23?6"-24?6 " Q F 14 CHI P 635 6 O5 9 23?6"-24?6 " Q SW 12 CHI P 639 5 O5 9 19?6"-20?6 " Q F 9 CHI P 639 6 O5 9 19?6"-20?6 " Q F 9 CHI P 639 7 O5 9 19?6"-20?6 " Q F 9 CHI P 639 8 O5 9 19?6"-20?6 " Q F 8 CHI P 639 9 O5 9 19?6"-20?6 " Q F 6 CHI P 640 0 O5 9 19?6"-20?6 " QZ E SW 34 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 640 8 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q W 56 PO LYHED RO N 640 9 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q F 30 RADIA L COR E 641 0 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q F 29 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 641 2 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q F 15 CHI P 641 3 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q SW 14 CHI P 641 4 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q F 27 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 641 5 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q F 9 CHI P 641 6 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q F 11 CHI P 641 7 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q F 9 CHI P 641 8 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q SW 12 CHI P 641 9 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q F 9 CHI P 642 0 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q SW 11 CHI P 251 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 642 1 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q F 9 CHI P 642 2 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q SW 11 CHI P 642 3 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q F 10 CHI P 642 4 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q SW 10 CHI P 642 5 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " C F 26 COMPLET E FLAK E 642 6 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q F 17 CHI P 642 7 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q F 19 CHI P 642 8 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q F 26 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 642 9 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q SW 13 CHI P 643 0 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q F 10 CHI P 643 1 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q F 16 CHI P 643 2 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q F 18 CHI P 643 3 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q SW 14 CHI P 643 4 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q F 12 CHI P 643 5 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q F 13 CHI P 643 6 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q F 13 CHI P 931 6 N6 0 12?9"-13?9 " Q F 32 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 931 7 N6 0 12?9"-13?9 " Q F 54 BIPOLA R COR E 932 4 O6 1 15?8"-16?8 " Q F 31 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 932 5 O6 1 15?8"-16?8 " Q F 31 CHUN K 933 4 LIMB O PR OV Q F 22 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 949 1 N6 3 13?7"-14?7 " Q F 19 CHI P 949 1 N6 3 13?7"-14?7 " Q F 19 CHI P 949 1 N6 3 13?7"-14?7 " Q F 24 CHUN K 949 1 N6 3 13?7"-14?7 " Q F 79 COR E 949 3 NO T AV AILABL E Q F 14 CHI P 949 4 N6 3 13?7"-14?7 " Q W 11 CHI P 949 5 N6 3 13?7"-14?7 " Q F 12 CHI P 949 6 NO T AV AILABL E Q F 15 CHI P 949 7 N6 3 13?7"-14?7 " Q F 14 CHI P 949 8 N6 3 13?7"-14?7 " Q F 11 CHI P 252 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 949 9 N6 3 13?7"-14?7 " Q F 15 CHI P 950 0 N6 3 13?7"-14?7 " Q F 13 CHI P 950 1 N6 3 13?7"-14?7 " Q F 14 CHI P 950 2 NO T AV AILABL E Q SW 12 CHI P 950 6 N6 3 13?7"-14?7 " Q F 8 CHI P 950 6 N6 3 13?7"-14?7 " QZ E 89 COR E FR AGMEN T 950 7 N6 3 13?7"-14?7 " QZ E 95 MANUPO RT 973 1 N6 3 13?7"-14?7 " Q F 20 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 973 5 M6 3 14?10"-15?10 " Q F 13 CHI P 974 9 N5 9 11?10"-12?10 " Q F 21 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 975 8 M6 0 14?2"-15?2 " Q SW 20 CHUN K 976 1 M6 0 14?2"-15?2 " Q F 32 BIPOLA R COR E REMAI N 976 4 N6 1 16?11"-17?11 " Q W 17 CHI P 976 5 N6 1 16?11"-17?11 " Q F 15 CHI P 976 6 N6 1 16?11"-17?11 " Q SW 22 CHUN K 993 2 N5 9 14?0"-15?0 " Q F 13 CHI P 1013 1 M6 2 16?11"-17?11 " QZ E SW 36 COMPLET E FLAK E 1013 2 M6 2 16?11"-17?11 " C SW 15 CHI P 1013 3 M6 2 16?11"-17?11 " Q SW 34 INCOMPLET E FLAK E X 1013 4 M6 2 16?11"-17?11 " Q F 11 CHI P 1013 5 M6 2 16?11"-17?11 " QZ E 10 7 SPLI T COBBL E 1046 7 O5 9 17?6"-18?6 " Q F 16 CHI P 1046 8 O5 9 17?6"-18?6 " Q F 15 CHI P 1046 9 O5 9 17?6"-18?6 " Q F 11 CHI P 1047 0 O6 0 17?0"-18?0 " Q W 16 CHI P 1047 1 O6 0 17?0"-18?0 " Q SW 14 CHI P 1047 2 O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " Q F 15 CHI P 1047 3 N6 0 20?9"-21?9 " Q SW 13 CHI P 1047 4 O6 0 18?8"-19?1 " QZ E SW 20 COMPLET E FLAK E 1047 5 P6 1 15?10"-16?10 " QZ E F 48 CHUN K 1047 6 P6 1 15?10"-16?10 " Q F 25 CHUN K 253 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 1047 7 P6 1 15?10"-16?10 " Q F 21 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 1047 8 P6 1 15?10"-16?10 " Q F 18 CHI P 1047 9 P6 1 15?10"-16?10 " Q SW 16 CHI P 1048 0 P6 1 15?10"-16?10 " Q F 14 CHI P 1048 1 P6 1 15?10"-16?10 " Q F 14 CHI P 1048 2 P6 1 15?10"-16?10 " Q W 12 CHI P 1048 3 P6 1 15?10"-16?10 " Q W 10 CHI P 1048 4 P6 1 15?10"-16?10 " Q F 12 CHI P 1048 5 P6 1 15?10"-16?10 " Q W 11 CHI P 1048 6 P6 1 15?10"-16?10 " Q F 7 CHI P 1048 7 P6 1 16?10"-17?10 " C F 9 CHI P 1048 8 P6 1 16?10"-17?10 " Q F 13 CHI P 1048 9 P6 1 16?10"-17?10 " Q F 14 CHI P 1049 0 P6 1 16?10"-17?10 " Q F 11 CHI P 1049 1 P6 1 16?10"-17?10 " Q F 12 CHI P 1049 2 P6 1 16?10"-17?10 " Q F 11 CHI P 1049 3 P6 1 16?10"-17?10 " Q F 16 CHI P 1049 4 P6 1 16?10"-17?10 " Q F 12 CHI P 1049 5 P6 1 16?10"-17?10 " Q F 11 CHI P 1049 6 P6 1 16?10"-17?10 " Q F 9 CHI P 1049 8 O6 0 17?8"-18?8 " QZ E W 92 CHUN K 1049 9 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q F 14 CHI P 1050 0 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q F 12 CHI P 1050 1 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q F 9 CHI P 1050 2 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q F 9 CHI P 1050 3 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q W 10 CHI P 1050 4 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q F 11 CHI P 1050 5 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q F 9 CHI P 1050 6 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q F 11 CHI P 1050 7 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q F 7 CHI P 254 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 1050 8 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q F 7 CHI P 1050 9 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q F 9 CHI P 1051 0 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " C F 8 CHI P 1051 1 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q SW 20 CHUN K 1051 2 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q F 9 CHI P 1051 3 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q SW 12 CHI P 1051 4 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q SW 14 CHI P 1051 5 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q W 14 CHI P 1051 6 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q SW 12 CHI P 1051 7 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q F 14 CHI P 1051 8 O6 0 20?0"-21?0 " Q F 9 CHI P 1051 9 O5 9 7?6"-8?6 " 36 NA TURA L O6 0 17?8"-18?8 " QZ E F 91 NA TURA L 188 1 P6 1 11?11"-12?11 " QZ E F 48 CHUN K O5 9 22?6"-23?6 " Q 70 COBBL E 255 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 85 6 M6 3 14?9"-15?9 " Q SW 29 COMPLET E FLAK E 90 4 M6 3 15?9"-16?9 " Q SW 29 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 90 8 M6 3 15?9"-16?9 " Q F 20 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 95 1 M6 3 9?9"-10?9 " Q SW 32 COMPLET E FLAK E 109 5 M6 3 13?9"-14?9 " Q SW 14 CHI P 117 0 M6 3 11?9"-12?9 " Q W 27 NA TURA L 189 4 M6 3 7?9"-8?9 " QZ E W 57 MANUPO RT 192 2 M6 3 11?9"-12?9 " QZ E W 71 MANUPO RT 207 5 M6 3 13?9"-14?9 " QZ E SW 48 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 338 7 M6 3 15?9"-16?9 " Q F 22 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 560 0 M6 3 15?9"-16?9 " Q F 12 CHI P 560 2 M6 3 15?9"-16?9 " Q W 10 CHI P 560 3 M6 3 15?9"-16?9 " Q F 13 CHI P 560 4 M6 3 15?9"-16?9 " Q F 12 CHI P 955 2 M6 3 13?9"-14?9 " QZ E W 38 MANUPO RT 955 5 M6 3 13?9"-14?9 " C W 58 SPLI T COBBL E 955 6 M6 3 13?9"-14?9 " QZ E W 81 MANUPO RT 955 7 M6 3 13?9"-14?9 " QZ E W 95 MANUPO RT 955 8 M6 3 13?9"-14?9 " Q W 82 COR E 955 9 M6 3 13?9"-14?9 " Q F 71 COMPLET E FLAK E 956 0 M6 3 15?9"-16?9 " Q SW 32 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 956 1 M6 3 13?9"-14?9 " QZ E W 49 SPLI T COBBL E 956 3 M6 3 11?9"-12?9 " QZ E W 22 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 956 4 M6 3 11?9"-12?9 " Q W 17 CHI P 956 5 M6 3 11?9"-12?9 " Q F 17 CHI P 956 6 M6 3 11?9"-12?9 " Q F 17 CHI P 956 7 M6 3 11?9"-12?9 " Q F 20 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 956 8 M6 3 11?9"-12?9 " Q F 14 CHI P 956 9 M6 3 11?9"-12?9 " Q F 14 CHI P 963 5 M6 3 14?10"-15?10 " Q F 14 CHI P 973 0 M6 3 14?10"-15?10 " Q F 23 CHUN K 256 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 976 7 M6 3 14?10"-15?10 " Q W 23 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 1011 8 L6 3 13?6"-14?6 " QZ E SW 39 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 1011 9 L6 3 13?6"-14?6 " QZ E SW 33 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 1012 1 L6 3 11?6"-12?6 " C SW 44 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 1012 2 L6 3 11?6"-12?6 " C F 26 COMPLET E FLAK E 1012 3 L6 3 11?6"-12?6 " Q F 24 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 1012 4 L6 3 11?6"-12?6 " Q F 27 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 1012 5 L6 3 11?6"-12?6 " Q F 11 CHI P 1012 6 L6 3 11?6"-12?6 " Q F 19 CHI P 1012 7 L6 3 11?6"-12?6 " Q F 11 CHI P 1012 8 L6 3 11?6"-12?6 " Q F 17 CHI P 1012 9 L6 3 9?6"-10?6 " Q F 14 CHI P 1013 0 L-M6 3 MIXE D Q F 8 CHI P 1013 6 L6 3 12?6"-13?6 " Q SW 17 CHI P 1013 7 L6 3 12?6"-13?6 " Q F 24 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 1013 8 L6 3 12?6"-13?6 " Q F 20 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 1013 9 L6 3 12?6"-13?6 " Q F 11 CHI P 1014 0 L6 3 12?6"-13?6 " Q F 14 CHI P 1014 1 L6 3 12?6"-13?6 " Q F 10 CHI P 1014 2 L6 3 12?6"-13?6 " Q F 10 CHI P 1014 3 L6 3 12?6"-13?6 " QZ E W 86 MANUPO RT 1036 4 P6 0 11?5"-12?17 " Q F 39 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 1036 5 O6 0 8?3"-9?3 " Q F 23 BIPOLA R COR E REMAI N 1036 6 Q5 8 18?3"-19?3 " Q F 29 COR E FR AGMEN T 1036 7 Q5 9 12?6"-13?6 " Q F 68 BIPOLA R COR E 1036 8 Q5 8 14?6"-15?6 " Q F 17 CHI P 1037 0 Q5 8 10?3"-11?3 " QZ E W 24 BIPOLA R COR E REMAI N 1037 1 Q5 8 16?3"-17?3 " Q F 22 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 1037 2 Q5 8 16?3"-17?3 " Q F 12 CHI P 1037 3 J6 2 19?10"-20?10 " Q F 43 COR E FR AGMEN T 1037 4 I62 19?10"-20?10 " Q F 40 INCOMPLET E FLAK E X 257 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 1037 5 Q6 1 13?10"-14?10 " Q F 35 CHUN K 1037 6 L6 2 15?5"-16?5 " Q F 33 BIPOLA R COR E REMAI N 1038 2 Q5 8 18?3"-19?3 " Q W 21 COMPLET E FLAK E 1038 3 Q5 8 18?3"-19?3 " Q F 16 CHI P 1038 4 Q5 8 18?3"-19?3 " C F 15 CHI P 1038 5 P6 0 10?5"-11?5 " QZ E F 40 MANUPO RT 1038 6 O5 9 7?6"-8?6 " QZ E SW 45 COMPLET E FLAK E 1038 7 Q5 8 17?3"-18?3 " Q F 22 COMPLET E FLAK E 1038 8 Q5 8 17?3"-18?3 " Q W 17 CHI P 1038 9 L6 3 13?6"-14?6 " Q F 22 COMPLET E FLAK E 1040 4 P6 0 14?4"-15?10 " Q F 32 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 1040 5 P6 0 14?4"-15?1O " Q F 20 CHUN K 1040 6 P6 2 11"7"-12?7 " QZ E F 19 CHI P 1040 7 O6 1 12?5"-1?7 " SS F 11 2 MANUPO RT 1040 8 O6 1 12?5"-13?7 " Q F 1040 9 J6 3 20?10"-21?10 " Q F 36 CHUN K 1041 0 P6 2 17?0"-117?9 " Q F 28 COR E TRIMMIN G FLAK E 1041 1 K6 3 15?10"-16?10 " Q F 30 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 1041 2 N5 9 16?0"-17?0 " QZ E F 16 CHI P 1041 3 N5 9 16?0"-17?0 " QZ E W 14 CHI P 1041 4 N5 9 21?0"-22?0 " Q F 8 CHI P 1041 5 L6 3 10?6"-11?0 " IG W 93 MANUPO RT 1041 6 L6 3 13?6"-14?6 " Q F 17 CHI P 1041 7 L6 3 13?6"-14?6 " Q F 13 CHI P 1041 8 L6 3 13?6"-14?6 " Q F 13 CHI P 1041 9 L6 3 13?6"-14?6 " Q F 12 CHI P 1042 0 L6 3 13?6"-14?6 " Q F 12 CHI P 1042 1 L6 3 13?6"-14?6 " Q F 9 CHI P 1042 2 L6 3 13?6"-14?6 " Q F 9 CHI P 1042 3 L6 3 13?6"-14?6 " Q F 7 CHI P 1042 4 M6 1 11?3"-12?3 " Q W 32 CHUN K 258 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 1042 5 M6 1 11?3"-12?3 " Q F 19 CHI P 1042 6 M6 0 12?5"-13?5 " QZ E W 45 COMPLET E FLAK E X 1042 7 L6 3 16?8"-17?8 " Q F 22 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 1042 8 L6 3 16?8"-17?8 " Q F 49 BIPOLA R COR E REMAI N 1042 9 L6 3 16?8"-17?8 " Q F 39 BIPOLA R COR E REMAI N 1043 0 L6 3 16?8"-17?8 " Q F 22 CHUN K 1043 1 L6 3 16?8"-17?8 " Q W 17 CHI P 1043 2 L6 3 16?8"-17?8 " Q F 11 CHI P 1043 3 L6 3 16?8"-17?8 " QZ E W 69 MANUPO RT 1043 4 K6 3 Q F 29 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 1043 5 M6 1 10?5"-11?5 " Q SW 21 COMPLET E FLAK E 1043 6 M6 1 10?5"-11?5 " Q W 14 CHI P 1043 7 M6 1 10?5"-11?5 " Q W 14 CHI P 1043 8 M6 1 10?5"-11?5 " Q W 11 CHI P 1043 9 M6 1 10?5"-11?5 " Q W 18 CHI P 1044 0 M6 1 10?5"-11?5 " C W 25 CHUN K 1044 1 M6 1 10?5"-11?5 " C W 21 CHUN K 1044 2 M6 1 10?5"-11?5 " C W 15 CHI P 1044 3 J6 3 15?10"-17?10 " Q SW 94 COR E 1044 4 K6 2 18?10"-19?10 " QZ E VW 84 COR E 1044 5 J6 3 13?10"-14?10 " Q SW 56 BIPOLA R COR E 1044 6 J6 3 13?10"-14?10 " QZ E VW 89 MANUPO RT 1044 7 J6 3 13?10"-14?10 " Q F 18 CHI P 1044 8 K6 2 17?10"-18?10 " QZ E W 97 MANUPO RT 1044 9 M6 0 11?5"-12?5 " D F 91 NA TURA L 1045 0 M6 0 11?5"-12?5 " QZ E W 87 CASUA L COR E 259 No . Sq . Le ve l Ra w Mat . Conditio n M =L Ty pe Retou ch 1045 1 K6 3 QZ E W 11 4 MANUPO RT 1045 2 K6 3 QZ E W 49 COR E TRIMMIN G FLAK E 1045 3 K6 3 Q F 21 NA TURA L 1045 4 K6 3 D SW 26 INCOMPLET E FLAK E X 1045 5 K6 3 Q F 22 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 1045 6 K6 3 Q W 16 CHI P 1045 7 Q6 0 10?8"-11?8 " DIA B W 56 NA TURA L 1045 8 M6 1 17?10"-18?10 " Q SW 30 CHUN K 1045 9 N5 9 20?0"-21?0 " Q SW 45 CHUN K 1046 0 M6 3 13?9"-14?9 " Q F 28 INCOMPLET E FLAK E 1046 1 I63 18?10"-19?10 " C SW 27 NA TURA L 1046 2 N5 9 18?0"019?0 " Q SW 13 CHI P 1046 3 L6 3 15?10"-16?10 ? Q SW 24 CHUN K 1046 4 K6 4 QZ E W 22 NA TURA L 1046 5 K6 4 QZ E W 20 NA TURA L