432
APPENDIX ONE
Table A3.1: Victorian British sample size, mean value, standard deviation and
coefficient of variation. Data courtesy of R.S. Kidd.
* Next to a mean value indicates sufficient evidence to reject normality.
FEMALE GROUP
METATARSAL 1
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
METATARSAL 2
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
METATARSAL 5
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
N
17
18
18
17
17
18
18
N
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
N
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Mean
56.07
25.78
20.10*
18.63
20.20
11.75
12.45
Mean
68.94
18.65
15.66
13.74
9.84
7.74
5.80
Mean
55.46
63.05
13.16
18.70
10.52
9.51
7.18
7.11
Std Dev
4.05
2.98
4.54
2.00
1.52
1.03
1.14
Std Dev
4.54
1.31
1.41
1.41
0.98
0.76
0.83
Std Dev
3.04
3.34
1.22
2.14
1.21
1.34
1.57
1.28
CV
7.20
11.54
22.59
10.75
7.53
8.73
9.18
CV
6.59
7.03
9.02
10.27
10.03
9.77
14.29
CV
5.48
5.29
9.27
11.45
11.54
14.05
21.86
18.04
MALE GROUP
METATARSAL 1
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
N
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
Mean
59.89
29.58
20.20
20.28
20.95
12.52
13.70
Std Dev
4.57
1.94
2.07
2.02
1.64
0.73
1.32
CV
7.63
6.57
10.26
9.95
7.84
5.82
9.61
433
METATARSAL 2
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
METATARSAL 5
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
N
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
N
17
17
17
17
17
17
16
16
Mean
71.66
20.22
16.58
14.61
10.21
7.99
5.80
Mean
57.46
67.86
14.20
20.44
12.72
10.65
6.92
9.19
Std Dev
5.69
1.53
1.48
1.42
0.85
1.15
1.17
Std Dev
3.50
4.94
1.63
2.54
1.50
1.59
1.41
1.78
CV
7.94
7.58
8.93
9.74
8.34
14.39
20.23
CV
6.09
7.27
11.52
12.44
11.78
14.95
20.32
19.40
434
Table A3.2: Chimpanzee sample size, mean value, standard deviation and
coefficient of variation. Data courtesy of R.S. Kidd.
* Next to a mean value indicates sufficient evidence to reject normality.
FEMALE GROUP
METATARSAL 1
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
METATARSAL 2
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
METATARSAL 5
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
N
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
N
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
N
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Mean
55.27
20.84
16.37
13.99
15.30
8.51
11.18
Mean
73.87*
15.07
15.17
13.96
10.09
8.37
6.64
Mean
58.37
66.09
10.55
16.82
12.35
8.21
6.34
5.67
Std Dev
2.34
1.12
1.09
0.87
1.05
0.53
0.96
Std Dev
3.21
1.02
0.75
0.98
0.66
0.79
0.57
Std Dev
2.81
3.14
1.06
1.52
0.87
0.90
0.57
0.54
CV
4.23
5.35
6.69
6.23
6.87
6.23
8.59
CV
4.35
6.74
4.97
7.04
6.51
9.48
8.55
CV
4.82
4.75
10.07
9.06
7.05
10.99
9.03
9.59
MALE GROUP
METATARSAL 1
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
N
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
Mean
56.54
22.29
17.26
14.92
16.16
9.25
11.75
Std Dev
2.21
1.14
1.04
0.93
0.96
0.63
0.98
CV
3.93
5.11
6.03
6.26
5.93
6.84
8.38
435
METATARSAL 2
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
METATARSAL 5
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
N
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
N
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
Mean
76.04
16.01
16.46
14.66
10.72*
8.61
7.01
Mean
61.24
69.22
11.26
18.36
13.35
8.61
6.51
6.26
Std Dev
2.99
1.12
0.87
0.76
0.74
0.51
0.34
Std Dev
2.89
4.11
0.71
1.39
0.89
0.79
0.49
0.54
CV
3.94
7.00
5.27
5.16
6.89
5.91
4.92
CV
4.72
5.95
6.28
7.57
6.64
9.24
7.54
8.64
436
Table A3.3: Gorilla sample size, mean value, standard deviation and coefficient of
variation. Data courtesy of R.S. Kidd.
* Next to a mean value indicates sufficient evidence to reject normality.
FEMALE GROUP
METATARSAL 1
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
METATARSAL 2
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
METATARSAL 5
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
N
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
N
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
N
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Mean
55.63
24.53*
18.46
15.01*
17.20
8.96
12.20
Mean
74.49
18.72
17.37
15.75
11.19
9.99
7.68
Mean
64.56
73.59
13.35
19.40
14.27
9.26*
7.59
5.89
Std Dev
3.19
1.31
0.89
1.33
1.14
0.82
0.74
Std Dev
4.10
1.60
1.09
1.07
0.72
0.83
0.57
Std Dev
3.63
4.01
1.24
1.35
0.91
0.74
0.58
0.47
CV
5.74
5.32
4.82
8.87
6.63
9.12
6.07
CV
5.50
8.54
6.25
6.82
6.42
8.29
7.46
CV
5.62
5.45
9.30
6.95
6.36
7.93
7.60
7.98
MALE GROUP
METATARSAL 1
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
N
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Mean
67.64
30.37
23.13
18.77
22.23
10.84
15.94
Std Dev
3.49
1.63
1.78
1.53
2.01
0.94
1.46
CV
5.15
5.36
7.69
8.13
9.06
8.648
9.17
437
METATARSAL 2
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
METATARSAL 5
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
N
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
N
20
20
20
20
20
20
19
20
Mean
87.54
24.57
21.45
18.96
14.56*
13.31
9.34
Mean
76.23
88.14
17.37
25.82*
16.91
11.25
9.65
7.49
Std Dev
4.32
1.70
1.59
1.61
1.49
1.20
0.81
Std Dev
4.42
4.09
1.69
1.88
1.92
0.93
0.88
0.62
CV
4.93
6.92
7.42
8.48
10.20
8.99
8.66
CV
5.80
4.65
9.75
7.28
11.36
8.23
9.17
8.28
438
Table A3.4: Orang-utan sample size, mean value, standard deviation and coefficient
of variation. Data courtesy of R.S. Kidd.
* Next to a mean value indicates sufficient evidence to reject normality.
FEMALE GROUP
METATARSAL 1
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
METATARSAL 2
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
METATARSAL 5
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
N
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
N
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
N
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
Mean
43.12
16.34*
12.37
9.12
12.97*
6.34
7.23
Mean
90.12
15.01
14.28
15.33
11.66
8.11
6.05
Mean
74.50
79.81*
11.05
13.78
13.86
9.63
5.94
6.38
Std Dev
3.61
2.90
0.83
0.76
1.79
0.58
0.58
Std Dev
4.06
1.29
1.50
0.86
0.66
0.97
0.51
Std Dev
4.15
4.72
1.26
1.21
0.88
0.79
0.44
0.53
CV
8.37
17.77
6.76
8.40
13.84
9.18
8.09
CV
4.51
8.58
10.52
5.62
5.64
11.94
8.44
CV
5.57
5.91
11.38
8.78
6.37
8.24
7.46
8.30
MALE GROUP
METATARSAL 1
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
N
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
Mean
49.21
19.34
14.76
10.98
15.39
8.01
8.78
Std Dev
5.61
3.03
0.98
1.18
1.56
1.59
0.89
CV
11.40
15.68
6.65
10.71
10.16
19.79
10.18
439
METATARSAL 2
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
METATARSAL 5
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
N
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
N
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
Mean
102.80
18.25
17.40
18.38
12.16*
9.37
7.21
Mean
85.13
91.56
13.11
17.22
17.68*
11.42
7.30
7.53
Std Dev
8.36
1.75
2.35
1.81
2.67
1.07
1.01
Std Dev
8.19
8.23
1.97
2.42
1.54
1.38
0.92
0.99
CV
8.13
9.58
13.48
9.87
21.96
11.43
14.04
CV
9.62
8.99
15.03
14.08
8.73
12.08
12.63
13.22
440
Table A4.1: Sotho sample size, mean value, standard deviation and coefficient of
variation.
* Next to a mean value indicates sufficient evidence to reject normality.
FEMALE GROUP
METATARSAL 1
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
METATARSAL 2
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 3
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 4
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Mean
57.61
25.73
15.71*
18.18
19.38
17.08
19.35
12.72
12.77
Mean
72.34
70.01
69.63
18.00
12.71
14.61
9.74
9.50
9.46
8.71
7.31
Mean
68.41
66.79
67.07
18.26
12.11
14.01
8.75
8.47
8.61
7.64
8.10
Mean
66.95
65.70
64.10
16.14
10.51
12.96
8.39
Std Dev
3.62
1.67
1.69
1.25
1.27
1.30
1.26
1.00
1.22
Std Dev
4.42
4.34
4.77
1.17
1.20
1.05
0.74
0.78
0.84
0.82
0.74
Std Dev
4.44
4.42
4.27
1.43
1.06
0.94
0.73
0.67
0.75
0.65
0.75
Std Dev
4.62
4.53
4.34
1.49
1.03
1.01
0.62
CV
6.28
6.51
10.73
6.85
6.54
7.63
6.53
7.89
9.58
CV
6.11
6.19
6.85
6.48
9.46
7.19
7.64
8.23
8.85
9.41
10.11
CV
6.50
6.62
6.37
7.85
8.79
6.70
8.35
7.89
8.71
8.52
9.22
CV
6.90
6.89
6.77
9.21
9.84
7.81
7.36
441
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 5
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
Variable 12
N
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Mean
8.12
8.23
8.11
8.77
Mean
66.04
64.17
58.17
12.51
13.04
18.61
11.72
8.59
7.49
8.57
7.64
10.14
Std Dev
0.63
0.69
0.79
0.66
Std Dev
5.11
4.76
4.18
1.34
1.72
1.61
0.93
1.02
0.87
0.02
0.90
0.90
CV
7.76
8.34
9.70
7.55
CV
7.74
7.42
7.18
10.70
13.17
8.63
7.96
11.90
11.96
11.08
8.93
6.05
MALE GROUP
METATARSAL 1
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
METATARSAL 2
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Mean
61.25
28.21
17.96*
19.50
21.83
19.74
21.79
14.14
14.28*
Mean
77.46
74.68
74.66
19.87
13.65
15.91
10.78
10.60
10.54
9.22
8.09
Std Dev
3.70
1.39
1.57
1.31
1.39
1.43
1.41
0.94
0.98
Std Dev
4.55
4.57
4.28
1.22
1.20
1.27
0.77
0.73
0.89
0.83
0.90
CV
6.05
4.94
8.74
6.73
6.39
7.25
6.49
6.67
6.86
CV
5.87
6.13
5.73
6.12
8.83
8.01
7.15
6.86
8.41
8.96
11.15
442
METATARSAL 3
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 4
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 5
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
Variable 12
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Mean
72.82
70.72
71.04
19.64*
13.63
15.20
9.61
9.34
9.32
8.44
8.89
Mean
70.91
69.12
67.42*
17.58
11.72
14.35
9.52
8.97
9.44
9.10
9.61
Mean
70.52
68.70
61.01
13.82
14.70
20.56
13.15
9.83*
8.59
9.82*
8.52
11.11
Std Dev
4.59
4.69
4.56
1.15
1.03
1.18
0.66
0.62
0.92
0.68
0.63
Std Dev
4.45
4.66
4.44
1.26
1.06
0.97
0.99
0.78
1.05
0.89
0.70
Std Dev
4.97
4.76
4.17
1.12
1.78
1.84
1.12
1.16
0.80
1.17
0.72
0.93
CV
6.30
6.63
6.42
5.87
7.53
7.79
6.89
6.68
9.87
8.10
7.09
CV
6.28
6.74
6.59
7.20
9.06
6.75
10.42
8.75
11.09
9.83
7.28
CV
7.05
6.92
6.84
8.08
12.08
8.96
8.51
11.80
9.36
11.87
8.41
8.38
443
Table A4.2: Zulu sample size, mean value, standard deviation and coefficient of
variation.
* Next to a mean value indicates sufficient evidence to reject normality.
FEMALE GROUP
METATARSAL 1
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
METATARSAL 2
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 3
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 4
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
Mean
57.64
26.11
15.68
18.14
19.11
17.11
18.95
12.98
12.38
Mean
71.62
69.51
69.52
18.72
13.02
14.61
9.77
9.40
9.52
8.98
7.98
Mean
68.72
66.73
67.08
18.63
12.59
14.08
8.61
8.21
8.42
8.20
8.57
Mean
66.93
65.56
63.93
16.45
11.00
12.98
Std Dev
2.94
1.46
1.38
1.59
1.26
1.18
1.24
1.04
1.10
Std Dev
3.00
2.84
2.92
1.47
1.15
1.01
0.63
0.64
0.63
0.83
0.95
Std Dev
3.16
3.52
3.44
1.66
1.10
0.96
0.80
0.65
0.79
1.04
0.80
Std Dev
3.13
3.21
3.34
1.47
0.97
0.79
CV
5.11
5.58
8.84
8.75
6.58
6.90
6.57
8.02
8.85
CV
4.19
4.08
4.21
7.88
8.88
6.95
6.50
6.81
6.62
9.24
11.93
CV
4.60
5.28
5.12
8.93
8.70
6.84
9.34
7.96
9.37
12.69
9.37
CV
4.68
4.88
5.23
8.92
8.85
6.06
444
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 5
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
Variable 12
N
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Mean
8.47
7.96*
8.30
8.59
9.22
Mean
66.12
64.54
58.69
12.35*
13.23
18.30
11.38
8.27
7.36
8.10
7.63
10.59
Std Dev
0.58
0.68
0.61
1.00
0.87
Std Dev
5.91
3.38
3.39
1.17
1.77
1.74
1.19
0.95
0.87
0.74
0.74
0.86
CV
6.82
8.54
7.34
11.70
9.46
CV
8.94
5.24
5.78
9.49
13.38
9.51
10.43
11.49
11.86
9.10
9.66
8.11
MALE GROUP
METATARSAL 1
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
METATARSAL 2
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Mean
61.99
27.87
18.59
19.37
21.24
19.29
21.30
14.29
14.46
Mean
78.13*
75.07*
75.78*
19.80
13.80
15.72
10.71
10.26
10.51
9.46
8.34
Std Dev
3.96
1.70
1.53
1.12
1.70
1.74
1.50
1.19
1.09
Std Dev
5.29
5.10
5.17
1.43
1.21
0.96
1.02
0.95
1.05
1.26
0.78
CV
6.39
6.11
8.23
5.80
8.02
9.04
7.03
8.32
7.57
CV
6.77
6.79
6.82
7.24
8.80
6.11
9.48
9.25
10.02
13.38
9.37
445
METATARSAL 3
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 4
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 5
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
Variable 12
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Mean
73.36*
71.06*
71.74*
19.82
13.38
14.53
9.41
9.05
9.12
8.75
9.07
Mean
71.50
69.40
67.08
17.60
11.54
13.79
9.31
8.80
9.06
9.33
9.83
Mean
70.10
68.35
61.53
13.67
14.22
20.28
12.35
9.48
7.88
9.42
8.60
11.03
Std Dev
5.12
5.33
5.09
1.77
1.05
0.92
0.84
0.77
1.03
0.86
0.80
Std Dev
5.11
5.36
6.33
1.66
1.17
0.98
0.81
0.72
0.89
0.93
0.82
Std Dev
4.24
4.66
4.74
1.32
1.68
1.86
1.25
1.11
0.90
1.26
0.87
0.81
CV
6.97
7.49
7.09
8.94
7.85
6.36
8.95
8.56
11.32
9.88
8.80
CV
7.15
7.72
9.43
9.46
10.17
7.12
8.67
8.28
9.79
9.95
8.38
CV
6.04
6.82
7.70
9.67
11.83
9.15
10.09
11.72
11.38
13.37
10.15
7.31
446
Table A4.3: European sample size, mean value, standard deviation and coefficient of
variation.
* Next to a mean value indicates sufficient evidence to reject normality.
FEMALE GROUP
METATARSAL 1
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
METATARSAL 2
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 3
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 4
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
Mean
59.34
27.63
15.36
19.71
21.15
19.26
21.03
12.91
11.78
Mean
73.94
71.71
71.32
18.89
13.38
15.17
10.01
9.91
9.61
8.35
7.57
Mean
68.48
66.84
67.56
17.95
12.39
14.35
8.65
8.55
8.61*
7.06
7.42
Mean
66.77
65.29
63.66
15.53
11.00
13.63
Std Dev
3.80
1.78
1.36
1.80
1.84
2.08
1.79
1.17
1.06
Std Dev
4.57
4.53
4.47
1.13
0.99
1.08
0.73
0.71
0.85
0.98
0.92
Std Dev
4.43
4.38
4.51
0.99
1.07
1.08
0.63
0.68
1.96
0.63
0.89
Std Dev
4.33
4.42
4.55
1.32
0.92
0.92
CV
6.40
6.43
8.84
9.12
8.69
10.79
8.51
9.11
9.00
CV
6.19
6.31
6.27
5.98
7.38
7.12
7.25
7.12
8.89
11.80
12.19
CV
6.47
6.56
6.67
5.50
8.64
7.53
7.32
7.96
22.63
8.93
12.03
CV
6.49
6.77
7.15
8.52
8.41
6.76
447
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 5
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
Variable 12
N
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Mean
8.76
8.45
8.44
6.97
8.57
Mean
66.70*
66.54
59.33
12.59
14.86
19.39
12.01
8.99*
8.13
8.78*
7.17*
9.75
Std Dev
0.55
0.67
0.70
0.53
0.87
Std Dev
10.77
4.85
4.54
1.06
1.98
2.22
1.11
0.89
0.79
0.93
0.65
1.16
CV
6.30
7.90
8.29
7.63
10.15
CV
16.15
7.29
7.64
8.46
13.30
11.44
9.27
9.92
9.73
10.59
9.08
11.86
MALE GROUP
METATARSAL 1
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
METATARSAL 2
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Mean
63.13
29.98*
17.28
21.65*
22.41
20.36
22.33
14.13
13.45
Mean
79.25
76.42
76.15
20.41
14.77
16.46
11.04
11.01
10.49*
9.33
8.12
Std Dev
3.75
1.86
1.50
2.15
1.47
1.38
1.55
1.14
1.31
Std Dev
3.65
4.21
4.08
1.27
1.41
0.93
0.76
0.78
0.77
0.97
0.95
CV
5.94
6.20
8.68
9.92
6.58
6.77
6.94
8.04
9.77
CV
4.60
5.51
5.36
6.23
1.41
5.66
6.92
7.05
7.35
9.33
11.68
448
METATARSAL 3
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 4
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 5
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
Variable 12
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Mean
73.31
71.02
71.70
19.95
13.79
15.96
9.61
9.53
9.13
8.19
8.78
Mean
71.79
70.04
68.04
17.08
11.62
14.97
9.72
9.50
9.37
8.14
9.72
Mean
73.97
71.23
62.91
14.27
15.88*
21.35*
13.52
10.00
9.11*
9.89
8.49
11.56
Std Dev
3.61
3.96
4.04
0.87
0.70
0.88
0.72
0.76
0.61
0.74
0.85
Std Dev
3.81
3.73
3.73
1.12
1.10
0.69
0.69
0.74
0.67
0.88
0.79
Std Dev
4.53
4.04
3.53
1.03
2.32
2.09
1.13
1.04
0.70
1.07
0.69
1.17
CV
4.93
5.57
5.64
4.38
5.06
5.49
7.52
8.02
6.71
9.02
9.64
CV
5.31
5.32
5.48
6.57
9.44
4.63
7.12
7.78
7.19
10.86
8.12
CV
6.12
5.67
5.61
7.20
14.64
9.77
8.35
10.43
7.69
10.80
8.16
10.12
449
Table A4.4: Pre-pastoral sample size, mean value, standard deviation and
coefficient of variation.
* Next to a mean value indicates sufficient evidence to reject normality.
FEMALE GROUP
METATARSAL 1
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
METATARSAL 2
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 3
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 4
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
N
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
N
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
N
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
N
9
9
9
9
9
9
Mean
52.36
23.90
14.39
16.72
17.99*
16.36
17.96
11.90
11.74
Mean
65.49
63.21
62.60*
17.07
11.54
13.14
8.48
8.16
8.30
7.75(
6.71
Mean
61.87
59.98
60.31
17.08
11.09
12.50
7.59
7.25*
7.53
7.12
6.96
Mean
59.69
58.31
57.02
14.85
9.34*
12.05*
Std Dev
5.05
2.44
1.85
1.70
2.68
1.97
2.70
1.30
1.51
Std Dev
6.14
5.86
6.12
1.45
0.87
0.97
0.63
0.84
0.82
0.71
1.03
Std Dev
4.88
4.66
5.19
2.14
1.12
1.04
0.66
0.73
0.65
0.75
1.16
Std Dev
4.72
4.39
4.83
1.85
0.91
1.22
CV
9.65
10.21
12.83
10.20
14.92
12.06
15.02
10.92
12.89
CV
9.38
9.28
9.77
8.51
7.58
7.41
7.42
10.33
9.86
9.11
15.33
CV
7.89
7.77
8.61
12.55
10.11
8.33
8.66
10.04
8.66
10.52
16.67
CV
7.91
7.54
8.47
12.45
9.70
10.15
450
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 5
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
Variable 12
N
9
9
9
9
9
N
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Mean
7.81
7.28
7.78*
7.25
7.99
Mean
58.53
57.57
50.69
11.62
13.11*
17.08
11.44
7.89
6.84
7.89
7.21
9.37
Std Dev
0.86
0.91
0.89
0.97
1.02
Std Dev
5.23
5.22
5.11
1.42
2.26
1.88
1.44
0.99
1.13
0.99
1.29
0.73
CV
11.02
12.44
11.41
13.34
12.73
CV
8.94
9.07
10.08
12.24
17.25
11.00
12.58
12.52
16.53
12.52
17.88
7.79
MALE GROUP
METATARSAL 1
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
METATARSAL 2
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
N
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
N
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Mean
52.35
24.55
14.37
17.15
18.34
16.84
18.34
11.88
11.47
Mean
65.21
62.70
62.33
17.41*
11.81
13.29
8.70
8.31
8.58
7.92
7.18
Std Dev
2.94
1.79
1.78
1.62
1.75
1.92
1.75
1.40
1.34
Std Dev
2.84
2.87
3.38
1.72
0.79
1.10
0.96
0.90
0.94
0.93
0.93
CV
5.63
7.27
12.42
9.44
9.54
11.39
9.54
11.80
11.66
CV
4.35
4.57
5.43
9.89
6.68
8.26
11.05
10.90
10.96
11.81
12.98
451
METATARSAL 3
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 4
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 5
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
Variable 12
N
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
N
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
N
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Mean
61.06
59.05
58.89
17.78
11.37
12.93
8.11
7.74
8.07
7.57
6.94
Mean
59.17
57.56
55.91
15.63*
9.89
12.35
8.32
7.89*
8.24*
7.22
7.96
Mean
58.88
57.74
51.01
11.84
13.66
18.42
11.45
8.34
7.51
8.34*
6.81
9.40
Std Dev
2.30
2.51
2.69
1.02
1.43
0.99
0.60
0.66
0.61
0.63
0.79
Std Dev
2.87
2.69
2.37
1.65
1.27
1.04
0.68
0.74
0.70
0.48
0.78
Std Dev
3.56
3.39
2.62
1.14
2.10
1.67
1.06
0.82
1.27
0.82
0.64
0.76
CV
4.42
4.25
4.57
5.73
12.61
7.68
7.42
8.49
7.55
8.28
11.36
CV
4.85
4.67
4.23
10.53
12.82
8.40
8.14
9.43
8.55
6.69
9.79
CV
6.04
5.88
5.13
9.65
15.39
9.04
9.23
9.81
16.88
9.81
9.41
8.14
452
SEX UNKNOWN GROUP
METATARSAL 1
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
METATARSAL 2
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 3
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
METATARSAL 4
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
N
14
14
14
14
13
13
13
14
14
N
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
N
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
N
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Mean
52.81
24.73
15.58
17.33*
17.69
16.99
17.53
12.25
12.47
Mean
66.19
64.13
63.24
17.58
11.72
13.15
8.83
8.70
8.55
7.80
7.22
Mean
62.63
60.35
60.18
17.51
11.27
12.93
7.96
7.74
7.71
7.38
7.09
Mean
59.86
58.19
56.13
15.34
9.66
12.13
7.90*
7.41*
7.86
7.56
7.95
Std Dev
4.90
2.09
2.20
2.90
2.41
2.30
2.46
1.33
1.49
Std Dev
6.00
5.25
5.69
2.22
1.07
1.39
1.09
1.06
1.15
1.27
0.78
Std Dev
5.06
4.45
5.02
2.07
1.04
1.33
0.91
0.73
1.02
1.00
1.03
Std Dev
3.09
2.67
2.71
1.30
1.01
1.37
0.82
0.51
0.85
1.09
0.85
CV
9.28
8.47
14.11
16.78
13.63
13.56
14.01
10.90
11.97
CV
9.07
8.19
9.00
12.64
9.13
10.56
12.40
12.17
13.42
16.32
10.79
CV
8.08
7.37
8.35
11.80
9.25
10.26
11.40
9.48
13.25
13.60
14.59
CV
5.17
4.59
4.83
8.50
10.46
11.27
10.36
6.84
10.86
14.36
10.71
453
METATARSAL 5
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
Variable 6
Variable 7
Variable 8
Variable 9
Variable 10
Variable 11
Variable 12
N
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
10
10
11
11
Mean
59.55
57.90
51.67
12.16
12.73
17.66
11.29
7.78
6.72
7.79
7.04
9.55*
Std Dev
4.04
3.43
2.82
1.01
1.45
1.20
0.96
0.53
0.53
0.57
0.89
0.63
CV
6.79
5.92
5.47
8.29
11.36
6.79
8.55
6.76
7.82
7.37
12.71
6.56
454
Table A5.1: Frequency of selected non-metrical features of pooled sex samples. The
pre-pastoral sample also includes individuals of unknown sex. Refer to chapter two
for definitions. * Indicates variation not previously described.
Variation
METATARSAL 1
Head shape 1
Head shape 2
Head shape 3
Base shape 1
Base shape 2
Base shape 3
Lateral base 1
Lateral base 2
Lateral base 3
METATARSAL 2
Medial base 1
Medial base 2
Medial base 3
Medial base 4
Medial base 5
Medial base 6*
Lateral base 1
Lateral base 2
Lateral base 3
Lateral base 4
Lateral base 5
Lateral base 6
Lateral base 7
Lateral base 8
Lateral base 9
METATARSAL 3
Medial base 1
Medial base 2
Medial base 3
Medial base 4
Medial base 5*
Medial base 6*
Lateral base 1
Lateral base 2
Lateral base 3
METATARSAL 4
Medial base 1
Medial base 2
Medial base 3
Lateral base
METARASAL 5
Medial base
Zulu
% (n=60)
56.6
18.3
25
78.3
20
1.6
16.6
75
8.3
58.3
33.3
1.6
5
1.6
0
6.6
10
40
18.3
0
8.3
3.3
10
3.3
58.3
38.3
0
1.6
1.6
0
20
80
0
28.3
20
51.6
No variation
No variarion
Sotho
% (n=60)
63.3
13.3
23.3
61.6
38.3
0
13.3
78.3
8.3
80
18.3
1.6
0
0
0
6.6
13.3
48.3
13.3
0
3.3
0
11.6
3.3
43.3
50
3.3
3.3
0
0
15
83.3
1.6
28.3
20
51.6
No variation
No variation
European
%(n=60)
83.3
1.7
15
68.3
30
0
23.3
61.5
16.7
66.7
21.7
3.3
8.3
0
3.3
31.7
11.7
40
3.3
1.7
3.3
0
6.7
1.7
71.7
16.8
0
16.7
0
1.7
46.7
53.3
0
60
20
20
No variation
No variation
Pre-pastoral
% (n=34)
79.4 (n=34)
14.7 (n=34)
5.8 (n=34)
79.4 (n=34)
20.5 (n=34)
0 (n=34)
27.3 (n=33)
60.6 (n=33)
12.2 (n=33)
79.3 (n=29)
17.2 (n=29)
0 (n=29)
3.4 (n=29)
0 (n=29)
0 (n=29)
3.4 (n=29)
10.3 (n=29)
58.6 (n=29)
13.8 (n=29)
0 (n=29)
6.9 (n=29)
3.4 (n=29)
3.4 (n=29)
0 (n=29)
41.9 (n=31)
38.7 (n=31)
0 (n=31)
16.1 (n=31)
0 (n=31)
3.2 (n=31)
25.8 (n=31)
74.2 (n=31)
0 (n=31)
27.3 (n=33)
6.1 (n=33)
66.6 (n=33)
No variation
(n=32)
No variation
(n=31)
455
Table A5.2: Percentile frequency of pathological lesions in the samples of Sotho,
Zulu and European females and males. N = 30 for each group.
Pathological lesion
1 head - hypertrophy medial/dorsomedial
eminence
1 head - osteophytes medial margin
1 head flattenning
1 head dorsal exostosis or spur
5 head dorsal exostosis or spur
1 head dorso-lateral hypertrophy
1 head - osteophytes lateral margin
1 eroded crista
1 eroded plantar extension
2 eroded plantar extension
3 eroded plantar extension
4 eroded plantar extension
5 eroded plantar extension
1 Osteophytes of metatarsal bases
2 Osteophytes of metatarsal bases
3 Osteophytes of metatarsal bases
4 Osteophytes of metatarsal bases
5 Osteophytes of metatarsal bases
1 Dorsal lipping of head
2 Dorsal lipping of head
3 Dorsal lipping of head
4 Dorsal lipping of head
5 Dorsal lipping of head
1 Irregular cortical lesions
Sotho
female
13
0
6.6
3.3
0
27
0
3.3
0
0
0
0
0
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
0
0
0
3.3
3.3
Sotho
male
20
0
10
0
0
0
0
3.3
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
3.3
0
13.3
0
0
0
0
3.3
Zulu
female
13
0
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.3
10
6.6
10
3.3
0
0
0
0
3.3
Zulu
male
27
0
0
10
0
23.3
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
6.6
6.6
6.6
10
10
0
0
0
0
3.3
0
Euro
female
26.7
10
3.3
0
0
16.7
13.3
13.3
23.3
0
0
0
0
10
3.3
0
0
0
3.3
0
0
0
0
3.3
Euro
male
40
6.7
0
3.3
0
20
10
3.3
3.3
0
0
0
0
0
3.3
0
0
3.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
456
Pathological lesion
2 Irregular cortical lesions
3 Irregular cortical lesions
4 Irregular cortical lesions
5 Irregular cortical lesions
1 bone callus formation due to fracture
2 bone callus formation due to fracture
3 bone callus formation due to fracture
4 bone callus formation due to fracture
5 bone callus formation due to fracture
1 periarticular bony erosions
2 periarticular bony erosions
3 periarticular bony erosions
4 periarticular bony erosions
5 periarticular bony erosions
styloid process exostosis
1 ridge between medial and lateral tubercles
2 ridge between medial and lateral tubercles
3 ridge between medial and lateral tubercles
4 ridge between medial and lateral tubercles
5 ridge between medial and lateral tubercles
2 lateral deviation of distal metatarsal shaft
3 lateral deviation of distal metatarsal shaft
4 lateral deviation of distal metatarsal shaft
5 lateral deviation of distal metatarsal shaft
Sotho
female
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16.6
20
20
13.3
13.3
0
3.3
3.3
3.3
Sotho
male
0
0
0
3.3
3.3
3.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.3
3.3
13.3
13.3
10
13.3
0
0
3.3
6.6
Zulu
female
3.3
0
0
3.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.3
6.6
Zulu
male
0
0
3.3
0
0
0
3.3
3.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.3
6.6
0
Euro
female
0
0
0
6.6
3.3
0
0
0
0
6.7
0
0
0
0
6.6
3.3
3.3
10
10
6.7
3.3
0
0
0
Euro
male
0
0
0
0
0
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
0
0
0
0
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
10
0
3.3
3.3
0
457
Table A5.3: Percentile frequency of pathological lesions in the samples of pooled
sex Sotho (N=60), Zulu (N=60), European (N=60), Pre-pastoralists (N=16) and sex
indeterminate Pre-pastoralists (N=19).
Pathological lesion
1 head - hypertrophy medial/dorsomedial eminence
1 head - osteophytes medial margin
1 head flattenning
1 head dorsal exostosis or spur
5 head dorsal exostosis or spur
1 head dorso-lateral hypertrophy
1 head-osteophytes lateral margin
1 eroded crista
1 eroded plantar extension
2 eroded plantar extension
3 eroded plantar extension
4 eroded plantar extension
5 eroded plantar extension
1 Osteophytes of metatarsal bases
2 Osteophytes of metatarsal bases
3 Osteophytes of metatarsal bases
4 Osteophytes of metatarsal bases
5 Osteophytes of metatarsal bases
1 Dorsal lipping of head
2 Dorsal lipping of head
3 Dorsal lipping of head
4 Dorsal lipping of head
5 Dorsal lipping of head
1 Irregular cortical lesions
Sotho
20
0
1.65
6.65
1.65
13.3
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
3.3
4.95
8.3
8.3
10
1.65
0
0
0
1.65
1.65
Zulu
16.5
0
8.3
1.65
0
13.3
0
3.15
0
0
0
0
0
6.65
1.65
1.65
3.3
1.65
8.15
0
0
0
1.65
3.3
Euro
33.4
8.35
1.65
1.65
0
18.35
11.65
8.15
13.3
0
0
0
0
5
3.3
0
0
1.65
1.65
0
0
0
0
0
Pre-
pastoral
8.57
5.71
0
0
0
2.85
0
8.57
8.57
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.85
2.85
2.85
2.85
0
0
0
0
2.85
458
Pathological lesion
2 Irregular cortical lesions
3 Irregular cortical lesions
4 Irregular cortical lesions
5 Irregular cortical lesions
1 bone callus formation due to fracture
2 bone callus formation due to fracture
3 bone callus formation due to fracture
4 bone callus formation due to fracture
5 bone callus formation due to fracture
1 periarticular bony erosions
2 periarticular bony erosions
3 periarticular bony erosions
4 periarticular bony erosions
5 periarticular bony erosions
styloid process exostosis
1 ridge between medial and lateral tubercles
2 ridge between medial and lateral tubercles
3 ridge between medial and lateral tubercles
4 ridge between medial and lateral tubercles
5 ridge between medial and lateral tubercles
2 lateral deviation of distal metatarsal shaft
3 lateral deviation of distal metatarsal shaft
4 lateral deviation of distal metatarsal shaft
5 lateral deviation of distal metatarsal shaft
Zulu
1.65
0
1.65
1.65
0
0
1.65
1.65
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.3
1.65
0
0
0
0
0
1.65
4.95
3.3
Sotho
0
0
0
1.65
1.65
1.65
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.65
9.95
16.65
16.65
11.65
13.3
0
1.65
3.3
4.95
Euro
1.65
0
0
3.3
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
5
0
0
0
0
6.6
4.95
4.95
13.3
13.3
1.65
1.65
1.65
0
0
Pre-
pastoral
0
0
0
0
2.85
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.85
2.85
2.85
2.85
0
0
0
0
0
0
459