Reflection as a tool for managing difference in a post-apartheid school
Date
2009-04-06T09:54:53Z
Authors
Dornbrack, Jacqui
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Public schools in South Africa have been officially desegregated for over 15
years, yet there is unease about the lack of any real transformation within
previously single-race schools. The prevalence of assimilationist practices,
particularly in previously white schools, suggests a reluctance to transform the
school in order to make it a truly South African space. Significant changes have
occurred at the level of policy but translation into practice at the school level has
been slow. Additionally, the compromises made during the transition to
democracy and the inordinate powers awarded to school managers and
governing bodies have allowed schools to rearticulate racialised identities and
work against the proclamations of a non-racist society (Soudien & Sayed, 2004).
This thesis describes an intervention conducted at an ex-Model-C school in the
Eastern Cape with a group of eight volunteer teachers. The purpose of the
intervention was to encourage teachers to reflect more critically on the practices
in their school that discriminate against learners in terms of race, gender, class
and culture. The eight teachers met with me over a period of 18 months during
which they were encouraged by means of various readings, tasks, and
discussions to reflect critically on the dominant practices within their school.
A critical discourse analysis of transcriptions of teachers' and students'
interviews and 13 focus groups indicates strong traces of colonial and apartheid
discourses that position 'Others' in deficit ways. An awareness of this Othering
by certain teachers over the period of 18 months suggests that deficit discourses
can be ruptured when awareness is created and alternative discourses are
constructed. The thesis attends to the way in which, through the construction of
a safe space for regular reflection, the teachers involved in the research
identified gendered, classed, and racialised practices in their school and
attempted to transform one of these practices, namely the detention system.
However, attempts to make material adjustments to this highly discriminatory
practice at the school resulted in the withdrawal of management's support for the
research project, without which very little could be changed.
This thesis supports literature that indicates the difficulty of implementing
change within schools and the need to address fears and identity issues among
those involved in the change. Furthermore the thesis illustrates that, while
positive shifts occurred on an interpersonal and personal level, they were
obstructed at the level of management. This suggests the need to involve staff
from the school management more closely during an intervention.
The thesis also argues that, given their heavy workloads and administrative
duties, most teachers are unlikely to have the time or inclination to engage in
critical reflection, which is seen to be an essential component of good teaching.
However, the research shows that under the appropriate conditions, teachers
can be encouraged to reflect critically and to act meaningfully on those
reflections. What is essential is that teachers be encouraged to interrogate the
influence of their own social, political, religious, and personal beliefs on their
teaching practices, and how these impinge on their ways of talking about the
differences they encounter.
Critical reflection is more likely to occur if teachers are provided with a safe
space within a group, where they are able to articulate and contest dominant
representations and practices. Difference within the group, in terms of race,
gender, age, experience, and political inclinations, appears to assist with critical
dialogue. So, too, does the presence of an outsider/researcher who provides
various materials and activities to prompt the teachers to rethink their beliefs and
practices and in so doing, to re-signify their naturalised practices and
assumptions.