Towards the end of August 1951, the manager of Transvaal Gold Mining Estates (TGME) wrote to Rand Mines asking for advice on a 'very embarrassing matter'. The problem he faced was one of difficulty in obtaining continued ...

The urban and industrial transformation of South Africa is commonly considered to have begun with the discoveries of diamonds in 1867 and of gold in 1886. Among the components of that transformation were the reorientations ...

Prior to the eighteen fifties, southern Africa was almost totally devoid of the elements of a modern capitalist economy. But it was in that decade that some of the familiar features of capitalism began to show themselves ...